Voiced velar lateral approximant: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʟ⟩ in IPA}} |
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{{redirect|velar lateral approximant|the voiceless consonant|Voiceless velar lateral approximant}} |
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{{Infobox IPA |
{{Infobox IPA |
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|ipa symbol=ʟ |
|ipa symbol=ʟ |
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|decimal=671 |
|decimal=671 |
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|x-sampa=L\ |
|x-sampa=L\ |
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|kirshenbaum=L |
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|braille=in |braille2=l |
|braille=in |braille2=l |
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|imagefile= |
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x029F.svg |
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|imagesize=150px |
|imagesize=150px |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''voiced velar lateral approximant''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in a very small number |
The '''voiced velar lateral approximant''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used as a distinct consonant in a very small number{{sfnp|François|2010|pp=422–426}} of [[Speech|spoken]] [[language]]s in the world. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ʟ}} a [[Small caps|small capital]] version of the Latin letter [[l]] (since 1989), and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <code>L\</code>. |
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The velar laterals of the world often involve a [[Pre-stopped consonant|prestopped]] realization {{IPA|[ɡ͡ʟ]}}. |
The velar laterals of the world often involve a [[Pre-stopped consonant|prestopped]] realization {{IPA|[ɡ͡ʟ]}}.{{sfnp|François|2010|p=425}} |
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==Features== |
==Features== |
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{{lateral}} |
{{lateral}} |
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{{pulmonic}} |
{{pulmonic}} |
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The velar lateral {{IPA|[ʟ]}} involves no contact of the [[Apical consonant|tip of the tongue]] with the roof of the mouth: just like for the velar stop {{IPA|[ɡ]}}, the only contact takes place between the [[Dorsal consonant|back of the tongue]] and the [[Velar consonant|velum]]. This contrasts with the [[velarized alveolar lateral approximant]] {{IPA|[ɫ]}} – also known as the dark ''l'' in English ''feel'' {{IPA|[fiːɫ]}} – for which the apex touches the [[alveolar ridge]].{{sfnp|François|2010|p=423}} |
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==Occurrence== |
==Occurrence== |
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! Notes |
! Notes |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[English language|English]] |
| rowspan="2" | [[English language|English]] |
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| rowspan="2" | [[Southern American English|Southern US]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=551}} |
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| Some dialects<ref name="Roca & Johnson 1999 73">{{Harvcoltxt|Roca|Johnson|1999|p=73}}</ref>{{clarify|date=April 2016}} |
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| [[English orthography|'' |
| [[English orthography|''midd'''l'''e'']] |
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|align=center| |
|align=center| [ˈmɪɾʟ̩] |
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| ' |
| 'middle' |
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| May occur before [[ |
| rowspan="2" | May occur before or after a [[velar consonant]], as in ''milk'' and ''cycle'', when assimilating /ʊ/, as in ''wolf'', or before [[labial consonant]]s, as in ''help''. See [[English phonology]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[English orthography|''f'''ull''''']] |
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| ⚫ | |||
|[ˈfʟ̩ː] |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| '''''r̄'''ev'''r̄'''ov'' |
| '''''r̄'''ev'''r̄'''ov'' |
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| {{IPA|[ |
| {{IPA|[ɡ͡ʟəβˈɡ͡ʟɔβ]}} |
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| 'evening' |
| 'evening' |
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| Realized as [[Pre-stopped consonant|prestopped]] {{IPA|[ɡ͡ʟ]}}. |
| Realized as [[Pre-stopped consonant|prestopped]] {{IPA|[ɡ͡ʟ]}}. |
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|- |
|- |
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|colspan=2| [[Melpa language|Melpa]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=169}} |
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|{{lang|ko|[[Hangul|달구지]]}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|da'''l'''guji]]}} |
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|align=center| {{IPA|[tɐʟɡud͡ʑi]}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
|When the final consonant ⟨ㄹ⟩[ɭ] is followed by ⟨ㄱ⟩[ɡ], ⟨ㅋ⟩[kʰ], and ⟨ㄲ⟩[k͈], appears. See [[Korean phonology]]. |
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| ⚫ | |||
|colspan=2| [[Melpa language|Melpa]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|2005|p=169}}</ref> |
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| ''pa'''ⱡ'''a'' |
| ''pa'''ⱡ'''a'' |
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|align=center| {{IPA|[paʟa]}} |
|align=center| {{Audio-IPA|Melpa-paLa.wav|[paʟa]}} |
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| 'fence' |
| 'fence' |
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| Realized as [[Pre-stopped consonant|prestopped]] {{IPA|[ɡ͡ʟ]}}. |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|colspan=2| [[Wahgi language|Mid-Wahgi]] |
|colspan=2| [[Wahgi language|Mid-Wahgi]]{{sfnp|Roca|Johnson|1999|p=73}} |
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| ''a'''gl'''a'''gl'''e'' |
| ''a'''gl'''a'''gl'''e'' |
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|align=center| {{IPA|[aʟaʟe]}} |
|align=center| {{IPA|[aʟaʟe]}} |
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| 'dizzy' |
| 'dizzy' |
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| Realized as [[Pre-stopped consonant|prestopped]] {{IPA|[ɡ͡ʟ]}}. |
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|- |
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|} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Voiceless velar lateral approximant]], {{IPA|[ʟ̥]}} |
*[[Voiceless velar lateral approximant]], {{IPA|[ʟ̥]}} |
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*[[Velarized alveolar lateral approximant]], {{IPA|[ɫ]}} |
*[[Velarized alveolar lateral approximant]], {{IPA|[ɫ]}} |
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*[[Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative]], {{IPA|[ɬ]}} |
*[[Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative]], {{IPA|[ɬ]}} |
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*[[Velar lateral tap]], {{IPA|[ʟ̆]}} |
*[[Velar lateral tap]], {{IPA|[ʟ̆]}} |
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*[[Voiced velar lateral fricative]], {{IPA|[ʟ̝]}} |
*[[Voiced velar lateral fricative]], {{IPA|[ʟ̝]}} |
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*[[Voiceless velar lateral fricative]], {{IPA|[ʟ̝̊]}} |
*[[Voiceless velar lateral fricative]], {{IPA|[ʟ̝̊]}} or [[extIPA]] {{IPA|[𝼄]}} |
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*[[Index of phonetics articles]] |
*[[Index of phonetics articles]] |
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|last=François |
|last=François |
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|first=Alexandre |
|first=Alexandre |
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|author-link=Alexandre François (linguist) |
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|year=2010 |
|year=2010 |
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|title=Phonotactics and the prestopped velar lateral of Hiw: resolving the ambiguity of a complex segment |
|title=Phonotactics and the prestopped velar lateral of Hiw: resolving the ambiguity of a complex segment |
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|issue=3 |
|issue=3 |
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|pages=393–434 |
|pages=393–434 |
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|s2cid=62628417 |
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|url=https://www.academia.edu/848679/Phonotactics_and_the_prestopped_velar_lateral_in_Hiw |
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|url=http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_Hiw-lateral_Phonology_published.pdf |
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}} |
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*{{citation |
*{{citation |
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|last=Ladefoged |
|last=Ladefoged |
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|first=Peter |
|first=Peter |
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|author-link=Peter Ladefoged |
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|year=2005 |
|year=2005 |
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|title=Vowels and Consonants |
|title=Vowels and Consonants |
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}} |
}} |
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*{{citation |
*{{citation |
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|last1=Roca |
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|first1=Iggy |
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|last2=Johnson |
|last2=Johnson |
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|first2=Wyn |
|first2=Wyn |
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|publisher=Blackwell Publishing |
|publisher=Blackwell Publishing |
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}} |
}} |
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* {{Accents of English|hide1=y|hide2=y}} |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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Latest revision as of 11:39, 5 May 2024
| Voiced velar lateral approximant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʟ | |||
| IPA Number | 158 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʟ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+029F | ||
| X-SAMPA | L\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
The voiced velar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used as a distinct consonant in a very small number[1] of spoken languages in the world. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʟ⟩ a small capital version of the Latin letter l (since 1989), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is L\.
The velar laterals of the world often involve a prestopped realization [ɡ͡ʟ].[2]
Features[edit]
Features of the voiced velar lateral approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
The velar lateral [ʟ] involves no contact of the tip of the tongue with the roof of the mouth: just like for the velar stop [ɡ], the only contact takes place between the back of the tongue and the velum. This contrasts with the velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ] – also known as the dark l in English feel [fiːɫ] – for which the apex touches the alveolar ridge.[3]
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Southern US[4] | middle | [ˈmɪɾʟ̩] | 'middle' | May occur before or after a velar consonant, as in milk and cycle, when assimilating /ʊ/, as in wolf, or before labial consonants, as in help. See English phonology |
| full | [ˈfʟ̩ː] | 'full' | |||
| Hiw[5] | r̄evr̄ov | [ɡ͡ʟəβˈɡ͡ʟɔβ] | 'evening' | Realized as prestopped [ɡ͡ʟ]. | |
| Melpa[6] | paⱡa | 'fence' | Realized as prestopped [ɡ͡ʟ]. | ||
| Mid-Wahgi[7] | aglagle | [aʟaʟe] | 'dizzy' | Realized as prestopped [ɡ͡ʟ]. | |
See also[edit]
- Voiceless velar lateral approximant, [ʟ̥]
- Velarized alveolar lateral approximant, [ɫ]
- Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative, [ɬ]
- Velar lateral tap, [ʟ̆]
- Voiced velar lateral fricative, [ʟ̝]
- Voiceless velar lateral fricative, [ʟ̝̊] or extIPA [𝼄]
- Index of phonetics articles
Notes[edit]
- ^ François (2010), pp. 422–426.
- ^ François (2010), p. 425.
- ^ François (2010), p. 423.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 551.
- ^ François (2010), p. 419.
- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 169.
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 73.
References[edit]
- François, Alexandre (2010), "Phonotactics and the prestopped velar lateral of Hiw: resolving the ambiguity of a complex segment" (PDF), Phonology, 27 (3): 393–434, doi:10.1017/s0952675710000205, S2CID 62628417
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
- Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
- Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611766. ISBN 0-52128541-0.
