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{{Short description|<!--Write your short description here-->}}
{{Short description|English publisher and editor (1840–1913)}}

{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Andrew Chatto
| name = Andrew Chatto
Line 7: Line 6:
| caption = Andrew Chatto
| caption = Andrew Chatto
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1840|11|11|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1840|11|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = 55 Pratt Street, [[Camden Town]], [[London]], [[England]]
| birth_place = [[Camden Town]], London, England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1913|03|15|1840|11|11|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1913|03|15|1840|11|11|df=y}}
| death_place = Larkrise, Aldenham Road, [[Radlett]], [[Hertfordshire]], [[England]]
| death_place = [[Radlett]], [[Hertfordshire]], England
| nationality = [[England|English]]
| other_names =
| other_names =
| occupation = Publisher
| occupation = Publisher
| years_active = 1855{{snd}}1912
| years_active = 1855–1912
| known_for = Honest dealing with his authors
| known_for = Honest dealing with his authors
| notable_works = Increasing access to good literature through low cost editions
| notable_works = Increasing access to good literature through low cost editions
}}
}}


'''Andrew Chatto''' (11 November 1840{{snd}}15 March 1913) was an [[England|English]] book publisher who was renowned for the cordial relations he maintained with his authors.
'''Andrew Chatto''' (11 November 1840{{snd}}15 March 1913) was an English book publisher known for his role in the book publishing company [[Chatto & Windus]].


==Early life==
==Early life==
Chatto{{refn|group=note|The name comes from an estate known as the lands of Chatto, on the [[Kale Water]], in the former county of [[Roxburghshire]]. The lands were originally granted to the Norman William de Chetue or Chatthou.{{r|Chatto-Name}}}} was born on 11 November 1840 at 55 Pratt Street,[[Camden Town]] London. His parents were the author William Andrew Chatto (1799{{snd}}1864) and Margaret Roberts (c. 1804{{snd}}April 1852).{{r|Mother-Burial|Mother-death}}{{refn|group=note|The Government Records Office Death Index shows that Margaret died in the second quarter of 1852, and the parish records show that she was buried on 8 April 1852. therefore she died in April.{{r|Chatto-Bio}}}}
Chatto- known throughout his life as "Dan"- was born on 11 November 1840 at 55, Pratt Street, [[Camden Town]] London, third of five sons and three daughters of the author [[William Andrew Chatto]] (1799–1864) and Margaret Roberts (c. 1804{{snd}}April 1852), daughter of Luke Birch, of [[Cornhill, London]].{{r|Chatto-Bio}} Aged 15, he joined the book-selling business of [[John Camden Hotten]], beginning as a 'runner' at book auctions. Hotten had opened a small bookshop at London at 151b [[Piccadilly]] the year before Chatto joined the firm; Hotten diversified into publishing, with Chatto learned the trade alongside him.{{r|Welland-1978|p=10}}
Chatto was 15 when he joined the book-selling business of [[John Camden Hotten]] (12 September 1832{{snd}}14 June 1873). He was probably apprenticed to Hotten at his father's instigation. He began as a 'runner'{{refn|group=note|A runner brings items from where they are displayed or stored up to the auctioneer so that they can be displayed during the bidding.}} at book auctions. Hotten had opened a small bookshop at London at 151b [[Piccadilly]] the year before Chatto joined the firm. as Hotten diversified into publishing and Chatto learned the trade as Hotten did.{{r|Welland-1978|p=10}}

==A complicated private life==
Chatto is generally regarded as having four children by Catherine (Katharine) Wallace Heard (c. 1839{{snd}}11 October 1905){{r|Will-Katharine}}{{refn|group=note|Initially spelled Catherine, and later spelled Katharine.}}, the daughter of military tailor Frederick Augustus Heard (1809{{snd}}second quarter of 1883){{r|Tailor}} and Amelia Hollis Emmett (1809{{snd}}) who had married at St. Giles, [[Camberwell]], [[London]] on 37 October 1829.{{r|Heard-Emmett}} Catherine married Joshua Carby Radway (c. 1836{{snd}}27 December 1892){{r|Will-Radway}} in the second quarter of 1858 in [[St. James's]] district in London.
Census information suggests that Catherine had seven children:
*Frederick Augustus Radway (3rd quarter of 1859{{snd}}1st quarter of 1921){{r|Fred-Dead}}The 1881 census found him as a Booksellers Assistant, but by 1911 he was the Foreign Corresponding Clerk for a small arms factory in the West Midlands.{{refn|group=note|He was in a lodging house in the 1881 census together with his brother Joshua, who was like Michael, a sailor.}} He married Fanny Mary Oram (first quarter of 1873{{snd}}first quarter of 1943){{r|Fanny-Birth|Fanny-Death}} and they had at least seven sons and two daughters.
*Michael John Radway (29 September 1860{{snd}}27 February 1934), became a sailor and settled in [[Hawaii]] in 1888.{{r|Michael-Grave|Michael-Obit}} He married Mary Kau Fredenberg (3 February 1864{{snd}}21 August 1921){{refn|group=note|The US Census shows Mary as being at least part Chinese, as under the racist rules of the census, anyone who was even part-Chinese was recorded as Chinese, as were Micheal and Mary's children.{{r|Michael-Grave}}}} on 29 September in Hawaii.{{r|Radway-Fredenberg}} They had two children: John Andrew Radway (17 November 1890{{snd}}5 January 1979){{r|John-Senior}} and Katharine Mary Radway (23 December 1892{{snd}}27 June 1983).{{r|Katharine}}
*Joshua Carby Radway (1867{{snd}}11 March 1923){{r|Joshua-suicide}} Who sometimes used the forename Charles. He became a sailor like his brother Michael, and like Michael, ended up in Hawaii. His life was dogged by ill-luck, however. He married Alexandra Simpson (Q4 1867{{snd}}January 1899){{r|Alex}} in Walsall in the fourth quarter of 1887.{{r|Radway-Simpson}} The family had two children in the UK, Joshua Carby Joseph (second quarter of 1895{{snd}}11 April 1917){{r|Eldest}} born in [[Wandsworth]], and Percy Charles A. (first quarter of 1889{{snd}}February 1902){{r|Percy}} born in [[Aston]], [[Warwickshire]]. The family emigrated to [[Australia]], arriving in [[Perth, Australia]] on 22 March 1898.{{r|Arrival-Perth}} Alexandra had a third child in 1898, a girl, who did not live one day after being born in Perth.{{r|Arrival-Perth}} Alexandra died herself in hospital in Perth in January of 1899.{{refn|group=note|She was using the name Alice, but her surname, age, father's name, and birthplace are a match for Alexandra.{{r|Dead-Alex}}}} Percy died in hospital in Perth in February 1902.{{r|Dead-Percy}} The last surviving child, Joshua, was left in Australia by his father, and was informally adopted by Mrs. M. Ratice of Bowelling Pools, [[Collie, Western Australia]]. Joshua enlisted in the [[First Australian Imperial Force|Australian Imperial Force]] on 5 March 1915, served first in Gallipoli, and was killed in France on 11 April 1917.{{r|Joshua-Stepson}} Joshua, the father, arrived in Hawaii in 1906,{{r|Joshua-arrive}} and settled down. He committed suicide on 11 March 1923, by shooting himself though the heart. He had been ill for some time was said to be depressed.{{r|Joshua-suicide}}
*Thomas Emmett Patrick Radway, later Thomas Chatto (c. 1865{{snd}}17 September 1929) {{refn|group=note|Had the surname Radway in the 1871 census and Chatto in the 1881 census.}} Worked with Chatto in [[Chatto & Windus]] as at least a nominal partner from 1893 onwards. His estate was valued at over £90,000, a very respectable sum at the time.{{r|Will-Thomas}} He married Helen Frances Layborum (2 August 1869{{snd}}13 August 1948) and the couple had two daughters. Chatto referred to him as ''my dear son Thomas Chatto'' in his Last Will and Testament.{{r|Test-Chatto}}
*Andrew Chatto Radway, later Andrew Chatto (third quarter of 1871{{snd}}23 December 1942}{{r|Andrew-birth}} Worked for Chatto's antiquarian bookseller, [[Pickering and Chatto]]. Left an estate valued at just under £6,500, a somewhat modest amount compared with his brother Thomas.{{r|Will-Andrew}} Married Elizabeth Boote (February 1878{{snd}}23 March 1944){{r|Will-Elizabeth}} and they had one son. Chatto referred to him as ''my dear son Andrew Chatto'' in his Last Will and Testament.{{r|Test-Chatto}}
*Isabel Chatto (1878{{snd}}28 July 1952){{r|Will-Isabel}} On 8 September 1894, at age 17, she married Harold Brockersdale (11 October 1865{{snd}}), a wholesale druggist, eleven years older than her.{{refn|group=note|Horace must have been a family friend as the 1891 census found him as a visitor to the house when Isabel was only 13.}} The couple had at least three daughters. Chatto was living with Isabel and her family in the 1911 census.
*Dorothea Chatto (2 February 1879{{snd}}16 December 1954){{r|Skelton-1939|Will-Dorothea}} She married Reginal Albert Skelton (3 April 1881{{snd}}6 February 1966){{r|Skelton-1939|Will-Skelton}} a steel merchant, on 13 August 1904, in [[Elstree]], [[Hertfordshire]], [[England]]. The couple had at least two daughters and one son. The son was an RAF officer in the Second World War{{r|RAF-John}} and was a steel merchant like his father.{{r|Will-Dorothea}}

Chatto identified four people as his children in his Last Will and Testament, namely Thomas, Andrew, Isabel, and Dorothea.{{r|Test-Chatto}}

The 1871 census found Chatto living in the same house as Katharine, her husband, and her two youngest children: Joshua and Thomas. Thomas had been registered as Thomas Emmett Patrick Radway. When Andrew was born later in the year, he was registered as Andrew Chatto Radway. The 1881 census found Chatto living with Katharine as his wife, Thomas, the three children born to Katharine since the last census, her father, and a cousin at [[Dartmouth Park]] Hill Road, in the [[London Borough of Camden]]. Thomas had now taken Chatto's surname as had Andrew. Chatto always treated them as his sons and brought them into the business with him. Katharine's husband died on 27 December 1892, and she married Chatto in the first quarter of 1899 at [[Holborn]] in London.{{r|Chatto-Radway}}

==Chatto & Windus==
When Hotten died suddenly in 1873, Chatto bought the firm from Hotten's widow for £25,000 with money from the Poet William Edward Windus (1828{{snd}}1910){{refn|group=note|Sometimes confused with the diffident English [[Pre-Raphaelite]] painter William Lucas Windus (1822-1907). Windus the poet also painted watercolours.{{r|Windus}}}} who became his partner in [[Chatto & Windus]].{{r|Warner-1973|p=11}} While Windus provide the finance, he was not an active partner, living for some of the time on the Isle of Man. Windus probably knew Chatto from when Hotten had published his first volume of verse in 1871.


== The publishing industry ==
At the time, there were five ways in which books might be published:
At the time, there were five ways in which books might be published:
There were:{{r|Methods}}
There were:{{r|Methods}}
*Outright sale of copyright. The publisher took the whole risk, but could make large profits. Jane Austen for example sold the rights of ''Pride and Prejudice'' for £110 and saw the publisher make a profit of £450 on the first two editions alone.{{r|Fergus-21}} Sometimes the sale of copyright was limited to a number of copies or a number of years.
*Outright sale of copyright. The publisher took the whole risk, but could make large profits. [[Jane Austen]] for example sold the rights of ''[[Pride and Prejudice]]'' for £110 and saw the publisher make a profit of £450 on the first two editions alone.{{r|Fergus-21}} Sometimes the sale of copyright was limited to a number of copies or a number of years.
*Profit sharing. The publisher runs the risk, although sometimes the author is asked to contribute a fixed amount, and shared the profits with the author. This is subject to the risk that the publisher inflates the costs, to reduce the apparent profit.
*Profit sharing. The publisher runs the risk, although sometimes the author is asked to contribute a fixed amount, and shared the profits with the author. This is subject to the risk that the publisher inflates the costs, to reduce the apparent profit.
*Royalties. The publisher takes the risk and agrees to pay royalties on every copy, on every copy over a certain number, on every copy after production costs are met (subject to the risk of inflated costs). Sometimes the royalties could increase after a particular number of copies.
*Royalties. The publisher takes the risk and agrees to pay royalties on every copy, on every copy over a certain number, on every copy after production costs are met (subject to the risk of inflated costs). Sometimes the royalties could increase after a particular number of copies.
*Publishing on commission. The author takes the risk, pays the costs of publishing, and the publisher takes a commission on each book sold (again subject to the risk of inflated costs). This is nowadays frowned upon as vanity publishing, but it was regarded as a legitimate form of publishing in the 19th century - this was the system that Jane Austen and many other authors of the time used.
*Publishing on commission. The author takes the risk, pays the costs of publishing, and the publisher takes a commission on each book sold (again subject to the risk of inflated costs). This is nowadays frowned upon as [[vanity publishing]], but it was regarded as a legitimate form of publishing in the 19th century – this was the system that Jane Austen and many other authors of the time used.
*Publishing on subscription, used more in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, where a number of subscribers agree to buy a copy and the money is used to pay for publication. The publisher might be paid a commission on sales. This was the way in which the Record of the [[Ripon Millenary Festival]] was published in 1892.{{r|Ripon-iii}}
*Publishing on subscription, used more in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, where a number of subscribers agree to buy a copy and the money is used to pay for publication. The publisher might be paid a commission on sales. This was the way in which the Record of the [[Ripon Millenary Festival]] was published in 1892.{{r|Ripon-iii}}

Conflicts arose between publishers and authors because of:
Conflicts arose between publishers and authors because of:
*Disagreement over the value of the copyright, or the failure to publish. Jane Austen bought back the copyright for ''Susan'' after the publisher whom she had sold it to had not published it.
*Disagreement over the value of the copyright, or the failure to publish. Jane Austen bought back the copyright for ''Susan'' after the publisher whom she had sold it to had not published it.
Line 57: Line 36:
*Delays in payments to authors.
*Delays in payments to authors.


The poet [[Thomas Campbell (poet)|John Campbell]] (1777-1844) is said, during the height of [[the Napoleonic Wars]] to have induced a group of authors to drink to the health of [[Napoleon]] on the basis that he had once shot a publisher.{{r|Toast}} Mark Twain told the Authors' Club in London in 1899 that ''It is of service to an author to have a lawyer, there is something so disagreeable in having a personal contact with a publisher. It is better to have a lawyer{{snd}}and lose your case'' Clearly relations between authors and their publishers were often fraught, and the risk of bad relations increased when publishers were less than honest in their dealings. Despite his speech, Chatto enjoyed very good relations with Mark Twain.{{r|Welland-1978|p=14}}
The poet [[Thomas Campbell (poet)|John Campbell]] (1777–1844) is said, during the height of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] to have induced a group of authors to drink to the health of [[Napoleon]] on the basis that he had once shot a publisher.{{r|Toast}} [[Mark Twain]] told the Authors' Club in London in 1899 that ''It is of service to an author to have a lawyer, there is something so disagreeable in having a personal contact with a publisher. It is better to have a lawyer{{snd}}and lose your case.'' Clearly relations between authors and their publishers were often fraught, and the risk of bad relations increased when publishers were less than honest in their dealings.


==Chatto & Windus==
When Chatto took over from Hotten, there were a number of legacy problems, resulting in part from Hotten's somewhat shady business practices.{{refn|group=note|Hotten was also a pornographer, while still remaining respectable.{{r|Marcus-67}}}} In particular, Hotten had alienated the poet [[Algernon Charles Swinburne]] by paying him little if any of the profits from the publication of his ''Poems and Ballads'' which had sold well. Chatto mended fences by sending Swinburn a cheque for £50 and a formal request to publish his work. Chatto subsequently published Swinburn's ''Bothwell''.
Hotten died suddenly in 1873, and Chatto bought the firm from his widow for £25,000. The money came from William Edward Windus (1828–1910){{refn|group=note|Sometimes confused with the diffident English [[Pre-Raphaelite]] painter William Lucas Windus (1822–1907). Windus the poet also painted watercolours.{{r|Windus}}}}, the partnership being therefore named [[Chatto & Windus]].{{r|Warner-1973|p=11}} Windus was a silent partner, leaving the business decisions to Chatto and living for some of the time on the Isle of Man. The two men had probably met when Hotten published Windus's first volume of verse in 1871.

When Chatto took over from Hotten, there were a number of legacy problems, resulting in part from Hotten's somewhat shady business practices.{{refn|group=note|Hotten was also a pornographer, while still remaining respectable.{{r|Marcus-67}}}} In particular, Hotten had alienated the poet [[Algernon Charles Swinburne]] by paying him little if any of the profits from the publication of his ''Poems and Ballads,'' which had sold well. Chatto mended fences by sending Swinburne a cheque for £50 and a formal request to publish his work. Chatto subsequently published Swinburne's ''Bothwell''.


Peters contrasted Chatto who was ''not only an active and successful publisher, but an honest one'', compared with Hotten, ''who was something of a rogue''.{{r|Peters-369}} Hotten had spent years in the United States and knew more about American literature than any other publisher in London. He made ruthless use of this knowledge to pirate works by American authors, as few had taken any steps to copyright their work in England.{{r|Warner-1973|p=5}}
Peters contrasted Chatto who was ''not only an active and successful publisher, but an honest one'', compared with Hotten, ''who was something of a rogue''.{{r|Peters-369}} Hotten had spent years in the United States and knew more about American literature than any other publisher in London. He made ruthless use of this knowledge to pirate works by American authors, as few had taken any steps to copyright their work in England.{{r|Warner-1973|p=5}}


One of the Hotten's victims was Mark Twain, but Chatto managed to establish good relations with him and they became good friends.{{r|Welland-1978|p=86}} Chatto worked his charm with other authors also, and [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] said: ''If you don't know that you have a good author, I know I have a good publisher. Your fair, open and handsome dealings are a good point in my life, and do more for my crazy health than has yet been done by any
One of the Hotten's victims was Mark Twain, but Chatto managed to establish good relations with him and they became good friends.{{r|Welland-1978|p=86}} Despite his speech, Chatto enjoyed very good relations with Mark Twain.{{r|Welland-1978|p=14}} Chatto worked his charm with other authors also, and [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] said: ''If you don't know that you have a good author, I know I have a good publisher. Your fair, open and handsome dealings are a good point in my life, and do more for my crazy health than has yet been done by any doctor.''{{r|Warner-1973|p=14}}

doctor.''{{r|Warner-1973|p=14}}
In 1876, Chatto brought in Percy Spalding to help him manage the firm. Spalding was much more of a financial manager than a literary man, so Chatto was left to decide editorial matters himself.{{r|"GreenspanRose2003"}}


During the 1880s Chatto was determined to make his firm the leading publisher of novels in London, and set out to dramatically increase their list.{{r|Newbolt-1996|p=581}} He bought the rights to the existing works of popular novelists such as [[Ouida]] and [[Wilkie Collins]], and then reprinting them in cheap editions.{{r|Chatto-Bio}} He bought the remaining stock and copyrights of [[Henry George Bohn]] for £20,000, which expanded the range and type of books that he published. His strategy was to dramatically increase the firm's share of the novel market, and be the first choice for novelists. He certainly won the good will of writers.{{r|Warner-1973|p=13}}
In 1876 Chatto brought in Percy Spalding (third quarter of 1854{{snd}}13 August 1930){{r|Spalding-birth|Spalding-Death}} to help him manage the firm. Spalding was much more of a financial manager than a literary man, so Chatto was left to decide editorial matters himself.{{r|"GreenspanRose2003"}}


Chatto saw periodicals as another possible outlet for the firm's authors (and for the intellectual property that the firm had bought.) He bought ''The Belgravia'' and its associated annual. He published ''[[The Idler (1892–1911)|The Idler]]'' from 1892 to 1911, and he also handled ''[[The Gentleman's Magazine]]''.{{r|Chatto-Bio}}
During the 1880's Chatto was determined to make [[Chatto & Windus]] the leading publisher of novels in London, and set out to dramatically increase their list.{{r|Newbolt-1996|p=581}} Chatto invested in expanding the list, buying the rights to the existing works of popular novelists such as Ouida, Wilkie Collins and others. He then reprinted them in cheap editions.{{r|Chatto-Bio}} He bought the remaining stock and copyrights of henry George Bohn's for £20,000. His strategy was to dramatically increase the firm's share of the novel market, and be the first choice for novelists. He certainly won the good will of writers.{{r|Warner-1973|p=13}} The purchase of Bohn's stock also expanded the range and type of books that he published.


[[Frank Arthur Swinnerton]], who worked at the firm, recalls Chatto as: ''a gentle elderly man with a rolling walk, genially sweet in manner to every member of his staff, and much loved.''{{r|Swinnerton-50}}
Chatto saw periodicals as another possible outlet for the firm's authors (and for the intellectual property that the firm had bought.) He bought ''The Belgravia'' and its associated annual. He published ''The Idler'' from 1882 to 1911, and he also handled ''The Gentleman's Magazine''.{{r|Chatto-Bio}}


==Rujub the Juggler==
Swinnerton, who worked at the firm, recalls Chatto as: ''a gentle elderly man with a rolling walk, genially sweet in manner to every member of his staff, and much loved.''{{r|Swinnerton-50}}
The story of Rujub the Juggler illustrates two facets of Chatto's character, his support and encouragement for authors, the reason why Sutherland referred to the firm as ''the "hustlers" of the book trade''.{{r|Sutherland-1989|p=369}} Chatto recognised and encouraged [[G. A. Henty]]'s ability as a writer for adults.{{refn|group=note|While Henty has hugely successful as an author of [[juvenile fiction]] he had less success with his novels for adults.{{r|Newbolt-1996|p=x}}}} Chatto published four of Henty's eleven adult novels. Of these, ''Rujub, the Juggler'' was the biggest success, selling 11,000 copies, with most of these shortly after initial publication.{{r|ODNB-Henty}} Arnold said that the book had a period charm which he found surprising. and suggested that Henty's adult novels, which sold less than his juvenile titles, had been generally underrated.{{r|Arnold}}


==Andrew Chatto and Rujub the Juggler==
The story of Rujub the Juggler illustrates two facets of Chatto's character, his support and encouragement for authors, the reason why Sutherland referred to the firm as ''the "hustlers" of the book trade''.{{r|Sutherland-1989|p=369}} Chatto recognised and encouraged [[G. A. Henty]]'s ability as a writer for adults.{{refn|group=note|While Henty has hugely successful as an author of [[juvenile fiction]] he had less success with his novels for adults.{{r|Newbolt-1996|p=x}}}} Chatto published four of Henty's eleven adult novels. Of these, ''Rujub, the Juggler'' was the biggest success, selling 11,000 copies, with most of these shortly after initial publication.{{r|ODNB-Henty}}Arnold said that the book had a period charm which he found surprising. and suggested that Henty's adult novels, which sold less than his juvenile titles, had been generally underrated.{{r|Arnold}}
''Rujub'' was first published in book form{{refn|group=note|It had been published as a newspaper serial in 1892 in [[Australia]] in the ''Sydney Echo'',{{r|Sydney}} and in the [[United States]] in ''[[The Boston Globe]]''.{{r|Boston}}}} as a ''three-decker'', or [[three-volume novel]],{{refn|group=note|This had been the standard format for adult novels, as it suited the circulating libraries, see Appendix II of Newbolt{{r|Newbolt-1996}} for a discussion on the economics of the three volume novel. Essentially the circulating libraries demanded that novels be produced in three volumes as this raised the price, thus increasing the attractiveness of libraries against individual purchase, as well as encouraging subscribers to take out a higher-rate subscription (as you could not take out three volumes at a time with the cheaper subscriptions).{{r|Newbolt-1996|p=563}}}} without illustrations on 23 February 1893. The initial print run was for 500 copies. Chatto recognised that juveniles were also reading the Henty novels, and he published a single volume edition with eight illustrations by [[Stanley L. Wood]] in time for the Christmas market in 1893. Chatto had tremendous belief in Henty, and he ordered a print run of 3,000 for the illustrated edition (he had already printed 500 of the three-volume edition, and 2,000 of a single volume unillustrated ''colonial'' edition.){{r|Newbolt-1996|p=238}} Chatto's actions sailed close to the wind on two accounts:
''Rujub'' was first published in book form{{refn|group=note|It had been published as a newspaper serial in 1892 in [[Australia]] in the ''Sydney Echo'',{{r|Sydney}} and in the [[United States]] in ''[[The Boston Globe]]''.{{r|Boston}}}} as a ''three-decker'', or [[three-volume novel]],{{refn|group=note|This had been the standard format for adult novels, as it suited the circulating libraries, see Appendix II of Newbolt{{r|Newbolt-1996}} for a discussion on the economics of the three volume novel. Essentially the circulating libraries demanded that novels be produced in three volumes as this raised the price, thus increasing the attractiveness of libraries against individual purchase, as well as encouraging subscribers to take out a higher-rate subscription (as you could not take out three volumes at a time with the cheaper subscriptions).{{r|Newbolt-1996|p=563}}}} without illustrations on 23 February 1893. The initial print run was for 500 copies. Chatto recognised that juveniles were also reading the Henty novels, and he published a single volume edition with eight illustrations by [[Stanley L. Wood]] in time for the Christmas market in 1893. Chatto had tremendous belief in Henty, and he ordered a print run of 3,000 for the illustrated edition (he had already printed 500 of the three-volume edition, and 2,000 of a single volume unillustrated ''colonial'' edition.){{r|Newbolt-1996|p=238}} Chatto's actions sailed close to the wind on two accounts:
*Chatto has agreed to the condition, set by the two largest circulating libraries, [[WHSmith|Smith]]'s and [[Charles Edward Mudie|Mudie]], in their simultaneous circulars on 27 June 1894, that, among other things, publishers could not issue a cheaper edition in the UK within twelve months of its first acceptance by the libraries.{{refn|group=note|The delay to cheaper editions was to enable the circulating libraries to dispose of their extra copies on the second-hand market.{{r|Newbolt-1996|p=582}}}} The cheaper illustrated one-volume edition was published within nine months of the three-volume library edition.{{r|Rujub}}
*Chatto has agreed to the condition, set by the two largest circulating libraries, [[WHSmith|Smith]]'s and [[Charles Edward Mudie|Mudie]], in their simultaneous circulars on 27 June 1894, that, among other things, publishers could not issue a cheaper edition in the UK within twelve months of its first acceptance by the libraries.{{refn|group=note|The delay to cheaper editions was to enable the circulating libraries to dispose of their extra copies on the second-hand market.{{r|Newbolt-1996|p=582}}}} The cheaper illustrated one-volume edition was published within nine months of the three-volume library edition.{{r|Rujub}}
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</gallery>
</gallery>


==Later Life==
== Private life ==
In his will, Chatto acknowledged fatherhood of four illegitimate children- two sons and two daughters- by his mistress, Catherine (also later "Katharine"), née Heard, wife of Joshua Radway.{{r|Test-Chatto}} After her husband's death, she married Chatto in 1899.{{r|Chatto-Bio}} Katharine died on 11 October 1905.
Katharine died on 11 October 1905. The 1911 census found Chatto living with his daughter Isobel and her family in Larkrise, Aldenham Road, [[Radlett]], [[Hertfordshire]], [[England]]. Chatto retired from publishing in 1912. He died the following year, on 15 March 1913, at his daughters home. He was cremated at Golders Green on 18 March 1913. His estate was valued at just over £14,000, and probate was granted to his sons Thomas and Andrew.{{r|Will-Chatto}}


== Later life ==
His daughter Isobel retained possession of his papers and sold Chatto's papers, which included handwritten letters, manuscripts and a few book, at [[Sotheby's]] in 1916.{{r|Welland-1978|p=10}} In dying the year after he retired, Chatto was following the example of Windus, who retired from the firm in 1909 and died on 7 June of the following year (1910).{{r|Windus}}
Chatto retired from publishing in 1912, and died 15 March 1913, at his daughter's home. In dying the year after he retired, Chatto was following the example of Windus, who retired from the firm in 1909 and died on 7 June of the following year.{{r|Windus}} Chatto was cremated at [[Golders Green]] on 18 March 1913. His estate was valued at just over £14,000.{{r|Chatto-Bio}} His daughter Isobel retained possession of his papers, including handwritten letters, manuscripts and a few books, and sold them at [[Sotheby's]] in 1916.{{r|Welland-1978|p=10}}


==Notes==
==Notes==
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==References==
==References==
{{reflist|refs=
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=Alex>{{cite web
<ref name=Arnold>{{cite book
|last=Arnold
|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=EM8OSUIwl2A6rD2Iy7QMRQ&scan=1
|first=Guy
|title=Index entry
|title=Held Fast for England: G. A. Henty, Imperialist Boys Writer
|accessdate=21 May 2020
|url=https://archive.org/details/heldfastforengla0000arno
|work=FreeBMD
|chapter=The Henty Range
|publisher=ONS}}</ref>
|pages=[https://archive.org/details/heldfastforengla0000arno/page/87 87]
<ref name=Andrew-birth>{{cite web
|date=1980
|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=PjNw9INM8poaTlFKof5dtA&scan=1
|publisher=Hamish Hamilton
|title=Index entry
|accessdate=22 May 2020
|work=FreeBMD
|publisher=ONS}}</ref>
<ref name=Arnold>{{cite book
|last=Arnold
|first=Guy
|title=Held Fast for England: G. A. Henty, Imperialist Boys Writer
|url=https://archive.org/details/heldfastforengla0000arno
|chapter=The Henty Range
|pages=[https://archive.org/details/heldfastforengla0000arno/page/87 87]
|date=1980
|publisher=Hamish Hamilton
|location=London
|location=London
|via=The [[Internet Archive]]
|via=The [[Internet Archive]]
|url-access=registration }}</ref>
|url-access=registration }}</ref>
<ref name=Arrival-Perth>{{cite journal
<ref name=Boston>{{cite journal
|last=Henty
|title=Shipping Notes
|first=George Alfred
|journal=The Inquirer and Commercial News (Perth, Australia)
|title=In the Days of the Mutiny: A military novel
|issue=Friday 25 March 1898
|url=https://archive.org/details/indaysofmutinymi00hent
|pages=8
|journal=The Boston Globe (Boston, Massachusetts)
|date=1898-03-25 }}</ref>
|issue=Saturday 25 June 1892
<ref name=Boston>{{cite journal
|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indaysofmutinymi00hent/page/n4 3]
|last=Henty
|first=George Alfred
|title=In the Days of the Mutiny: A military novel
|url=https://archive.org/details/indaysofmutinymi00hent
|journal=The Boston Globe (Boston, Massachusetts)
|issue=Saturday 25 June 1892
|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indaysofmutinymi00hent/page/n4 3]
|date=1892-06-25
|date=1892-06-25
|via=The [[Internet Archive]]
|via=The [[Internet Archive]]
|url-access=registration }}</ref>
|url-access=registration }}</ref>
<ref name=Chatto-Bio>{{cite web
<ref name=Chatto-Bio>{{cite ODNB
|last=Weedon
|last=Weedon
|first=Alexis
|first=Alexis
|title=Chatto, Andrew (1840–1913)
|title=Chatto, Andrew (1840–1913)
|year=2004
|website=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/47445
|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/47445
|accessdate=2020-05-21 }}</ref>
}}</ref>
<ref name=Chatto-Name>{{cite web
<ref name=Fergus-21>{{cite book
|last1=Fergus
|title=Last name: Chatto
|first1=Jan
|website=SurnameDB
|editor1-last=Copeland
|date=2017
|editor1-first=Edward
|url=https://www.surnamedb.com/Surname/Chatto
|editor2-last=McMaster
|accessdate=2020-05-21 }}</ref>
|editor2-first=Juliet
<ref name=Chatto-Radway>{{cite web
|title=The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen
|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=%2BW9vn4O03rmaO5aBmWhZ7Q&scan=1
|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00cope
|title=Index entry
|chapter=The professional woman writer
|accessdate=22 May 2020
|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00cope/page/n38 21]
|work=FreeBMD
|date=1997
|publisher=ONS}}</ref>
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
<ref name=Dead-Alex>{{cite journal
|title=News and Notes
|journal=The West Australian (Perth, Australia)
|issue=Monday 09 January 1899
|pages=4
|date=1899-01-09 }}</ref>
<ref name=Dead-Percy>{{cite journal
|title=News and Notes
|journal=The West Australian (Perth, Australia)
|issue=Saturday 01 March 1902
|pages=7
|date=1902-03-01 }}</ref>
<ref name=Eldest>{{cite web
|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=2UlvRujUvz5JGzroj8IJig&scan=1
|title=Index entry
|accessdate=21 May 2020
|work=FreeBMD
|publisher=ONS}}</ref>
<ref name=Fanny-Birth>{{cite web
|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=WsgEgcL4D95HNWbT9H%2BC8Q&scan=1
|title=Index entry
|accessdate=22 May 2020
|work=FreeBMD
|publisher=ONS}}</ref>
<ref name=Fanny-Death>{{cite web
|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=OqtF2xa7%2BD19g76Mrtfu0Q&scan=1
|title=Index entry
|accessdate=22 May 2020
|work=FreeBMD
|publisher=ONS}}</ref>
<ref name=Fergus-21>{{cite book
|last1=Fergus
|first1=Jan
|editor1-last=Copeland
|editor1-first=Edward
|editor2-last=McMaster
|editor2-first=Juliet
|title=The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen
|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00cope
|url-access=limited
|chapter=The professional woman writer
|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00cope/page/n38 21]
|date=1997
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|location=Cambridge
|location=Cambridge
|via=The [[Internet Archive]]
|via=The [[Internet Archive]]
|url-access=registration }}</ref>
|url-access=registration }}</ref>
<ref name=Fred-Dead>{{cite web
|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=rucxdWgc2XGxPzPEgGTETA&scan=1
|title=Index entry
|accessdate=20 May 2020
|work=FreeBMD
|publisher=ONS}}</ref>
<ref name=GreenspanRose2003>{{cite book
<ref name=GreenspanRose2003>{{cite book
|author1=Ezra Greenspan
|author1=Ezra Greenspan
|author2=Jonathan Rose
|author2=Jonathan Rose
|title=Book History
|title=Book History
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SdUFVbSLBJgC&pg=PA179
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SdUFVbSLBJgC&pg=PA179
|accessdate=2020-05-22
|access-date=2020-05-22
|date=2003-09-01
|date=2003-09-01
|publisher=Penn State Press
|publisher=Penn State Press
Line 227: Line 142:
|chapter=The Case of Frank Swinnerton
|chapter=The Case of Frank Swinnerton
|via=[[Google Books]] }}</ref>
|via=[[Google Books]] }}</ref>
<ref name=Heard-Emmett>{{cite book
<ref name=Marcus-67>{{cite book
|last1=Marcus
|last=Ancestry.com
|first1=Steven
|title=England, Select Marriages, 1538–1973
|title=The Other Victorians: A Study of Sexuality and Pornography in Mid-Nineteenth-Century England
|date=2014
|year=1985
|publisher=Ancestry.com
|url=https://archive.org/details/othervictorianss0000marc
|location=Provo, Utah }}</ref>
|url-access=registration
<ref name=John-Senior>{{cite web
|chapter=Pisanus Fraxi, Pornographer Royal
|title=John Andrew Radway, Sr
|pages=[https://archive.org/details/othervictorianss0000marc/page/67 67]-73
|website=Find a Grave
|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company
|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/33416422
|accessdate=2020-05-22 }}</ref>
<ref name=Joshua-Stepson>{{cite web
|title=NAA: B2455, Radway Joshua
|website=National Archives of Australia
|url=https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/ViewImage.aspx?B=8023936
|accessdate=2020-05-21 }}</ref>
<ref name=Joshua-arrive>{{cite journal
|title=Passengers: Arrived: March 13 1906
|journal=The Honolulu Advertiser (Honolulu, Hawaii)
|issue=Wednesday 14 March 1906
|pages=10
|date=1906-03-14 }}</ref>
<ref name=Joshua-suicide>{{cite journal
|title=Suicide's Plans are Disclosed by Note
|journal=Honolulu Star Bulletin (Honolulu, Hawaii)
|issue=Tuesday 13 March 1923
|pages=17
|date=1923-03-13 }}</ref>
<ref name=Katharine>{{cite web
|title=Katharine M Burns
|website=Find a Grave
|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/49653871
|accessdate=2020-05-22 }}</ref>
<ref name=Marcus-67>{{cite book
|last1=Marcus
|first1=Steven
|title=The Other Victorians: A Study of Sexuality and Pornography in Mid-Nineteenth-Century England
|year=1985
|url=https://archive.org/details/othervictorianss0000marc
|url-access=registration
|chapter=Pisanus Fraxi, Pornographer Royal
|pages=[https://archive.org/details/othervictorianss0000marc/page/67 67]-73
|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company
|location=New York }}</ref>
|location=New York }}</ref>
<ref name=Methods>{{cite book
<ref name=Methods>{{cite book
|last1=Sprigge
|last1=Sprigge
|first1=S. Squire
|first1=S. Squire
|title=The Methods of Publishing
|title=The Methods of Publishing
|date=1890
|date=1890
|publisher=Henry Glaisher
|publisher=Henry Glaisher
|location=London }}</ref>
|location=London }}</ref>
<ref name=Michael-Grave>{{cite web
<ref name=Newbolt-1996>{{cite book
|last=Newbolt
|title=Michael John Radway
|first=Peter
|website=Find a Grave
|title=G.A. Henty, 1832-1902 : a bibliographical study of his British editions, with short accounts of his publishers, illustrators and designers, and notes on production methods used for his books
|date=2012-08-30
|date=1996
|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/96258794
|publisher=Scholar Press
|accessdate=2020-05-20 }}</ref>
|location=Brookfield, Vt.
<ref name=Michael-Obit>{{cite journal
|url=https://archive.org/details/trent_0116404196192
|title=Michael Radway Taken by Death
|url-access=limited
|journal=The Honolulu Advertiser (Honolulu, Hawaii)
|access-date=2020-05-19 }}</ref>
|issue=Wednesday 28 February 1934
<ref name=ODNB-Henty>{{cite ODNB
|pages=1
|last=Newbolt
|date=1934-02-28 }}</ref>
|first=Peter
<ref name=Mother-Burial>{{cite book
|title=Henty, George Alfred (1832–1902)
|last=London Metropopolitan Archives
|date=2006-05-25
|title=London, England, Church of England Deaths and Burials, 1813-2003
|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/33827
|chapter=Burials in the Parish of Saint Pancras, in the County of Middlesex, in the year 1852: Reference Number: p90/pan1/190
|publisher=London Metropolitan Archives
|location=London }}</ref>
<ref name=Mother-death>{{cite web
|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=RlWxywZcA2IqdVo4LBD9bA&scan=1
|title=Index entry
|accessdate=21 May 2020
|work=FreeBMD
|publisher=ONS}}</ref>
<ref name=Newbolt-1996>{{cite book
|last=Newbolt
|first=Peter
|title=G.A. Henty, 1832-1902 : a bibliographical study of his British editions, with short accounts of his publishers, illustrators and designers, and notes on production methods used for his books
|date=1996
|publisher=Scholar Press
|location=Brookfield, Vt.
|url=https://archive.org/details/trent_0116404196192
|url-access=limited
|accessdate=2020-05-19 }}</ref>
<ref name=ODNB-Henty>{{cite web
|last=Newbolt
|first=Peter
|title=Henty, George Alfred (1832–1902)
|website=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
|date=2006-05-25
|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-33827
|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-33827
|accessdate=2020-05-19 }}</ref>
|access-date=2020-05-19 }}</ref>
<ref name=Percy>{{cite web
<ref name=Peters-369>{{cite book
|last1=Peters
|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=ptT7mW2ZrJCb9fiyQoUvmQ&scan=1
|first1=Catherine
|title=Index entry
|title=The King of Inventors: A Life of Wilkie Collins
|accessdate=21 May 2020
|chapter=The Law and the Lady (1874-1879)
|work=FreeBMD
|publisher=ONS}}</ref>
|pages=369–70 }}</ref>
<ref name=Peters-369>{{cite book
<ref name=Ripon-iii>{{cite book
|last1=Peters
|last1=Harrison
|first1=Catherine
|first1=W.
|title=Ripon Millenary 1886, Illustrated by John Jellicoe and Herbert Railton
|title=The King of Inventors: A Life of Wilkie Collins
|chapter=The Law and the Lady (1874-1879)
|chapter=Preface
|pages=369-70 }}</ref>
|pages=iii
|date=1892
<ref name=RAF-John>{{cite book
|publisher=W. Harrison
|last1=Air Ministry
|location=Ripon
|title=The Airforce List: September 1941
|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/riponmillenaryre00harr/page/n13/mode/1up
|chapter=Technical Branch: (Engineers): Flying Officers
|access-date=2020-03-27 }}</ref>
|pages=[https://archive.org/details/airforcelistsep1941grea/page/515 515]
|date=1941-09-01
|publisher=His Majesty's Stationery Office
|location=London
|url=https://archive.org/details/airforcelistsep1941grea
|accessdate=2020-05-22 }}</ref>
<ref name=Radway-Fredenberg>{{cite journal
|title=Kauai Notes
|journal=The Honolulu Advertiser (Honolulu, Hawaii)
|issue=Tuesday 15 October 1889
|pages=3
|date=1889-10-15 }}</ref>
<ref name=Radway-Simpson>{{cite web
|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=wOfWekzfI0FvUvxjP3mN6Q&scan=1
|title=Index entry
|accessdate=21 May 2020
|work=FreeBMD
|publisher=ONS}}</ref>
<ref name=Ripon-iii>{{cite book
|last1=Harrison
|first1=W.
|title=Ripon Millenary 1886, Illustrated by John Jellicoe and Herbert Railton
|chapter=Preface
|pages=iii
|date=1892
|publisher=W. Harrison
|location=Ripon
|url=https://archive.org/details/riponmillenaryre00harr/page/n13/mode/1up
|accessdate=2020-03-27 }}</ref>
<ref name=Rujub>{{cite journal
<ref name=Rujub>{{cite journal
|title=Chatto and Windus's New Novels
|title=Chatto and Windus's New Novels
Line 371: Line 201:
|pages=4
|pages=4
|date=1893-11-01 }}</ref>
|date=1893-11-01 }}</ref>
<!--
<ref name=Skelton-1939>{{cite book
<ref name=Spalding-Death>{{cite journal
|last=National Archives
|title=Deaths
|title=1939 Register; Reference: RG 101/1674I: E.D. DFTA
|journal=The Times
|date=1939-09-29
|issue=Friday 15 August 1930
|publisher=National Archives
|pages=1
|location=Kew }}</ref>
<ref name=Spalding-Death>{{cite journal
|title=Deaths
|journal=The Times
|issue=Friday 15 August 1930
|pages=1
|date=1930-08-15 }}</ref>
|date=1930-08-15 }}</ref>
-->
<ref name=Spalding-birth>{{cite web
<ref name=Sutherland-1989>{{cite book
|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=p%2B4CA069aBTrsVeq28YJMw&scan=1
|last=Sutherland
|title=Index entry
|first=John
|accessdate=22 May 2020
|author-link=John Sutherland (author)
|work=FreeBMD
|title=The Stanford Companion to Victorian Fiction
|publisher=ONS}}</ref>
|url=https://archive.org/details/stanfordcompanio0000suth
<ref name=Sutherland-1989>{{cite book
|url-access=registration
|last=Sutherland
|date=1989
|first=John
|publisher=Stanford University Press
|author-link=John Sutherland (author)
|title=The Stanford Companion to Victorian Fiction
|url=https://archive.org/details/stanfordcompanio0000suth
|url-access=registration
|date=1989
|publisher=Stanford University Press
|location=Stanford, California
|location=Stanford, California
|via=The [[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
|via=The [[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
<ref name=Swinnerton-50>{{cite book
<ref name=Swinnerton-50>{{cite book
|last1=Swinnerton
|last1=Swinnerton
|first1=Frank
|first1=Frank
|title=A Bookman's London
|title=A Bookman's London
|pages=50
|pages=50
|date=1952
|date=1952
|publisher=Doubleday & Co.
|publisher=Doubleday & Co.
|location=New York }}</ref>
|location=New York }}</ref>
<ref name=Sydney>{{cite journal
<ref name=Sydney>{{cite journal
|title=Advertisement for "In the Days of the Mutiny", beginning today in the "Sydney Echo"
|title=Advertisement for "In the Days of the Mutiny", beginning today in the "Sydney Echo"
|journal=The Sydney Morning Herald (Sydney, Australia)
|journal=The Sydney Morning Herald (Sydney, Australia)
|issue=Saturday 09 April 1892
|issue=Saturday 09 April 1892
|pages=8
|pages=8
|date=1892-04-09 }}</ref>
|date=1892-04-09 }}</ref>
<ref name=Tailor>{{cite web
<ref name=Test-Chatto>{{cite web
|title=Last Will and Testament of Andrew Chatto
|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=fmVO%2FUISN1FGB0xSUBUVOA&scan=1
|website=Find a Will Service
|title=Index entry
|date=1909-04-05
|accessdate=20 May 2020
|url=https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/
|work=FreeBMD
|publisher=ONS}}</ref>
|access-date=2020-06-12 }}</ref>
<ref name=Test-Chatto>{{cite book
<ref name=Toast>{{cite journal
|title=Last Will and Testament of Andrew Chatto
|title=News of the Day
|journal=Birmingham Daily Post (Birmingham, England)
|website=Find a Will Service
|issue=Thursday 10 March 1887
|date=1909-04-05
|pages=4
|url=https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/
|accessdate=2020-06-12 }}</ref>
<ref name=Toast>{{cite journal
|title=News of the Day
|journal=Birmingham Daily Post (Birmingham, England)
|issue=Thursday 10 March 1887
|pages=4
|date=1887-03-10 }}</ref>
|date=1887-03-10 }}</ref>
<ref name=Warner-1973>{{cite book
<ref name=Warner-1973>{{cite book
|last=Warner
|last=Warner
|first=Oliver
|first=Oliver
|title=Chatto and Windus: A Brief Account of the Firm's Origin, History and Development
|title=Chatto and Windus: A Brief Account of the Firm's Origin, History and Development
|url=https://archive.org/details/chattowindusbrie0000warn
|url=https://archive.org/details/chattowindusbrie0000warn
|url-access=registration
|url-access=registration
|date=1973
|date=1973
|publisher=Chatto & Windus
|publisher=Chatto & Windus
|location=London }}</ref>
|location=London }}</ref>
<ref name=Welland-1978>{{cite book
<ref name=Welland-1978>{{cite book
Line 448: Line 262:
|publisher=Humanities Press
|publisher=Humanities Press
|location=Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey
|location=Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey
|url=https://archive.org/details/marktwaininengla0000well
|url=https://archive.org/details/marktwaininengla0000well
|accessdate=2020-08-05
|access-date=2020-08-05
|isbn=0-391-00553-7
|isbn=0-391-00553-7
|via=The [[Internet Archive]]
|via=The [[Internet Archive]]
|url-access=registration }}</ref>
|url-access=registration }}</ref>
<ref name=Will-Andrew>{{cite web
<ref name=Windus>{{cite journal
|title=Mr. W. E. Windus
|title=Wills and Probates 1858-1996: Pages for Chatto and the year of death 1943
|journal=The Times
|website=Find a Will Service
|issue=Thursday 09 June 1910
|url=https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Calendar?surname=Chatto&yearOfDeath=1943&page=1#calendar
|pages=13
|accessdate=2020-05-20 }}</ref>
<ref name=Will-Chatto>{{cite web
|title=Wills and Probates 1858-1996: Pages for Chatto and the year of death 1913
|website=Find a Will Service
|url=https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Calendar?surname=Chatto&yearOfDeath=1913#calendar
|accessdate=2020-05-20 }}</ref>
<ref name=Will-Dorothea>{{cite web
|title=Wills and Probates 1858-1996: Pages for Skelton and the year of death 1955
|website=Find a Will Service
|url=https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Calendar?surname=Skelton&yearOfDeath=1955&page=1#calendar
|accessdate=2020-05-20 }}</ref>
<ref name=Will-Elizabeth>{{cite web
|title=Wills and Probates 1858-1996: Pages for Chatto and the year of death 1944
|website=Find a Will Service
|url=https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Calendar?surname=Chatto&yearOfDeath=1944&page=1#calendar
|accessdate=2020-05-22 }}</ref>
<ref name=Will-Isabel>{{cite web
|title=Wills and Probates 1858-1996: Pages for Brocklesby and the year of death 1952
|url=https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Calendar?surname=Brocklesby&yearOfDeath=1952&page=1#calendar
|accessdate=2020-05-20 }}</ref>
<ref name=Will-Katharine>{{cite web
|title=Wills and Probates 1858-1996: Pages for Chatto and the year of death 1905
|website=Find a Will Service
|pages=61
|url=https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Calendar?surname=Chatto&yearOfDeath=1905&page=1#calendar
|accessdate=2020-05-19 }}</ref>
<ref name=Will-Radway>{{cite web
|title=Wills and Probates 1858-1996: Pages for Radway and the year of death 1893
|website=Find a Will Service
|url=https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Calendar?surname=Radway&yearOfDeath=1893&page=1#calendar
|accessdate=2020-05-20 }}</ref>
<ref name=Will-Skelton>{{cite web
|title=Wills and Probates 1858-1996: Pages for Skelton and the year of death 1966
|website=Find a Will Service
|url=https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Calendar?surname=Skelton&yearOfDeath=1966&page=3#calendar
|accessdate=2020-05-20 }}</ref>
<ref name=Will-Thomas>{{cite web
|title=Wills and Probates 1858-1996: Pages for Chatto and the year of death 1929
|website=Find a Will Service
|url=https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Calendar?surname=Chatto&yearOfDeath=1929&page=1#calendar
|accessdate=2020-05-20 }}</ref>
<ref name=Windus>{{cite journal
|title=Mr. W. E. Windus
|journal=The Times
|issue=Thursday 09 June 1910
|pages=13
|date=1910-06-09 }}</ref>
|date=1910-06-09 }}</ref>



}}
}}
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[[Category:1840 births]]
[[Category:1840 births]]
[[Category:1913 deaths]]
[[Category:1913 deaths]]
[[Category:Chatto family]]
[[Category:Chatto & Windus books]]
[[Category:19th-century English people]]
[[Category:English book publishers (people)]]

Latest revision as of 04:21, 2 April 2024

Andrew Chatto
Photo of Andrew Chatto
Andrew Chatto
Born(1840-11-11)11 November 1840
Camden Town, London, England
Died15 March 1913(1913-03-15) (aged 72)
Radlett, Hertfordshire, England
OccupationPublisher
Years active1855–1912
Known forHonest dealing with his authors
Notable workIncreasing access to good literature through low cost editions

Andrew Chatto (11 November 1840 – 15 March 1913) was an English book publisher known for his role in the book publishing company Chatto & Windus.

Early life

[edit]

Chatto- known throughout his life as "Dan"- was born on 11 November 1840 at 55, Pratt Street, Camden Town London, third of five sons and three daughters of the author William Andrew Chatto (1799–1864) and Margaret Roberts (c. 1804 – April 1852), daughter of Luke Birch, of Cornhill, London.[1] Aged 15, he joined the book-selling business of John Camden Hotten, beginning as a 'runner' at book auctions. Hotten had opened a small bookshop at London at 151b Piccadilly the year before Chatto joined the firm; Hotten diversified into publishing, with Chatto learned the trade alongside him.[2]: 10 

The publishing industry

[edit]

At the time, there were five ways in which books might be published: There were:[3]

  • Outright sale of copyright. The publisher took the whole risk, but could make large profits. Jane Austen for example sold the rights of Pride and Prejudice for £110 and saw the publisher make a profit of £450 on the first two editions alone.[4] Sometimes the sale of copyright was limited to a number of copies or a number of years.
  • Profit sharing. The publisher runs the risk, although sometimes the author is asked to contribute a fixed amount, and shared the profits with the author. This is subject to the risk that the publisher inflates the costs, to reduce the apparent profit.
  • Royalties. The publisher takes the risk and agrees to pay royalties on every copy, on every copy over a certain number, on every copy after production costs are met (subject to the risk of inflated costs). Sometimes the royalties could increase after a particular number of copies.
  • Publishing on commission. The author takes the risk, pays the costs of publishing, and the publisher takes a commission on each book sold (again subject to the risk of inflated costs). This is nowadays frowned upon as vanity publishing, but it was regarded as a legitimate form of publishing in the 19th century – this was the system that Jane Austen and many other authors of the time used.
  • Publishing on subscription, used more in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, where a number of subscribers agree to buy a copy and the money is used to pay for publication. The publisher might be paid a commission on sales. This was the way in which the Record of the Ripon Millenary Festival was published in 1892.[5]

Conflicts arose between publishers and authors because of:

  • Disagreement over the value of the copyright, or the failure to publish. Jane Austen bought back the copyright for Susan after the publisher whom she had sold it to had not published it.
  • The unwillingness of publishers to accept books on a royalty basis, and even if they did, disagreements on the rates of royalties.
  • Disagreements on amounts of the publishers costs.
  • Delays in payments to authors.

The poet John Campbell (1777–1844) is said, during the height of the Napoleonic Wars to have induced a group of authors to drink to the health of Napoleon on the basis that he had once shot a publisher.[6] Mark Twain told the Authors' Club in London in 1899 that It is of service to an author to have a lawyer, there is something so disagreeable in having a personal contact with a publisher. It is better to have a lawyer – and lose your case. Clearly relations between authors and their publishers were often fraught, and the risk of bad relations increased when publishers were less than honest in their dealings.

Chatto & Windus

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Hotten died suddenly in 1873, and Chatto bought the firm from his widow for £25,000. The money came from William Edward Windus (1828–1910)[note 1], the partnership being therefore named Chatto & Windus.[8]: 11  Windus was a silent partner, leaving the business decisions to Chatto and living for some of the time on the Isle of Man. The two men had probably met when Hotten published Windus's first volume of verse in 1871.

When Chatto took over from Hotten, there were a number of legacy problems, resulting in part from Hotten's somewhat shady business practices.[note 2] In particular, Hotten had alienated the poet Algernon Charles Swinburne by paying him little if any of the profits from the publication of his Poems and Ballads, which had sold well. Chatto mended fences by sending Swinburne a cheque for £50 and a formal request to publish his work. Chatto subsequently published Swinburne's Bothwell.

Peters contrasted Chatto who was not only an active and successful publisher, but an honest one, compared with Hotten, who was something of a rogue.[10] Hotten had spent years in the United States and knew more about American literature than any other publisher in London. He made ruthless use of this knowledge to pirate works by American authors, as few had taken any steps to copyright their work in England.[8]: 5 

One of the Hotten's victims was Mark Twain, but Chatto managed to establish good relations with him and they became good friends.[2]: 86  Despite his speech, Chatto enjoyed very good relations with Mark Twain.[2]: 14  Chatto worked his charm with other authors also, and Robert Louis Stevenson said: If you don't know that you have a good author, I know I have a good publisher. Your fair, open and handsome dealings are a good point in my life, and do more for my crazy health than has yet been done by any doctor.[8]: 14 

In 1876, Chatto brought in Percy Spalding to help him manage the firm. Spalding was much more of a financial manager than a literary man, so Chatto was left to decide editorial matters himself.[11]

During the 1880s Chatto was determined to make his firm the leading publisher of novels in London, and set out to dramatically increase their list.[12]: 581  He bought the rights to the existing works of popular novelists such as Ouida and Wilkie Collins, and then reprinting them in cheap editions.[1] He bought the remaining stock and copyrights of Henry George Bohn for £20,000, which expanded the range and type of books that he published. His strategy was to dramatically increase the firm's share of the novel market, and be the first choice for novelists. He certainly won the good will of writers.[8]: 13 

Chatto saw periodicals as another possible outlet for the firm's authors (and for the intellectual property that the firm had bought.) He bought The Belgravia and its associated annual. He published The Idler from 1892 to 1911, and he also handled The Gentleman's Magazine.[1]

Frank Arthur Swinnerton, who worked at the firm, recalls Chatto as: a gentle elderly man with a rolling walk, genially sweet in manner to every member of his staff, and much loved.[13]

Rujub the Juggler

[edit]

The story of Rujub the Juggler illustrates two facets of Chatto's character, his support and encouragement for authors, the reason why Sutherland referred to the firm as the "hustlers" of the book trade.[14]: 369  Chatto recognised and encouraged G. A. Henty's ability as a writer for adults.[note 3] Chatto published four of Henty's eleven adult novels. Of these, Rujub, the Juggler was the biggest success, selling 11,000 copies, with most of these shortly after initial publication.[15] Arnold said that the book had a period charm which he found surprising. and suggested that Henty's adult novels, which sold less than his juvenile titles, had been generally underrated.[16]

Rujub was first published in book form[note 4] as a three-decker, or three-volume novel,[note 5] without illustrations on 23 February 1893. The initial print run was for 500 copies. Chatto recognised that juveniles were also reading the Henty novels, and he published a single volume edition with eight illustrations by Stanley L. Wood in time for the Christmas market in 1893. Chatto had tremendous belief in Henty, and he ordered a print run of 3,000 for the illustrated edition (he had already printed 500 of the three-volume edition, and 2,000 of a single volume unillustrated colonial edition.)[12]: 238  Chatto's actions sailed close to the wind on two accounts:

  • Chatto has agreed to the condition, set by the two largest circulating libraries, Smith's and Mudie, in their simultaneous circulars on 27 June 1894, that, among other things, publishers could not issue a cheaper edition in the UK within twelve months of its first acceptance by the libraries.[note 6] The cheaper illustrated one-volume edition was published within nine months of the three-volume library edition.[19]
  • Henty was under an exclusive contract for juvenile fiction with Blackie and Son. While an unillustrated three-volume novel was unquestionably for the adult market, the same could not be said of an illustrated single volume. Henty was concerned, and grew even more so in 1899 when Chatto released the book as a presentation edition.[note 7]
  • Page 011
    Page 011
  • Page 075
    Page 075
  • Page 170
    Page 170
  • Page 182
    Page 182
  • Page 221
    Page 221
  • Page 273
    Page 273
  • Page 305
    Page 305
  • Page 329
    Page 329

Private life

[edit]

In his will, Chatto acknowledged fatherhood of four illegitimate children- two sons and two daughters- by his mistress, Catherine (also later "Katharine"), née Heard, wife of Joshua Radway.[20] After her husband's death, she married Chatto in 1899.[1] Katharine died on 11 October 1905.

Later life

[edit]

Chatto retired from publishing in 1912, and died 15 March 1913, at his daughter's home. In dying the year after he retired, Chatto was following the example of Windus, who retired from the firm in 1909 and died on 7 June of the following year.[7] Chatto was cremated at Golders Green on 18 March 1913. His estate was valued at just over £14,000.[1] His daughter Isobel retained possession of his papers, including handwritten letters, manuscripts and a few books, and sold them at Sotheby's in 1916.[2]: 10 

Notes

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  1. ^ Sometimes confused with the diffident English Pre-Raphaelite painter William Lucas Windus (1822–1907). Windus the poet also painted watercolours.[7]
  2. ^ Hotten was also a pornographer, while still remaining respectable.[9]
  3. ^ While Henty has hugely successful as an author of juvenile fiction he had less success with his novels for adults.[12]: x 
  4. ^ It had been published as a newspaper serial in 1892 in Australia in the Sydney Echo,[17] and in the United States in The Boston Globe.[18]
  5. ^ This had been the standard format for adult novels, as it suited the circulating libraries, see Appendix II of Newbolt[12] for a discussion on the economics of the three volume novel. Essentially the circulating libraries demanded that novels be produced in three volumes as this raised the price, thus increasing the attractiveness of libraries against individual purchase, as well as encouraging subscribers to take out a higher-rate subscription (as you could not take out three volumes at a time with the cheaper subscriptions).[12]: 563 
  6. ^ The delay to cheaper editions was to enable the circulating libraries to dispose of their extra copies on the second-hand market.[12]: 582 
  7. ^ Juvenile books were often given as school prizes or Christmas Gifts, so publishers produced presentation editions for this purpose.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Weedon, Alexis (2004). "Chatto, Andrew (1840–1913)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/47445. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  2. ^ a b c d Welland, Denis (1978). Mark Twain in England. Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press. ISBN 0-391-00553-7. Retrieved 2020-08-05 – via The Internet Archive.
  3. ^ Sprigge, S. Squire (1890). The Methods of Publishing. London: Henry Glaisher.
  4. ^ Fergus, Jan (1997). "The professional woman writer". In Copeland, Edward; McMaster, Juliet (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 21 – via The Internet Archive.
  5. ^ Harrison, W. (1892). "Preface". Ripon Millenary 1886, Illustrated by John Jellicoe and Herbert Railton. Ripon: W. Harrison. pp. iii. Retrieved 2020-03-27.
  6. ^ "News of the Day". Birmingham Daily Post (Birmingham, England) (Thursday 10 March 1887): 4. 1887-03-10.
  7. ^ a b "Mr. W. E. Windus". The Times (Thursday 09 June 1910): 13. 1910-06-09.
  8. ^ a b c d Warner, Oliver (1973). Chatto and Windus: A Brief Account of the Firm's Origin, History and Development. London: Chatto & Windus.
  9. ^ Marcus, Steven (1985). "Pisanus Fraxi, Pornographer Royal". The Other Victorians: A Study of Sexuality and Pornography in Mid-Nineteenth-Century England. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 67-73.
  10. ^ Peters, Catherine. "The Law and the Lady (1874-1879)". The King of Inventors: A Life of Wilkie Collins. pp. 369–70.
  11. ^ Ezra Greenspan; Jonathan Rose (2003-09-01). "The Case of Frank Swinnerton". Book History. Penn State Press. p. 179. ISBN 0-271-02330-9. Retrieved 2020-05-22 – via Google Books.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Newbolt, Peter (1996). G.A. Henty, 1832-1902 : a bibliographical study of his British editions, with short accounts of his publishers, illustrators and designers, and notes on production methods used for his books. Brookfield, Vt.: Scholar Press. Retrieved 2020-05-19.
  13. ^ Swinnerton, Frank (1952). A Bookman's London. New York: Doubleday & Co. p. 50.
  14. ^ Sutherland, John (1989). The Stanford Companion to Victorian Fiction. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press – via The Internet Archive.
  15. ^ Newbolt, Peter (2006-05-25). "Henty, George Alfred (1832–1902)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33827. Retrieved 2020-05-19. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  16. ^ Arnold, Guy (1980). "The Henty Range". Held Fast for England: G. A. Henty, Imperialist Boys Writer. London: Hamish Hamilton. pp. 87 – via The Internet Archive.
  17. ^ "Advertisement for "In the Days of the Mutiny", beginning today in the "Sydney Echo"". The Sydney Morning Herald (Sydney, Australia) (Saturday 09 April 1892): 8. 1892-04-09.
  18. ^ Henty, George Alfred (1892-06-25). "In the Days of the Mutiny: A military novel". The Boston Globe (Boston, Massachusetts) (Saturday 25 June 1892): 3 – via The Internet Archive.
  19. ^ "Chatto and Windus's New Novels". London Evening Standard (Wednesday 01 November 1893): 4. 1893-11-01.
  20. ^ "Last Will and Testament of Andrew Chatto". Find a Will Service. 1909-04-05. Retrieved 2020-06-12.
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