Voiced velar lateral approximant: Difference between revisions
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The '''voiced velar lateral approximant''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used as a distinct consonant in a very small number{{sfnp|François|2010|pp=422–426}} of [[Speech|spoken]] [[language]]s in the world. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ʟ}} (since 1989) and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <code>L\</code>. |
The '''voiced velar lateral approximant''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used as a distinct consonant in a very small number{{sfnp|François|2010|pp=422–426}} of [[Speech|spoken]] [[language]]s in the world. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ʟ}} a [[Small caps|small capital]] version of the Latin letter [[l]] (since 1989), and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <code>L\</code>. |
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The velar laterals of the world often involve a [[Pre-stopped consonant|prestopped]] realization {{IPA|[ɡ͡ʟ]}}.{{sfnp|François|2010|p=425}} |
The velar laterals of the world often involve a [[Pre-stopped consonant|prestopped]] realization {{IPA|[ɡ͡ʟ]}}.{{sfnp|François|2010|p=425}} |
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|colspan=2| [[Hiw language|Hiw]]{{sfnp|François|2010|p = 419}} |
|colspan=2| [[Hiw language|Hiw]]{{sfnp|François|2010|p = 419}} |
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| '''''r̄'''ev'''r̄'''ov'' |
| '''''r̄'''ev'''r̄'''ov'' |
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| {{IPA|[ |
| {{IPA|[ɡ͡ʟəβˈɡ͡ʟɔβ]}} |
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| 'evening' |
| 'evening' |
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| Realized as [[Pre-stopped consonant|prestopped]] {{IPA|[ɡ͡ʟ]}}. |
| Realized as [[Pre-stopped consonant|prestopped]] {{IPA|[ɡ͡ʟ]}}. |
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|colspan=2| [[Melpa language|Melpa]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=169}} |
|colspan=2| [[Melpa language|Melpa]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=169}} |
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| ''pa'''ⱡ'''a'' |
| ''pa'''ⱡ'''a'' |
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|align=center| {{IPA|[paʟa]}} |
|align=center| {{Audio-IPA|Melpa-paLa.wav|[paʟa]}} |
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| 'fence' |
| 'fence' |
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| Realized as [[Pre-stopped consonant|prestopped]] {{IPA|[ɡ͡ʟ]}}. |
| Realized as [[Pre-stopped consonant|prestopped]] {{IPA|[ɡ͡ʟ]}}. |
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*[[Velar lateral tap]], {{IPA|[ʟ̆]}} |
*[[Velar lateral tap]], {{IPA|[ʟ̆]}} |
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*[[Voiced velar lateral fricative]], {{IPA|[ʟ̝]}} |
*[[Voiced velar lateral fricative]], {{IPA|[ʟ̝]}} |
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*[[Voiceless velar lateral fricative]], {{IPA|[ʟ̝̊]}} |
*[[Voiceless velar lateral fricative]], {{IPA|[ʟ̝̊]}} or [[extIPA]] {{IPA|[𝼄]}} |
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*[[Index of phonetics articles]] |
*[[Index of phonetics articles]] |
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|issue=3 |
|issue=3 |
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|pages=393–434 |
|pages=393–434 |
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|s2cid=62628417 |
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|url=http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_Hiw-lateral_Phonology_published.pdf |
|url=http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_Hiw-lateral_Phonology_published.pdf |
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*{{citation |
*{{citation |
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|last1=Roca |
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|first1=Iggy |
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|last2=Johnson |
|last2=Johnson |
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|first2=Wyn |
|first2=Wyn |
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Revision as of 11:39, 5 May 2024
| Voiced velar lateral approximant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʟ | |||
| IPA Number | 158 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʟ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+029F | ||
| X-SAMPA | L\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
The voiced velar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used as a distinct consonant in a very small number[1] of spoken languages in the world. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʟ⟩ a small capital version of the Latin letter l (since 1989), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is L\.
The velar laterals of the world often involve a prestopped realization [ɡ͡ʟ].[2]
Features
Features of the voiced velar lateral approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
The velar lateral [ʟ] involves no contact of the tip of the tongue with the roof of the mouth: just like for the velar stop [ɡ], the only contact takes place between the back of the tongue and the velum. This contrasts with the velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ] – also known as the dark l in English feel [fiːɫ] – for which the apex touches the alveolar ridge.[3]
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Southern US[4] | middle | [ˈmɪɾʟ̩] | 'middle' | May occur before or after a velar consonant, as in milk and cycle, when assimilating /ʊ/, as in wolf, or before labial consonants, as in help. See English phonology |
| full | [ˈfʟ̩ː] | 'full' | |||
| Hiw[5] | r̄evr̄ov | [ɡ͡ʟəβˈɡ͡ʟɔβ] | 'evening' | Realized as prestopped [ɡ͡ʟ]. | |
| Melpa[6] | paⱡa | 'fence' | Realized as prestopped [ɡ͡ʟ]. | ||
| Mid-Wahgi[7] | aglagle | [aʟaʟe] | 'dizzy' | Realized as prestopped [ɡ͡ʟ]. | |
See also
- Voiceless velar lateral approximant, [ʟ̥]
- Velarized alveolar lateral approximant, [ɫ]
- Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative, [ɬ]
- Velar lateral tap, [ʟ̆]
- Voiced velar lateral fricative, [ʟ̝]
- Voiceless velar lateral fricative, [ʟ̝̊] or extIPA [𝼄]
- Index of phonetics articles
Notes
- ^ François (2010), pp. 422–426.
- ^ François (2010), p. 425.
- ^ François (2010), p. 423.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 551.
- ^ François (2010), p. 419.
- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 169.
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 73.
References
- François, Alexandre (2010), "Phonotactics and the prestopped velar lateral of Hiw: resolving the ambiguity of a complex segment" (PDF), Phonology, 27 (3): 393–434, doi:10.1017/s0952675710000205, S2CID 62628417
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
- Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
- Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611766. ISBN 0-52128541-0.
