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{{short description|Term in botanical morphology}} |
{{short description|Term in botanical morphology}} |
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{{distinguish|Cognate (disambiguation){{!}}Cognation|Conation}} |
{{distinguish|Cognate (disambiguation){{!}}Cognation|Conation}} |
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'''Connation''' in [[plant]]s is the developmental fusion of organs of the same type, for example, [[petal]]s to one another to form a tubular [[corolla (flower)|corolla]].<ref>{{cite book| title=A Dictionary of Botany | url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbota00litt | url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbota00litt/page/91 91]| editor1-last=Little | editor1-first=R. John | editor2-last=Jones |editor2-first=C. Eugene | publisher= Van Nostrand Reinhold Company| location=New York | year=1980 |ISBN=0-442-24169-0}}</ref><ref name="Jackson">{{cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/glossaryofbotani1928jack/page/89 89]|title=A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent|last=Jackson|first=Benjamin Daydon|edition=fourth|publisher=Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd.|location=London|year=1928|url=https://archive.org/details/glossaryofbotani1928jack}}</ref> This is in contrast to [[adnation]], the fusion of dissimilar organs. Such organs are described as connate or adnate, respectively. When like organs that are usually well separated are placed next to each other, but not actually connected, they are described as connivent (that is the case for [[anther]]s in several genera, such as ''[[Solanum]]''). |
'''Connation''' in [[plant]]s is the developmental fusion of organs of the same type, for example, [[petal]]s to one another to form a tubular [[corolla (flower)|corolla]].<ref>{{cite book| title=A Dictionary of Botany | url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbota00litt | url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbota00litt/page/91 91]| editor1-last=Little | editor1-first=R. John | editor2-last=Jones |editor2-first=C. Eugene | publisher= Van Nostrand Reinhold Company| location=New York | year=1980 |ISBN=0-442-24169-0}}</ref><ref name="Jackson">{{cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/glossaryofbotani1928jack/page/89 89]|title=A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent|last=Jackson|first=Benjamin Daydon|edition=fourth|publisher=Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd.|location=London|year=1928|url=https://archive.org/details/glossaryofbotani1928jack}}</ref> This is in contrast to [[adnation]], the fusion of dissimilar organs. Such organs are described as connate or adnate, respectively. When like organs that are usually well separated are placed next to each other, but not actually connected, they are described as '''connivent''' (that is the case for [[anther]]s in several genera, such as ''[[Solanum]]''). |
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[[File:Flower large stamen.jpg|thumb|right|alt=flower in the center of which is a projecting tube formed of the fused filaments of the stamens; the free anthers form a spreading cluster at its tip|The stamens of ''[[Hibiscus]]'' (like many [[Malvaceae]]) are synfilamentous.]] |
[[File:Flower large stamen.jpg|thumb|right|alt=flower in the center of which is a projecting tube formed of the fused filaments of the stamens; the free anthers form a spreading cluster at its tip|The stamens of ''[[Hibiscus]]'' (like many [[Malvaceae]]) are synfilamentous.]] |
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[[File:Sinningia cardinalis cut flower.jpg|thumb|right|Synanthery in a (dissected) flower of ''[[Sinningia cardinalis]]'']] |
[[File:Sinningia cardinalis cut flower.jpg|thumb|right|Synanthery in a (dissected) flower of ''[[Sinningia cardinalis]]'']] |
Latest revision as of 15:06, 21 May 2024
Connation in plants is the developmental fusion of organs of the same type, for example, petals to one another to form a tubular corolla.[1][2] This is in contrast to adnation, the fusion of dissimilar organs. Such organs are described as connate or adnate, respectively. When like organs that are usually well separated are placed next to each other, but not actually connected, they are described as connivent (that is the case for anthers in several genera, such as Solanum).
![flower in the center of which is a projecting tube formed of the fused filaments of the stamens; the free anthers form a spreading cluster at its tip](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flower_large_stamen.jpg/220px-Flower_large_stamen.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sinningia_cardinalis_cut_flower.jpg/220px-Sinningia_cardinalis_cut_flower.jpg)
Terms for connation of flower parts
[edit]- Synsepalous: All the sepals of a flower are fused into a cup or tube; the fused portion is the calyx tube, and any non fused tips are the calyx lobes.
- Sympetalous: All the petals of a flower are fused into a cup, tube, or other shape.
- Stamens:
- Synandrous: Stamens are fused in an unspecified manner
- Synfilamentous: Stamens are fused by their filaments
- Synantherous: Stamens are fused by their anthers
- Syncarpous: Carpels are fused together to form a compound ovary
References
[edit]- ^ Little, R. John; Jones, C. Eugene, eds. (1980). A Dictionary of Botany. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. p. 91. ISBN 0-442-24169-0.
- ^ Jackson, Benjamin Daydon (1928). A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent (fourth ed.). London: Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd. p. 89.