Tukangbesi sunbird: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of bird}} |
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{{Orphan|date=October 2022}} |
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| genus = Cinnyris |
| genus = Cinnyris |
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| species = infrenatus |
| species = infrenatus |
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| authority = |
| authority = [[Ernst Hartert|Hartert]], 1903 |
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| synonyms=''Cinnyris jugularis infrenatus'' [[Ernst Hartert|Hartert]] 1903 |
| synonyms = ''Cinnyris jugularis infrenatus'' <small>[[Ernst Hartert|Hartert]], 1903</small> |
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The '''Tukangbesi sunbird''' (''Cinnyris infrenatus'') is a species of [[passerine]] bird in the sunbird family [[Nectariniidae]] that is found on the [[Tukangbesi Islands]] that lie to the southeast of [[Sulawesi]] in Indonesia. It was formerly considered to be a [[subspecies]] of the olive-backed sunbird, now renamed the [[garden sunbird]] (''Cinnyris jugularis''). |
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The '''Wakatobi sunbird''' ('''''Cinnyris infrenatus''''') is a species of [[sunbird]] endemic to the central Indonesian [[Wakatobi Regency|Wakatobi islands]]. ''C. infrenatus'' has a higher pitched voice, darker plumage and shorter wings compared to the [[olive-backed sunbird]] (C''innyris jugularis''), to which it is closely related.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olive-backed Sunbird - eBird |url=https://ebird.org/species/olbsun4 |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=ebird.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dublin |first=Trinity College |title=Several beautiful new bird species found on remote Indonesian islands |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-10-beautiful-bird-species-remote-indonesian.html |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Leptocoma aspasia (Black Sunbird) - Avibase |url=https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=16EBA05A30238990 |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=avibase.bsc-eoc.org}}</ref> |
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==Taxonomy== |
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The Tukangbesi sunbird was [[Species description|formally described]] in 1903 by the German orthithologist [[Ernst Hartert]] based on specimens collected by Heinrich Kühn on the [[Tukangbesi Islands]] (also known as the [[Wakatobi Regency|Wakatobi Islands]]) which lie southeast of [[Sulawesi]] in Indonesia. Hartert coined the [[binomial name]] ''Cinnyris infrenatus''.<ref name=hartert>{{ cite journal | last=Hartert | first=Ernst | author-link=Ernst Hartert | year=1903 | title=On the birds collected on the Tukang-Besi Islands and Buton, southeast of Celebes, by Mr. Heinrich Kühn| journal=Novitates Zoologicae | volume=10 | pages=18-38 [29] | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15771088 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jr | year=1986 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=12 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=246 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14482363 }}</ref> The specific epithet is [[Latin]] meaning "unbridled".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=205 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n205/mode/1up }}</ref> It was formerly considered as a [[subspecies]] of the olive-backed sunbird (renamed as the [[garden sunbird]]) (''Cinnyris jugularis'') but is now treated as a separate species based on the genetic and plumage differences.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=December 2023 | title=Dippers, leafbirds, flowerpeckers, sunbirds | work=IOC World Bird List Version 14.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/ovenbirds/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=3 February 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Ó Marcaigh | first1=F. | last2=Kelly | first2=D.J. | last3=O’Connell | first3=D.P. | last4=Analuddin | first4=K. | last5=Karya | first5=A. | last6=McCloughan | first6=J. | last7=Tolan | first7=E. | last8=Lawless | first8=N. | last9=Marples | first9=N.M. | date=2023 | title=Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae) | journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume=198 | issue=1 | pages=72–92 | doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac081 | doi-access=free| hdl=2262/101492 | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=bow>{{cite web | last1=Cheke | first1=R. | last2=Mann | first2=C. | last3=Kirwan | first3=G.M. | last4=Christie | first4=D.A. | year=2023 | title=Tukangbesi Sunbird (''Cinnyris infrenatus''), version 1.0 | editor1-last=Keeney | editor1-first=B.K. | editor2-last=Billerman | editor2-first=S.M. | work=Birds of the World | location=Ithaca, NY, USA | publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology | url=https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.olbsun23.01 | access-date=3 February 2024 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> The species is [[monotypic]]: no subspecies are recognised.<ref name=ioc/> |
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==Description== |
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The Tukangbesi sunbird is {{cvt|10|-|11.4|cm}} in length. The male weighs {{cvt|6.7|-|11.9|g}}, the female {{cvt|6|-|10|g}}. The species is [[Sexual dimorphism|sexual dimorphic]]. The male is dark brownish-olive above, the [[Flight feather#Remiges|remiges]] are black with light edging and the outer feathers of the black tail have a white tip. The throat is blue-black iridescent, the iris is dark brown and the legs are black. The underparts are yellow. This species lacks the yellow {{Birdgloss|supercilium}} and yellow moustachial stripe of the [[Sahul sunbird]]. The female lacks the iridescent throat patch.<ref name=hartert/><ref name=hbw>{{ cite book | last1=Cheke | first1=R.A. | last2=Mann | first2=C.F. | year=2008 | chapter=Family Nectariniidae (Sunbirds) | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Christie | editor3-first=D.A. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World | volume=13: Penduline-tits to Shrikes | location=Barcelona, Spain | publisher=Lynx Edicions | isbn=978-84-96553-45-3 | pages=196-321 [296-297] | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0013unse/page/296/mode/1up | chapter-url-access=registration }}</ref> |
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==Behaviour== |
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===Breeding=== |
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The elongated hanging nest is {{cvt|30|-|60|cm}} in length and has a hooded side entrance. It is usually placed between {{cvt|0.5|and|1.5|m}} above the ground but can occasionally be as high as {{cvt|10|m}}. It is constructed by the female using grass, bark, moss, lichens, leaf fragments, vegetable fibres and spider webs. The clutch of 1–3 eggs is incubated by the female. The eggs hatch after 11–16 days and the young are then fed by both parents. The chicks fledge after 13–16 days. Normally several broods are raised each year.<ref name=hbw/> |
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===Food and feeding=== |
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The [[speciation]] of the olive-backed and Wakatobi sunbirds follows [[Alfred Russel Wallace|Alfred Wallace]]'s prediction about the [[Wallace Line]], a separation of deep and shallow [[ocean]]s of [[Asia]] and [[Australia]] that is difficult for most species to cross.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Natali |date=2022-10-25 |title=Scientists Discover Several New Species of Sunbirds {{!}} Sci.News |url=https://www.sci.news/biology/new-sunbird-species-11330.html |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=Sci.News: Breaking Science News |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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It forages either singly or in small groups. The diet consists of small insects, spiders, nectar and small fruit.<ref name=hbw/> |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q114890284}} |
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[[Category:Cinnyris |
[[Category:Cinnyris]] |
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[[Category:Endemic birds of Sulawesi]] |
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[[Category:Birds described in 1903]] |
[[Category:Birds described in 1903]] |
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Latest revision as of 22:44, 18 March 2024
| Tukangbesi sunbird | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Nectariniidae |
| Genus: | Cinnyris |
| Species: | C. infrenatus
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| Binomial name | |
| Cinnyris infrenatus Hartert, 1903
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| Synonyms | |
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Cinnyris jugularis infrenatus Hartert, 1903 | |
The Tukangbesi sunbird (Cinnyris infrenatus) is a species of passerine bird in the sunbird family Nectariniidae that is found on the Tukangbesi Islands that lie to the southeast of Sulawesi in Indonesia. It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the olive-backed sunbird, now renamed the garden sunbird (Cinnyris jugularis).
Taxonomy
[edit]The Tukangbesi sunbird was formally described in 1903 by the German orthithologist Ernst Hartert based on specimens collected by Heinrich Kühn on the Tukangbesi Islands (also known as the Wakatobi Islands) which lie southeast of Sulawesi in Indonesia. Hartert coined the binomial name Cinnyris infrenatus.[1][2] The specific epithet is Latin meaning "unbridled".[3] It was formerly considered as a subspecies of the olive-backed sunbird (renamed as the garden sunbird) (Cinnyris jugularis) but is now treated as a separate species based on the genetic and plumage differences.[4][5][6] The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[4]
Description
[edit]The Tukangbesi sunbird is 10–11.4 cm (3.9–4.5 in) in length. The male weighs 6.7–11.9 g (0.24–0.42 oz), the female 6–10 g (0.21–0.35 oz). The species is sexual dimorphic. The male is dark brownish-olive above, the remiges are black with light edging and the outer feathers of the black tail have a white tip. The throat is blue-black iridescent, the iris is dark brown and the legs are black. The underparts are yellow. This species lacks the yellow supercilium and yellow moustachial stripe of the Sahul sunbird. The female lacks the iridescent throat patch.[1][7]
Behaviour
[edit]Breeding
[edit]The elongated hanging nest is 30–60 cm (12–24 in) in length and has a hooded side entrance. It is usually placed between 0.5 and 1.5 m (1 ft 8 in and 4 ft 11 in) above the ground but can occasionally be as high as 10 m (33 ft). It is constructed by the female using grass, bark, moss, lichens, leaf fragments, vegetable fibres and spider webs. The clutch of 1–3 eggs is incubated by the female. The eggs hatch after 11–16 days and the young are then fed by both parents. The chicks fledge after 13–16 days. Normally several broods are raised each year.[7]
Food and feeding
[edit]It forages either singly or in small groups. The diet consists of small insects, spiders, nectar and small fruit.[7]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Hartert, Ernst (1903). "On the birds collected on the Tukang-Besi Islands and Buton, southeast of Celebes, by Mr. Heinrich Kühn". Novitates Zoologicae. 10: 18-38 [29].
- ^ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1986). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 12. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 246.
- ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 205. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Dippers, leafbirds, flowerpeckers, sunbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
- ^ Ó Marcaigh, F.; Kelly, D.J.; O’Connell, D.P.; Analuddin, K.; Karya, A.; McCloughan, J.; Tolan, E.; Lawless, N.; Marples, N.M. (2023). "Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 198 (1): 72–92. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac081. hdl:2262/101492.
- ^ Cheke, R.; Mann, C.; Kirwan, G.M.; Christie, D.A. (2023). Keeney, B.K.; Billerman, S.M. (eds.). "Tukangbesi Sunbird (Cinnyris infrenatus), version 1.0". Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
- ^ a b c Cheke, R.A.; Mann, C.F. (2008). "Family Nectariniidae (Sunbirds)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Christie, D.A. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 13: Penduline-tits to Shrikes. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 196-321 [296-297]. ISBN 978-84-96553-45-3.