Jump to content

Malan Bridge: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 34°17′10.4″N 62°11′28.8″E / 34.286222°N 62.191333°E / 34.286222; 62.191333
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Submitting (AFCH 0.9.1)
Tag: Reverted
No edit summary
 
(38 intermediate revisions by 17 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Bridge in Herat, Afghanistan}}
{{AFC submission||ns=118|u=Danre98|ts=20210824122624}} <!-- Do not remove this line! -->

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox bridge
{{Infobox bridge
Line 6: Line 5:
| native_name = پل مالان
| native_name = پل مالان
| native_name_lang = prs
| native_name_lang = prs
| image = PoleMalanHerat.jpg
| image = Françoise Foliot - Afghanistan - 019.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_upright =
| alt = Picture of Malan Bridge
| alt = Picture of Malan Bridge
| caption = Malan Bridge
| caption = Malan Bridge in 1975
| coordinates = {{coord|34|17|9.61|N|62|11|28.64|E|display=inline,title}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pul-i Malan (Herat)|url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/pul-i-malan|access-date=24 August 2021|website=Structurae|language=en}}</ref>
| coordinates = {{coord|34|17|10.4|N|62|11|28.8|E|display=inline,title}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pul-i Malan (Herat) |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/pul-i-malan |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=Structurae |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420015449/https://structurae.net/en/structures/pul-i-malan |url-status=live }}</ref>
| os_grid_reference =
| os_grid_reference =
| qid =
| qid =
Line 34: Line 33:
| material1 =
| material1 =
| material2 =
| material2 =
| length = {{convert|230|m}}
| length = {{cvt|230|m}}
| width = {{convert|8|m}}
| width = {{cvt|8|m}}
| height = {{convert|10|m}}
| height = {{cvt|10|m}}
| depth =
| depth =
| traversable =
| traversable =
Line 69: Line 68:
| complete =
| complete =
| cost =
| cost =
| open = 1111-12
| open = 1110–1112
| inaugurated =
| inaugurated =
| rebuilt = 1995
| rebuilt = 1995
Line 81: Line 80:
}}
}}


'''Malan Bridge''', also called '''Pul-i-Malan''' ([[Dari]]: {{lang|prs|پل مالان}}), is an arched bridge over the [[Hari River (Afghanistan)|Hari River]], connecting [[Injil District]] with [[Guzara District]].<ref name="farsnews2007">{{Cite web|date=16 December 2017|title=«مالان» پلی 900 ساله در هرات - FarsNews Agency|url=https://af.farsnews.ir/culture/news/13961216001345|access-date=24 August 2021|lang=fa|website=af.farsnews.ir}}</ref> The bridge is located {{convert|12|km}} south of [[Herat]]'s old city and downstream or west from Pul-i Pushtu. It is currently made up of 21 to 22 arches and has survived several floods that have washed away other bridges crossing the Hari.<ref name="HistGuideHatch" /><ref name="collet" /><ref name="bbc2008" /> It is {{convert|230|m}} long, {{convert|8|m}} wide, and {{convert|10|m}} high.<ref name="avapress2009">{{Cite web|date=2 July 2009|title=بازسازی پل تاریخی|url=https://avapress.com/fa/31344/بازسازی-پل-تاریخی|access-date=24 August 2021|website=آوا پرس {{!}} اخبار لحظه ای افغانستان|language=fa}}</ref>
'''Malan Bridge''', also called '''Pul-i-Malan''' ([[Dari]]: {{lang|prs|پل مالان}}), is a two-lane arched bridge over the [[Hari (Afghanistan)|Hari River]], connecting [[Injil District]] with [[Guzara District]], both in [[Herat Province]] of [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="farsnews2007">{{Cite web |date=16 December 2017 |title=«مالان» پلی 900 ساله در هرات - FarsNews Agency |url=https://af.farsnews.ir/culture/news/13961216001345 |access-date=24 August 2021 |lang=fa |website=af.farsnews.ir |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513112251/https://af.farsnews.ir/culture/news/13961216001345 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Bordewich |first=Fergus M. |date=14 May 1972 |title=The Center of an Ancient Trade Route, Herat Lives in the Ruins of Its Past |work=[[New York Times]]}}</ref> It was built around 1110 AD. The bridge is located {{cvt|12|km}} south of [[Herat]]'s old city and downstream or west from Pul-i Pushtu. It is currently made up of 22 arches and has survived several floods that have washed away other bridges crossing the Hari.<ref name="HistGuideHatch" /><ref name="collet" /><ref name="bbc2008" /> It is {{cvt|230|m}} long, {{cvt|8|m}} wide, and {{cvt|10|m}} high.<ref name="avapress2009">{{Cite web |date=2 July 2009 |title=بازسازی پل تاریخی |url=https://avapress.com/fa/31344/بازسازی-پل-تاریخی |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=آوا پرس {{!}} اخبار لحظه ای افغانستان |language=fa |archive-date=24 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824122131/https://avapress.com/fa/31344/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C |url-status=live }}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
A common legend about its creation says the mythical princesses Bibi Nur and Bibi Hur built the bridge in AD 900. They were followers of [[Zoroastrianism]]. The sisters had poultry, so they mixed egg shells with clay and, with much effort, constructed the bridge stronger than steel.<ref name="HistGuideHatch" /><ref name="collet" /><ref name="bbc2008" />
A common legend about its creation says the mythical princesses Bibi Nur and Bibi Hur built the bridge around AD 900.<ref name="HistGuideHatch" /><ref name="collet" /><ref name="bbc2008" /> They were followers of [[Zoroastrianism]]. The sisters had poultry, so they mixed egg shells with clay and, with much effort, constructed the bridge stronger than steel.<ref name="HistGuideHatch" /><ref name="collet" /><ref name="bbc2008" />


The bridge was built during the reign of [[Seljuk dynasty|Seljuk]] Sultan [[Ahmad Sanjar]] in 1111-12.<ref name="collet" /><ref name="bbc2008">{{Cite web|author=اویس توخیروزنامه نگار در هرات|date=18 June 2008|title=BBCPersian.com {{!}} فرهنگ و هنر {{!}} سرگذشت شگفت انگیز پل تاریخی مالان در هرات|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/arts/story/2008/06/080618_s-malan-bridge-herat|url-status=live|access-date=24 August 2021|website=www.bbc.com|language=fa}}</ref> Malan Bridge was repaired by The [[Mughal emperors|Mughal]] emperor [[Babur]] included it in [[Babur#At Kabul|his visit to the city]] in 1506.<ref name="HistGuideHatch">{{Cite book|last=Dupree|first=Nancy Hatch|date=1977|url=http://www.afghandata.org:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/azu/189/azu_acku_ds351_d87_1977_w.pdf|title=Historical guide to Afghanistan|publisher=University of Arizona Libraries|doi=10.2458/azu_acku_ds351_d87_1977}}</ref> A tourist named Alexander Hamilton wrote that the bridge had 17 arches in the late 19th century; the bridge currently has 22.<ref name="bbc2008" />
The bridge was built during the reign of [[Seljuk dynasty|Seljuk]] Sultan [[Ahmad Sanjar]] in 1110{{ndash}}1112 AD.<ref name="collet" /><ref name="bbc2008">{{Cite web |author=اویس توخیروزنامه نگار در هرات |date=18 June 2008 |title=BBCPersian.com {{!}} فرهنگ و هنر {{!}} سرگذشت شگفت انگیز پل تاریخی مالان در هرات |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/arts/story/2008/06/080618_s-malan-bridge-herat |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=www.bbc.com |language=fa |archive-date=20 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820051113/https://www.bbc.com/persian/arts/story/2008/06/080618_s-malan-bridge-herat }}</ref> The [[Mughal emperors|Mughal]] emperor [[Babur]] included it in [[Babur#At Kabul|his visit to the city]] in 1506.<ref name="HistGuideHatch">{{Cite book |last=Dupree |first=Nancy Hatch |date=1977 |url=http://www.afghandata.org:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/azu/189/azu_acku_ds351_d87_1977_w.pdf |title=Historical guide to Afghanistan |publisher=University of Arizona Libraries |doi=10.2458/azu_acku_ds351_d87_1977 |access-date=23 August 2021 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901051551/http://www.afghandata.org:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/azu/189/azu_acku_ds351_d87_1977_w.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> A tourist, Alexander Hamilton wrote that the bridge had 17 arches in the late 19th century; the bridge currently has 22.<ref name="bbc2008" /> The bridge was also reported to be neglected and falling into decay in the late 19th century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goldsmid |first=F. J. |date=31 January 1985 |title=On journeys between Herat and Khiva: lecture, Friday, January 31, 1875 |url=https://jstor.org/stable/60234476 |journal=Journal of the Royal United Service Institution |jstor=60234476 |language=English |access-date=4 September 2021 |archive-date=24 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824174147/https://www.jstor.org/stable/60234476 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1972, part of the bridge had been washed out and was impassable.<ref name=":0" />


A modern bridge was built upstream in 1961-62 ([[Solar Hijri calendar|SH]] 1340). Prior to that construction, Pul-i Malan was the only bridge connecting Herat and [[Kandahar]] and was considered important because of that.<ref name="farsnews2007" /><ref="avapress2009" /> The bridge was partially destroyed during the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], with two guard towers crumbled and 5 arches demolished. The [[Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan Refugees]] rebuilt the bridge using concrete and baked bricks, strengthening the foundation and roadway in the process. The bridge reopened for crossing in 1995.<ref name="collet">{{Cite journal|last=Tirard-Collet|first=Olivier|date=1998|title=After the War. The Condition of Historical Buildings and Monuments in Herat, Afghanistan|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299980|journal=Iran|volume=36|pages=123–138|doi=10.2307/4299980|issn=0578-6967}}</ref><ref name="bbc2008" />
A modern bridge was built upstream in 1961–62 ([[Solar Hijri calendar|SH]] 1340). Prior to that construction, Pul-i Malan was the only bridge connecting Herat and [[Kandahar]] and was considered important because of that.<ref name="farsnews2007" /><ref name="avapress2009" /> The bridge was partially destroyed during the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], with two guard towers crumbled and 5 arches demolished. The [[Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan Refugees]] rebuilt the bridge using concrete and baked bricks, strengthening the foundation and roadway in the process. The bridge reopened for crossing in 1995.<ref name="collet">{{Cite journal |last=Tirard-Collet |first=Olivier |date=1998 |title=After the War. The Condition of Historical Buildings and Monuments in Herat, Afghanistan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299980 |journal=Iran |volume=36 |pages=123–138 |doi=10.2307/4299980 |jstor=4299980 |issn=0578-6967 |access-date=23 August 2021 |archive-date=23 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823213314/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299980 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bbc2008" />


== References ==
== References ==
Line 98: Line 97:


{{Commons category|Malan Bridge}}
{{Commons category|Malan Bridge}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Herat]]
[[Category:Bridges in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in the 12th century]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in the 1990s]]

Latest revision as of 22:40, 24 April 2024

Malan Bridge

پل مالان
Picture of Malan Bridge
Malan Bridge in 1975
Coordinates34°17′10.4″N 62°11′28.8″E / 34.286222°N 62.191333°E / 34.286222; 62.191333[1]
CrossesHari River
LocaleHerat
Other name(s)Pul-i Malan
Preceded byPul-i Pushtu
Characteristics
DesignArch bridge
MaterialConcrete, baked bricks
Total length230 m (750 ft)
Width8 m (26 ft)
Height10 m (33 ft)
History
Opened1110–1112
Rebuilt1995
Location
Map

Malan Bridge, also called Pul-i-Malan (Dari: پل مالان), is a two-lane arched bridge over the Hari River, connecting Injil District with Guzara District, both in Herat Province of Afghanistan.[2][3] It was built around 1110 AD. The bridge is located 12 km (7.5 mi) south of Herat's old city and downstream or west from Pul-i Pushtu. It is currently made up of 22 arches and has survived several floods that have washed away other bridges crossing the Hari.[4][5][6] It is 230 m (750 ft) long, 8 m (26 ft) wide, and 10 m (33 ft) high.[7]

History

[edit]

A common legend about its creation says the mythical princesses Bibi Nur and Bibi Hur built the bridge around AD 900.[4][5][6] They were followers of Zoroastrianism. The sisters had poultry, so they mixed egg shells with clay and, with much effort, constructed the bridge stronger than steel.[4][5][6]

The bridge was built during the reign of Seljuk Sultan Ahmad Sanjar in 1110–1112 AD.[5][6] The Mughal emperor Babur included it in his visit to the city in 1506.[4] A tourist, Alexander Hamilton wrote that the bridge had 17 arches in the late 19th century; the bridge currently has 22.[6] The bridge was also reported to be neglected and falling into decay in the late 19th century.[8] By 1972, part of the bridge had been washed out and was impassable.[3]

A modern bridge was built upstream in 1961–62 (SH 1340). Prior to that construction, Pul-i Malan was the only bridge connecting Herat and Kandahar and was considered important because of that.[2][7] The bridge was partially destroyed during the Soviet–Afghan War, with two guard towers crumbled and 5 arches demolished. The Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan Refugees rebuilt the bridge using concrete and baked bricks, strengthening the foundation and roadway in the process. The bridge reopened for crossing in 1995.[5][6]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Pul-i Malan (Herat)". Structurae. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  2. ^ a b "«مالان» پلی 900 ساله در هرات - FarsNews Agency". af.farsnews.ir (in Persian). 16 December 2017. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  3. ^ a b Bordewich, Fergus M. (14 May 1972). "The Center of an Ancient Trade Route, Herat Lives in the Ruins of Its Past". New York Times.
  4. ^ a b c d Dupree, Nancy Hatch (1977). Historical guide to Afghanistan (PDF). University of Arizona Libraries. doi:10.2458/azu_acku_ds351_d87_1977. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d e Tirard-Collet, Olivier (1998). "After the War. The Condition of Historical Buildings and Monuments in Herat, Afghanistan". Iran. 36: 123–138. doi:10.2307/4299980. ISSN 0578-6967. JSTOR 4299980. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d e f اویس توخیروزنامه نگار در هرات (18 June 2008). "BBCPersian.com | فرهنگ و هنر | سرگذشت شگفت انگیز پل تاریخی مالان در هرات". www.bbc.com (in Persian). Archived from the original on 20 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  7. ^ a b "بازسازی پل تاریخی". آوا پرس | اخبار لحظه ای افغانستان (in Persian). 2 July 2009. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  8. ^ Goldsmid, F. J. (31 January 1985). "On journeys between Herat and Khiva: lecture, Friday, January 31, 1875". Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. JSTOR 60234476. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Malan Bridge.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malan_Bridge&oldid=1220623484"