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Mary Magdalene in cilice. Polychrome wood carving by Pedro de Mena, Church of San Miguel and San Julian, Valladolid

A cilice /ˈsɪlɪs/, also known as a sackcloth,^[1] was originally a garment or undergarment made of coarse cloth or animal hair (a hairshirt) worn close to the skin. It is used by members of various Christian traditions (including the Catholic,^[2] Lutheran,^[3] Anglican,^[4] Methodist,^[5] and Scottish Presbyterian churches)^[6] as a self-imposed means of repentance and mortification of the flesh; as an instrument of penance, it is often worn during the Christian penitential season of Lent, especially on Ash Wednesday, Good Friday, and other Fridays of the Lenten season.^[7]

Hairshirt cilices were originally made from coarse animal hair, as an imitation of the garment worn by John the Baptist that was made of camel hair,^[8] or sackcloth which, throughout the Bible, was worn by people repenting.^[9] Cilices were designed to irritate the skin; other features were added to make cilices more uncomfortable, such as thin wires or twigs. In modern Christian religious circles, cilices are simply any device worn for the same purposes, often taking the form of a hairshirt cilice as well as a (spiked metal) chain cilice.^[10]

Etymology

The word cilice derives from the Latin cilicium, a covering made of goat's hair from Cilicia, a Roman province in south-east Asia Minor.^[11] The reputed first Scriptural use of this exact term is in the Vulgate (Latin) translation of Psalm 35:13, "Ego autem, cum mihi molesti essent, induebar cilicio." ("But as for me, when they were sick, my clothing was sackcloth" in the King James Bible). The term is translated as hair-cloth in the Douay–Rheims Bible, and as sackcloth in the King James Bible and Book of Common Prayer. Sackcloth can also mean burlap, or is associated as a symbol of mourning, a form of hairshirt.^[12]

Use

There is some evidence, based on analyses of both clothing represented in art and preserved skin imprint patterns at Çatalhöyük in Turkey, that the usage of the cilice predates written history. This finding has been mirrored at Göbekli Tepe, another Anatolian site, indicating the widespread manufacturing of cilices. Ian Hodder has argued that "self-injuring clothing was an essential component of the Catalhöyük culturo-ritual entanglement, representing 'cleansing' and 'lightness'."^[13]

In Biblical times, it was the Jewish custom to wear a hairshirt (sackcloth) when "mourning or in a public show of repentance for sin" (Genesis 37:34,^[14] 2 Samuel 3:31,^[15] Esther 4:1).^[16]^[17] In the New Testament, John the Baptist wore "a garment of camel's hair" as a means of repentance (Matthew 3:4).^[18]^[17] As such, adherents of many Christian denominations have worn sackcloth to repent, mortify the flesh or as a penance, especially for sins relating to lavishly adorning oneself (cf. 1 Peter 3:3,^[19] 1 Timothy 2:9).^[20]

Cilices have been used for centuries in the Catholic Church as a mild form of bodily penance akin to fasting. Thomas Becket was wearing a hairshirt when he was martyred,^[21] St. Patrick reputedly wore a cilice, Charlemagne was buried in a hairshirt,^{[citation needed]} and Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Germany, famously wore one in the Walk to Canossa during the Investiture Controversy.^{[citation needed]} Prince Henry the Navigator was found to be wearing a hairshirt at the time of his death in 1460.^{[citation needed]} St. Francis of Assisi, St. Ignatius of Loyola, St. Thomas More^[22] and St. Therese of Lisieux are known to have used them.^{[citation needed]} Scottish king James IV wore a cilice during Lent to repent of the indirect role he played in his father's death. In modern times they have been used by Mother Teresa, St. Padre Pio, and Pope Paul VI.^[23] In the Discalced Carmelite convent of St. Teresa in Livorno, Italy, members of Opus Dei who are celibate (about 30% of the membership), and the Franciscan Brothers and Sisters of the Immaculate Conception continue an ascetic use of the cilice.^[24] According to John Allen, an American Catholic writer, its practice in the Catholic Church is "more widespread than many observers imagine".^[25]

Some high church Anglicans, including Edward Bouverie Pusey, wore hairshirts as a part of their spirituality.^[4]

In the Presbyterian Church of Scotland, influenced by the evangelical revival, penitents were dressed in sackcloth and called in front of the chancel, where they were ordered to admit their sins.^[6]

In some Methodist churches, on Ash Wednesday, communicants, along with receiving ashes, also receive a piece of sackcloth "as a reminder of our own sinful ways and need for repentance".^[26]

In popular culture

Closeup of a metal chain cilice with inwardly-pointing tines

In Dan Brown's novel The Da Vinci Code, one of the antagonists, an albino numerary named Silas associated with the religious organization Opus Dei, wears a cilice in the form of a spiked belt around his thigh. The sensationalized depiction in the novel has been criticized for its inaccuracy in subsequent books and by Opus Dei itself, which issued a press release responding to the movie's depiction of the practice, claiming "In reality, they cause a fairly low level of discomfort comparable to fasting. There is no blood, no injury, nothing to harm a person's health, nothing traumatic. If it caused any harm, the Church would not allow it."^[23]^[27]

The goat hair of Thomas More, presented for safe keeping by Margaret Clement,^[28] was long in the custody of the community of Augustinian canonesses who until 1983 lived at the convent at Abbotskerswell Priory, Devon. Some sources, including one from 2004, claimed that the shirt was then at the Martyr's church on the Weld family's estate in Chideock, Dorset.^[29]^[30] In 2011 the shirt was put on public display at Buckfast Abbey, near Buckfastleigh in Devon.^[22]

References

^ Jeffrey, David L. (1992). A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 673. ISBN 9780802836342.
^ Stravinskas, Peter M. J.; Shaw, Russell B. (1998). Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Encyclopedia. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. p. 483. ISBN 9780879736699.
^ Neve, Juergen Ludwig (1914). The Augsburg Confession: A Brief Review of Its History and an Interpretation of Its Doctrinal Articles, with Introductory Discussions on Confessional Questions. Lutheran Publication Society. p. 150.
^ ^a ^b Knight, Mark; Mason, Emma (16 November 2006). Nineteenth-Century Religion and Literature: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 96. ISBN 9780191535017. Pusey regularly endured a hair shirt as well as self- imposed flagellation and fasting routines.
^ Bergen, Jeremy M. (31 March 2011). Ecclesial Repentance: The Churches Confront Their Sinful Pasts. A&C Black. p. 255. ISBN 9780567523686. In fact, it was scandal of disunity within Methodism that led UMC leaders to address the issue of racism as the underlying cause. ... The petition for forgiveness proceeded on two distinct but interrelated levels. Each of the approximately 3,000 persons in the assemble was called to silent personal confession of the sin of racism before God, publicly symbolized by receiving ... sackcloth ... and the imposition of ashes.
^ ^a ^b Yates, Nigel (11 June 2014). Eighteenth Century Britain: Religion and Politics 1714-1815. Routledge. p. 87. ISBN 9781317866480. The Evangelical revival in Scotland encouraged both much stricter conditions being placed on admission to Holy Communion and the maintenance of traditional discipline within the established church. ... Lesser transgressors could be ordered by the kirk session to stand before the congregation for up to three Sundays, sometimes wearing sackcloth, and publicly acknowledge their sins before 'being subjected to a "rant" from the minister'.
^ Beaulieu, Geoffrey of; Chartres, William of (29 November 2013). The Sanctity of Louis IX: Early Lives of Saint Louis by Geoffrey of Beaulieu and William of Chartres. Cornell University Press. p. 89. ISBN 9780801469145.
^ Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1884). A Dictionary of Miracles: Imitative, Realistic, and Dogmatic. Chatto and Windus. p. 56.
^ CSB Study Bible. B&H Publishing Group. 15 June 2017. p. 1404. ISBN 978-1-4336-4811-3. Sackcloth was worn during times of mourning and repentance, usually while sitting atop ashes (Gn 37:34; 1Kg 21:27; Mt 11:21).
^ Morrow, Jeffrey L. (13 October 2020). Liturgy and Sacrament, Mystagogy and Martyrdom: Essays in Theological Exegesis. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-5326-9382-3.
^ "Cilice". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
^ "The History of Hairshirts". Handwoven. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
^ Ian Hodder, "Çatalhöyük: The Leopard's Tale", Thames & Hudson, 2006.
^ Genesis 37:34
^ 2 Samuel 3:31
^ Esther 4:1
^ ^a ^b Kosloski, Philip (29 August 2019). "The spiritual symbolism of John the Baptist's unusual clothing". Aleteia. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
^ Matthew 3:4
^ 1 Peter 3:3
^ 1 Timothy 2:9
^ Barlow, Frank (2002). Thomas Becket. London: The Folio Society. pp. 299, 314.
^ ^a ^b Simon Caldwell (21 November 2016). "St. Thomas More's hair shirt now enshrined for public veneration". Catholic Telegraph.
^ ^a ^b Michael Barrett, a priest of Opus Dei (17 May 2006). "Opus Dei and Corporal Mortification" (Press release). Opus Dei.
^ Allen 2006, pp. 165, 169, 171–173.
^ Allen 2006, p. 173.
^ Ice, Roy E. (11 March 2017). "Sackcloth". St Paul's United Methodist Church. Archived from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
^ Allen 2006, pp. 162–163.
^ "St. Thomas More". Catholic Encyclopaedia..
^ David Hilliam (2010). Little Book of Dorset. History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-6265-3.^{[page needed]}
^ Anne Vail (2004). Shrines of Our Lady in England. Gracewing Publishing. p. 42. ISBN 0-85244-603-9.

Allen Jr., John (2006). Opus Dei: An Objective Look Behind the Myths and Reality of the Most Controversial Force in the Catholic Church. Doubleday_(publisher). ISBN 9780385514507.

External links

Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1910). "Hairshirt" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
On the Latin word cilicium (with photograph of a 16c hairshirt)
Suffering and Sainthood in the Catholic Church The importance of Penance and Mortification for those who desire to become a Catholic Saint

[Jeffrey1992-1] Jeffrey, David L. (1992). A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 673. ISBN 9780802836342.

[StravinskasShaw1998-2] Stravinskas, Peter M. J.; Shaw, Russell B. (1998). Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Encyclopedia. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. p. 483. ISBN 9780879736699.

[Neve1914-3] Neve, Juergen Ludwig (1914). The Augsburg Confession: A Brief Review of Its History and an Interpretation of Its Doctrinal Articles, with Introductory Discussions on Confessional Questions. Lutheran Publication Society. p. 150.

[KnightMason2006-4] Knight, Mark; Mason, Emma (16 November 2006). Nineteenth-Century Religion and Literature: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 96. ISBN 9780191535017. Pusey regularly endured a hair shirt as well as self- imposed flagellation and fasting routines.

[Bergen2011-5] Bergen, Jeremy M. (31 March 2011). Ecclesial Repentance: The Churches Confront Their Sinful Pasts. A&C Black. p. 255. ISBN 9780567523686. In fact, it was scandal of disunity within Methodism that led UMC leaders to address the issue of racism as the underlying cause. ... The petition for forgiveness proceeded on two distinct but interrelated levels. Each of the approximately 3,000 persons in the assemble was called to silent personal confession of the sin of racism before God, publicly symbolized by receiving ... sackcloth ... and the imposition of ashes.

[Yates2014-6] Yates, Nigel (11 June 2014). Eighteenth Century Britain: Religion and Politics 1714-1815. Routledge. p. 87. ISBN 9781317866480. The Evangelical revival in Scotland encouraged both much stricter conditions being placed on admission to Holy Communion and the maintenance of traditional discipline within the established church. ... Lesser transgressors could be ordered by the kirk session to stand before the congregation for up to three Sundays, sometimes wearing sackcloth, and publicly acknowledge their sins before 'being subjected to a "rant" from the minister'.

[BeaulieuChartres2013-7] Beaulieu, Geoffrey of; Chartres, William of (29 November 2013). The Sanctity of Louis IX: Early Lives of Saint Louis by Geoffrey of Beaulieu and William of Chartres. Cornell University Press. p. 89. ISBN 9780801469145.

[Brewer-8] Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1884). A Dictionary of Miracles: Imitative, Realistic, and Dogmatic. Chatto and Windus. p. 56.

[9] CSB Study Bible. B&H Publishing Group. 15 June 2017. p. 1404. ISBN 978-1-4336-4811-3. Sackcloth was worn during times of mourning and repentance, usually while sitting atop ashes (Gn 37:34; 1Kg 21:27; Mt 11:21).

[10] Morrow, Jeffrey L. (13 October 2020). Liturgy and Sacrament, Mystagogy and Martyrdom: Essays in Theological Exegesis. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-5326-9382-3.

[11] "Cilice". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-06-30.

[12] "The History of Hairshirts". Handwoven. Retrieved 2024-03-05.

[13] Ian Hodder, "Çatalhöyük: The Leopard's Tale", Thames & Hudson, 2006.

[14] Genesis 37:34

[15] 2 Samuel 3:31

[16] Esther 4:1

[Kosloski2019-17] Kosloski, Philip (29 August 2019). "The spiritual symbolism of John the Baptist's unusual clothing". Aleteia. Retrieved 9 February 2022.

[18] Matthew 3:4

[19] 1 Peter 3:3

[20] 1 Timothy 2:9

[21] Barlow, Frank (2002). Thomas Becket. London: The Folio Society. pp. 299, 314.

[caldwell-22] Simon Caldwell (21 November 2016). "St. Thomas More's hair shirt now enshrined for public veneration". Catholic Telegraph.

[barrett-23] Michael Barrett, a priest of Opus Dei (17 May 2006). "Opus Dei and Corporal Mortification" (Press release). Opus Dei.

[FOOTNOTEAllen2006165,_169,_171–173-24] Allen 2006, pp. 165, 169, 171–173.

[FOOTNOTEAllen2006173-25] Allen 2006, p. 173.

[26] Ice, Roy E. (11 March 2017). "Sackcloth". St Paul's United Methodist Church. Archived from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2017.

[FOOTNOTEAllen2006162–163-27] Allen 2006, pp. 162–163.

[r6-28] "St. Thomas More". Catholic Encyclopaedia..

[29] David Hilliam (2010). Little Book of Dorset. History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-6265-3.^{[page needed]}

[30] Anne Vail (2004). Shrines of Our Lady in England. Gracewing Publishing. p. 42. ISBN 0-85244-603-9.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Coarse garment important to Christianity}}
+{{hatnote group|
-{{About|a garment|the material itself|sackcloth}}
+{{About|a garment|the material itself|Sackcloth}}
-{{Distinguish|Chalice}}
+{{Distinguish|Chalice}} }}
 [[File:Christian_Hairshirt.jpg|thumb|right|A hairshirt belonging to a Christian, with a set of [[Anglican prayer beads|prayer beads]] hanging off a belt loop used to hold the [[girdle]] that tightens the garment around the waist]]
 [[File:Maria-Magdalena-Valladolid.jpg|thumb|[[Mary Magdalene]] in cilice. Polychrome wood carving by [[Pedro de Mena]], Church of San Miguel and San Julian, [[Valladolid]]]]
-A '''cilice''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|l|ᵻ|s}}, also known as a '''[[sackcloth]]''',<ref name="Jeffrey1992">{{cite book|last=Jeffrey|first=David L.|title=A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature|year=1992|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|language=en|isbn=9780802836342|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbibl0000unse/page/673 673]|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbibl0000unse/page/673}}</ref> was originally a [[garment]] or [[undergarment]] made of coarse cloth or animal hair (a '''hairshirt''') worn close to the skin. It is used by members of various Christian traditions (including the Catholic,<ref name="StravinskasShaw1998">{{cite book|last1=Stravinskas|first1=Peter M. J.|last2=Shaw|first2=Russell B.|title=Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Encyclopedia|year=1998|publisher=Our Sunday Visitor Publishing|language=en|isbn=9780879736699|page=483}}</ref>  Lutheran,<ref name="Neve1914">{{cite book|last=Neve|first=Juergen Ludwig|title=The Augsburg Confession: A Brief Review of Its History and an Interpretation of Its Doctrinal Articles, with Introductory Discussions on Confessional Questions|url=https://archive.org/details/augsburgconfessi00neve|year=1914|publisher=Lutheran Publication Society|page=[https://archive.org/details/augsburgconfessi00neve/page/150 150]}}</ref> Anglican,<ref name="KnightMason2006">{{cite book|last1=Knight|first1=Mark|last2=Mason|first2=Emma|title=Nineteenth-Century Religion and Literature: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/nineteenthcentur00knig|url-access=limited|date=16 November 2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en |isbn=9780191535017|page=[https://archive.org/details/nineteenthcentur00knig/page/n104 96]|quote=[[Edward Bouverie Pusey|Pusey]] regularly endured a hair shirt as well as self- imposed flagellation and fasting routines.}}</ref> Methodist,<ref name="Bergen2011">{{cite book|last=Bergen|first=Jeremy M.|title=Ecclesial Repentance: The Churches Confront Their Sinful Pasts|date=31 March 2011|publisher=A&C Black|language=en|isbn=9780567523686|page=255|quote=In fact, it was scandal of disunity within Methodism that led UMC leaders to address the issue of racism as the underlying cause. ... The petition for forgiveness proceeded on two distinct but interrelated levels. Each of the approximately 3,000 persons in the assemble was called to silent personal confession of the sin of racism before God, publicly symbolized by receiving ... sackcloth ... and the imposition of ashes.}}</ref> and Scottish Presbyterian churches<ref name="Yates2014">{{cite book|last=Yates|first=Nigel|title=Eighteenth Century Britain: Religion and Politics 1714-1815|date=11 June 2014|publisher=Routledge|language=en|isbn=9781317866480|page=87|quote=The Evangelical revival in Scotland encouraged both much stricter conditions being placed on admission to Holy Communion and the maintenance of traditional discipline within the established church. ... Lesser transgressors could be ordered by the kirk session to stand before the congregation for up to three Sundays, sometimes wearing sackcloth, and publicly acknowledge their sins before 'being subjected to a "rant" from the minister'.}}</ref>) as a self-imposed [[means of grace|means]] of [[Repentance (Christianity)|repentance]] and [[mortification of the flesh]]; as an [[instrument of penance]], it is often worn during the Christian [[penance|penitential]] season of [[Lent]], especially on [[Ash Wednesday]], [[Good Friday]], and other Fridays of the Lenten season.<ref name="BeaulieuChartres2013">{{cite book|last1=Beaulieu|first1=Geoffrey of|last2=Chartres|first2=William of|title=The Sanctity of Louis IX: Early Lives of Saint Louis by Geoffrey of Beaulieu and William of Chartres|date=29 November 2013|publisher=Cornell University Press|language=en |isbn=9780801469145|page=89}}</ref>
+A '''cilice''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|l|ᵻ|s}}, also known as a '''sackcloth''',<ref name="Jeffrey1992">{{cite book|last=Jeffrey|first=David L.|title=A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature|year=1992|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|language=en|isbn=9780802836342|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbibl0000unse/page/673 673]|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbibl0000unse/page/673}}</ref> was originally a [[garment]] or [[undergarment]] made of coarse cloth or animal hair (a '''hairshirt''') worn close to the skin. It is used by members of various Christian traditions (including the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]],<ref name="StravinskasShaw1998">{{cite book|last1=Stravinskas|first1=Peter M. J.|last2=Shaw|first2=Russell B.|title=Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Encyclopedia|year=1998|publisher=Our Sunday Visitor Publishing|language=en|isbn=9780879736699|page=483}}</ref>  [[Lutheran church|Lutheran]],<ref name="Neve1914">{{cite book|last=Neve|first=Juergen Ludwig|title=The Augsburg Confession: A Brief Review of Its History and an Interpretation of Its Doctrinal Articles, with Introductory Discussions on Confessional Questions|url=https://archive.org/details/augsburgconfessi00neve|year=1914|publisher=Lutheran Publication Society|page=[https://archive.org/details/augsburgconfessi00neve/page/150 150]}}</ref> [[Anglican Church|Anglican]],<ref name="KnightMason2006">{{cite book|last1=Knight|first1=Mark|last2=Mason|first2=Emma|title=Nineteenth-Century Religion and Literature: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/nineteenthcentur00knig|url-access=limited|date=16 November 2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en |isbn=9780191535017|page=[https://archive.org/details/nineteenthcentur00knig/page/n104 96]|quote=[[Edward Bouverie Pusey|Pusey]] regularly endured a hair shirt as well as self- imposed flagellation and fasting routines.}}</ref> [[Methodist]],<ref name="Bergen2011">{{cite book|last=Bergen|first=Jeremy M.|title=Ecclesial Repentance: The Churches Confront Their Sinful Pasts|date=31 March 2011|publisher=A&C Black|language=en|isbn=9780567523686|page=255|quote=In fact, it was scandal of disunity within Methodism that led UMC leaders to address the issue of racism as the underlying cause. ... The petition for forgiveness proceeded on two distinct but interrelated levels. Each of the approximately 3,000 persons in the assemble was called to silent personal confession of the sin of racism before God, publicly symbolized by receiving ... sackcloth ... and the imposition of ashes.}}</ref> and [[Scottish Presbyterian]] churches)<ref name="Yates2014">{{cite book|last=Yates|first=Nigel|title=Eighteenth Century Britain: Religion and Politics 1714-1815|date=11 June 2014|publisher=Routledge|language=en|isbn=9781317866480|page=87|quote=The Evangelical revival in Scotland encouraged both much stricter conditions being placed on admission to Holy Communion and the maintenance of traditional discipline within the established church. ... Lesser transgressors could be ordered by the kirk session to stand before the congregation for up to three Sundays, sometimes wearing sackcloth, and publicly acknowledge their sins before 'being subjected to a "rant" from the minister'.}}</ref> as a self-imposed [[means of grace|means]] of [[Repentance (Christianity)|repentance]] and [[mortification of the flesh]]; as an [[instrument of penance]], it is often worn during the Christian [[penance|penitential]] season of [[Lent]], especially on [[Ash Wednesday]], [[Good Friday]], and other Fridays of the Lenten season.<ref name="BeaulieuChartres2013">{{cite book|last1=Beaulieu|first1=Geoffrey of|last2=Chartres|first2=William of|title=The Sanctity of Louis IX: Early Lives of Saint Louis by Geoffrey of Beaulieu and William of Chartres|date=29 November 2013|publisher=Cornell University Press|language=en |isbn=9780801469145|page=89}}</ref>
-Hairshirt cilices were originally made from coarse animal hair, as an imitation of the garment worn by [[John the Baptist]] that was made of camel hair,<ref name="Brewer">{{cite book |last1=Brewer |first1=Ebenezer Cobham |title=A Dictionary of Miracles: Imitative, Realistic, and Dogmatic |date=1884 |publisher=Chatto and Windus |page=56 |language=English}}</ref> or sackcloth, which throughout the [[Bible]], was worn by people repenting.<ref>{{cite book |title=CSB Study Bible |date=15 June 2017 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-4336-4811-3 |page=1404 |language=English |quote=Sackcloth was worn during times of mourning and repentance, usually while sitting atop ashes (Gn 37:34; 1Kg 21:27; Mt 11:21).}}</ref> Cilices were designed to irritate the skin; other features were added to make cilices more uncomfortable, such as thin wires or twigs. In modern Christian religious circles, cilices are simply any device worn for the same purposes, often taking the form of a '''hairshirt cilice''' as well as a (spiked metal) '''chain cilice'''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Morrow |first1=Jeffrey L. |title=Liturgy and Sacrament, Mystagogy and Martyrdom: Essays in Theological Exegesis |date=13 October 2020 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-5326-9382-3 |language=English}}</ref>
+Hairshirt cilices were originally made from coarse animal hair, as an imitation of the garment worn by [[John the Baptist]] that was made of camel hair,<ref name="Brewer">{{cite book |last1=Brewer |first1=Ebenezer Cobham |title=A Dictionary of Miracles: Imitative, Realistic, and Dogmatic |date=1884 |publisher=Chatto and Windus |page=56 |language=English}}</ref> or [[sackcloth]] which, throughout the [[Bible]], was worn by people repenting.<ref>{{cite book |title=CSB Study Bible |date=15 June 2017 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-4336-4811-3 |page=1404 |language=English |quote=Sackcloth was worn during times of mourning and repentance, usually while sitting atop ashes (Gn 37:34; 1Kg 21:27; Mt 11:21).}}</ref> Cilices were designed to irritate the skin; other features were added to make cilices more uncomfortable, such as thin wires or twigs. In modern Christian religious circles, cilices are simply any device worn for the same purposes, often taking the form of a '''hairshirt cilice''' as well as a (spiked metal) '''chain cilice'''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Morrow |first1=Jeffrey L. |title=Liturgy and Sacrament, Mystagogy and Martyrdom: Essays in Theological Exegesis |date=13 October 2020 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-5326-9382-3 |language=English}}</ref>
 ==Etymology==
-The word ''cilice'' derives from the [[Latin]] ''cilicium'', a covering made of goat's hair from [[Cilicia]], a Roman [[province]] in south-east [[Asia Minor]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cilice|title= Cilice|publisher= Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=2012-06-30}}</ref> The reputed first Scriptural use of this exact term is in the [[Vulgate]] (Latin) translation of [[Psalms|Psalm]] 35:13, ''"Ego autem, cum mihi molesti essent, induebar cilicio."''  ("But as for me, when they were sick, my clothing was sackcloth" in the King James Bible).  The term is translated as ''hair-cloth'' in the [[Douay–Rheims Bible]], and as ''sackcloth'' in the [[King James Bible]] and [[Book of Common Prayer]].  Sackcloth can also mean [[burlap]], but is often mentioned as a symbol of [[mourning]] and was probably a form of hairshirt. {{citation needed|date=May 2013}}
+The word ''cilice'' derives from the [[Latin]] {{lang|la|cilicium}}, a covering made of goat's hair from [[Cilicia]], a Roman [[province]] in south-east [[Asia Minor]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cilice|title= Cilice|publisher= Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=2012-06-30}}</ref> The reputed first Scriptural use of this exact term is in the [[Vulgate]] (Latin) translation of [[Psalms|Psalm]] 35:13, {{lang|la|"Ego autem, cum mihi molesti essent, induebar cilicio."}} ("But as for me, when they were sick, my clothing was sackcloth" in the [[King James Bible]]). The term is translated as ''hair-cloth'' in the [[Douay–Rheims Bible]], and as ''sackcloth'' in the [[King James Bible]] and [[Book of Common Prayer]]. Sackcloth can also mean [[burlap]], or is associated as a symbol of [[mourning]], a form of hairshirt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of Hairshirts |url=https://handwovenmagazine.com/history-hairshirts/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Handwoven |language=en}}</ref>
 ==Use==
-[[Image:St Aspais Melun - cilice.jpg|thumb|300px|Hairshirt Cilice of [[Louis IX of France|St. Louis]] at St. Aspais Church, [[Melun]], [[France]]]]
+[[Image:St Aspais Melun - cilice.jpg|thumb|300px|Hairshirt cilice of [[Louis IX of France|St. Louis]] at St. Aspais Church, [[Melun]], [[France]]]]
 [[File:Ivan the Terrible's cilice 02 by shakko.jpg|300px|thumb|[[Ivan the Terrible]]'s hairshirt cilice (16th century). The tsar wanted to die like a monk.]]
 There is some evidence, based on analyses of both clothing represented in art and preserved skin imprint patterns at [[Çatalhöyük]] in Turkey, that the usage of the cilice predates written history. This finding has been mirrored at [[Göbekli Tepe]], another [[Anatolia]]n site, indicating the widespread manufacturing of cilices. Ian Hodder has argued that "self-injuring clothing was an essential component of the Catalhöyük culturo-ritual entanglement, representing 'cleansing' and 'lightness'."<ref>Ian Hodder, "Çatalhöyük: The Leopard's Tale", Thames & Hudson, 2006.</ref>
-In Biblical times, it was the [[Jewish]] custom to wear a hairshirt (sackcloth) when "mourning or in a public show of repentance for sin" ({{Bibleverse|Genesis|37:34|KJV}}, {{Bibleverse|2 Samuel|3:31|KJV}}, {{Bibleverse|Esther|4:1|KJV}}).<ref name="Kosloski2019"/> In the [[New Testament]], [[John the Baptist]] wore "a garment of camel’s hair"  as a means of repentance ({{Bibleverse|Matthew|3:4|KJV}}).<ref name="Kosloski2019">{{cite web |last1=Kosloski |first1=Philip |title=The spiritual symbolism of John the Baptist’s unusual clothing |url=https://aleteia.org/2019/08/29/the-spiritual-symbolism-of-john-the-baptists-unusual-clothing/ |publisher=[[Aleteia]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |language=English |date=29 August 2019}}</ref> As such, adherents of many [[Christianity|Christian]] denominations have worn sackcloth to repent, [[mortification of the flesh|mortify the flesh]] or as a [[penance]], especially for sins relating to lavishly adorning oneself (cf. {{Bibleverse|1 Peter|3:3|KJV}}, {{Bibleverse|1 Timothy|2:9|KJV}}).
+In Biblical times, it was the [[Jewish]] custom to wear a hairshirt (sackcloth) when "mourning or in a public show of repentance for sin" (Genesis 37:34,<ref>{{Bibleverse|Genesis|37:34|KJV}}</ref> 2 Samuel 3:31,<ref>{{Bibleverse|2 Samuel|3:31|KJV}}</ref> Esther 4:1).<ref>{{Bibleverse|Esther|4:1|KJV}}</ref><ref name="Kosloski2019"/> In the [[New Testament]], [[John the Baptist]] wore "a garment of camel's hair" as a means of repentance (Matthew 3:4).<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|3:4|KJV}}</ref><ref name="Kosloski2019">{{cite web |last1=Kosloski |first1=Philip |title=The spiritual symbolism of John the Baptist's unusual clothing |url=https://aleteia.org/2019/08/29/the-spiritual-symbolism-of-john-the-baptists-unusual-clothing/ |publisher=[[Aleteia]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |language=English |date=29 August 2019}}</ref> As such, adherents of many [[Christianity|Christian]] denominations have worn sackcloth to repent, [[mortification of the flesh|mortify the flesh]] or as a [[penance]], especially for sins relating to lavishly adorning oneself (cf. 1 Peter 3:3,<ref>{{Bibleverse|1 Peter|3:3|KJV}}</ref> 1 Timothy 2:9).<ref>{{Bibleverse|1 Timothy|2:9|KJV}}</ref>
-Cilices have been used for centuries in the [[Catholic Church]] as a mild form of bodily penance akin to [[fasting]]. [[Thomas Becket]] was wearing a hairshirt when he was [[martyr]]ed,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barlow|first=Frank|title=Thomas Becket|publisher=The Folio Society|year=2002|location=London|pages=299, 314}}</ref> [[St. Patrick]] reputedly wore a cilice, [[Charlemagne]] was buried in a hairshirt,{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} and [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]], Holy Roman Emperor and King of Germany, famously wore one in the [[Walk to Canossa]] during the [[Investiture Controversy]].{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Prince [[Henry the Navigator]] was found to be wearing a hairshirt at the time of his death in 1460.{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}} [[Francis of Assisi|St. Francis of Assisi]], [[Ignatius of Loyola|St. Ignatius of Loyola]], [[Thomas More|St. Thomas More]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dioceseofshrewsbury.org/news/hair-shirt-worn-st-thomas-enshrined-public-veneration-possibly-first-time |title=Hair-shirt worn by St Thomas More is enshrined for public veneration for possibly the first time |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=www.dioceseofshrewsbury.org |publisher=Diocese of Shrewsburg |access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref> and [[Thérèse of Lisieux|St. Therese of Lisieux]] are known to have used them.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Scottish king [[James IV]] wore a cilice during Lent to repent of the indirect role he played in [[James III of Scotland|his father]]'s death.  In modern times they have been used by [[Mother Teresa]], [[Pio of Pietrelcina|St. Padre Pio]], and [[Pope Paul VI]].<ref name="press release">{{cite web|url=http://www.opusdei.us/art.php?p=16367|title=Opus Dei|date=17 May 2006|work=opusdei.us}}</ref> In the [[Discalced Carmelites|Discalced Carmelite]] convent of St. Teresa in Livorno, Italy, members of [[Opus Dei]] who are celibate (about 30% of the membership), and the [[Franciscan]] Brothers and Sisters of the Immaculate Conception continue an [[Asceticism|ascetic]] use of the cilice.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=165, 169, 171–173}} According to [[John L. Allen Jr.|John Allen]], an American Catholic writer, its practice in the Catholic Church is "more widespread than many observers imagine".{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=173}}
+Cilices have been used for centuries in the [[Catholic Church]] as a mild form of bodily penance akin to [[fasting]]. [[Thomas Becket]] was wearing a hairshirt when he was [[martyr]]ed,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barlow|first=Frank|title=Thomas Becket|publisher=The Folio Society|year=2002|location=London|pages=299, 314}}</ref> [[St. Patrick]] reputedly wore a cilice, [[Charlemagne]] was buried in a hairshirt,{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} and [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]], Holy Roman Emperor and King of Germany, famously wore one in the [[Walk to Canossa]] during the [[Investiture Controversy]].{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Prince [[Henry the Navigator]] was found to be wearing a hairshirt at the time of his death in 1460.{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}} [[Francis of Assisi|St. Francis of Assisi]], [[Ignatius of Loyola|St. Ignatius of Loyola]], [[Thomas More|St. Thomas More]]<ref name=caldwell/> and [[Thérèse of Lisieux|St. Therese of Lisieux]] are known to have used them.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Scottish king [[James IV]] wore a cilice during Lent to repent of the indirect role he played in [[James III of Scotland|his father]]'s death.  In modern times they have been used by [[Mother Teresa]], [[Pio of Pietrelcina|St. Padre Pio]], and [[Pope Paul VI]].<ref name=barrett>{{cite press release| title=Opus Dei and Corporal Mortification|author=Michael Barrett, a priest of Opus Dei| publisher=Opus Dei | date=17 May 2006| url=https://opusdei.org/en/article/opus-dei-and-corporal-mortification-2/}}</ref> In the [[Discalced Carmelites|Discalced Carmelite]] convent of St. Teresa in Livorno, Italy, members of [[Opus Dei]] who are celibate (about 30% of the membership), and the [[Franciscan]] Brothers and Sisters of the Immaculate Conception continue an [[Asceticism|ascetic]] use of the cilice.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=165, 169, 171–173}} According to [[John L. Allen Jr.|John Allen]], an American Catholic writer, its practice in the Catholic Church is "more widespread than many observers imagine".{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=173}}
 Some high church Anglicans, including [[Edward Bouverie Pusey]], wore hairshirts as a part of their spirituality.<ref name="KnightMason2006"/>
@@ Line 30: / Line 31: @@
 ==In popular culture==
 [[File:Cilice3.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Closeup of a metal chain cilice with inwardly-pointing [[Tine (structural)|tines]]]]
-In [[Dan Brown|Dan Brown's]] novel ''[[The Da Vinci Code]]'', one of the [[Antagonist (literature)|antagonists]], an [[Albinism|albino]] [[Types of membership of Opus Dei|numerary]] named [[List of The Da Vinci Code characters#Silas|Silas]] associated with the religious organization [[Opus Dei]], wears a cilice in the form of a spiked belt around his thigh. The sensationalized depiction in the novel has been criticized for its inaccuracy in subsequent books and by Opus Dei itself, which issued a press release responding to the movie's depiction of the practice, claiming "In reality, they cause a fairly low level of discomfort comparable to fasting. There is no blood, no injury, nothing to harm a person's health, nothing traumatic. If it caused any harm, the Church would not allow it."<ref name="press release"/>{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=162–163}}
+In [[Dan Brown|Dan Brown's]] novel ''[[The Da Vinci Code]]'', one of the [[Antagonist (literature)|antagonists]], an [[Albinism|albino]] [[Types of membership of Opus Dei|numerary]] named Silas associated with the religious organization [[Opus Dei]], wears a cilice in the form of a spiked belt around his thigh. The sensationalized depiction in the novel has been criticized for its inaccuracy in subsequent books and by Opus Dei itself, which issued a press release responding to the movie's depiction of the practice, claiming "In reality, they cause a fairly low level of discomfort comparable to fasting. There is no blood, no injury, nothing to harm a person's health, nothing traumatic. If it caused any harm, the Church would not allow it."<ref name=barrett/>{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=162–163}}
-The [[goat|goat hair]] of [[Thomas More]], presented for safe keeping by Margaret Clement,<ref name="r6">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopaedia |title= St. Thomas More| url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14689c.htm}}.</ref> was long in the custody of the community of Augustinian canonesses who until 1983 lived at the convent at [[Abbotskerswell Priory]], Devon. Some sources, including one from 2004, claimed that the shirt was then at the Martyr's church on the Weld family's estate in [[Chideock]], Dorset.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpATDQAAQBAJ&q=thomas+more+relics+hair+shirt+Chideock+castle&pg=PT56 |title=Little Book of Dorset |author=David Hilliam |publisher=History Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7524-6265-3}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjyc9bPITKgC&q=thomas+more+relics+hair+shirt+Chideock+castle&pg=PA42 |title=Shrines of Our Lady in England |author=Anne Vail |publisher=Gracewing Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=0-85244-603-9 |page=42}}</ref> The most recent reports indicate that it is now preserved at [[Buckfast Abbey]], near Buckfastleigh in Devon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thecatholictelegraph.com/st-thomas-mores-hair-shirt-now-enshrined-for-public-veneration/37221|title=St. Thomas More's hair shirt now enshrined for public veneration |author=Simon Caldwell |date=21 November 2016 |publisher=Catholic Telegraph}}</ref>
+The goat hair of [[Thomas More]], presented for safe keeping by Margaret Clement,<ref name="r6">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopaedia |title= St. Thomas More| url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14689c.htm}}.</ref> was long in the custody of the community of Augustinian canonesses who until 1983 lived at the convent at [[Abbotskerswell Priory]], Devon. Some sources, including one from 2004, claimed that the shirt was then at the Martyr's church on the Weld family's estate in [[Chideock]], Dorset.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpATDQAAQBAJ&q=thomas+more+relics+hair+shirt+Chideock+castle&pg=PT56 |title=Little Book of Dorset |author=David Hilliam |publisher=History Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7524-6265-3}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjyc9bPITKgC&q=thomas+more+relics+hair+shirt+Chideock+castle&pg=PA42 |title=Shrines of Our Lady in England |author=Anne Vail |publisher=Gracewing Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=0-85244-603-9 |page=42}}</ref> In 2011 the shirt was put on public display at [[Buckfast Abbey]], near Buckfastleigh in Devon.<ref name=caldwell>{{cite web |url=https://www.thecatholictelegraph.com/st-thomas-mores-hair-shirt-now-enshrined-for-public-veneration/37221|title=St. Thomas More's hair shirt now enshrined for public veneration |author=Simon Caldwell |date=21 November 2016 |publisher=Catholic Telegraph}}</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 43: / Line 44: @@
 {{reflist}}
-*{{Cite book | last=Allen Jr. | first=John | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jxSf_2HSy4C | title= Opus Dei: An Objective Look Behind the Myths and Reality of the Most Controversial Force in the Catholic Church | publisher=Double Day | year=2006 | ref={{harvid|Allen|2006}}| isbn=9780385514507 }}
+*{{Cite book | last=Allen Jr. | first=John | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jxSf_2HSy4C | title= Opus Dei: An Objective Look Behind the Myths and Reality of the Most Controversial Force in the Catholic Church | publisher=[[Doubleday_(publisher)]] | year=2006 | ref={{harvid|Allen|2006}}| isbn=9780385514507 }}
 ==External links==