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{{short description|Mongol kingdom in present-day China (c. 1389–1513)}}
{{Infobox country
{{Infobox country
|native_name = Kara Del<br />{{lang|zh|哈密卫}}
|native_name = {{lang|zh|哈密國}}
|common_name = Kara Del
|common_name = Kara Del
|conventional_long_name = Kara Del
|era = Post-classical
|era = Post-classical
|status =
|status = Vassal of the [[Ming dynasty]]<br />{{small|(1404–1513)}}
|status_text =
|status_text =
|government_type = Monarchy
|government_type = Monarchy
|capital = [[Hami City|Hami]]
|capital = Qamil ([[Hami]])
|year_start = c. 1389
|year_start = c. 1389
|year_end = 1513
|year_end = 1513
|event_start = Gunashiri breaks away from [[Northern Yuan dynasty]]
|event_start = Gunashiri breaks away from [[Northern Yuan|Northern Yuan dynasty]]
|date_start =
|date_start =
|event1 = Kara Del accepts [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] supremacy
|event1 = Kara Del accepts [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] supremacy
|date_event1 = 1404
|date_event1 = 1404
|event2 = Conquered by [[Esen taishi|Esen]] of the [[Northern Yuan dynasty]] based in Mongolia proper
|event2 = Conquered by [[Esen Taishi|Esen]] of the Northern Yuan
|date_event2 = 1430s
|date_event2 = 1430s
|event3 = Coup staged by pro-Mongol faction
|event3 = Coup staged by pro-Mongol faction
Line 19: Line 21:
|event4 = Ming restores Gunashiri dynasty
|event4 = Ming restores Gunashiri dynasty
|date_event4 = 1467
|date_event4 = 1467
|event_end = [[Mansur Khan (Moghul Khan)|Mansur Khan]] from the [[Chagatai Khanate]] overthrew the Gunashiri dynasty and the region's conversion to Islam
|event_end = [[Mansur Khan (Moghul Khan)|Mansur Khan]] from the [[Chagatai Khanate]] overthrows the Gunashiri dynasty and the region converts to Islam
|image_flag =
|image_flag =
|flag_type =
|flag_type =
Line 26: Line 28:
|image_map_caption = Location of Kara Del
|image_map_caption = Location of Kara Del
|p1 = Chagatai Khanate
|p1 = Chagatai Khanate
|flag_p1 = Flag of Chagatai khanate.svg
|p2 = Northern Yuan dynasty
|p2 = Northern Yuan dynasty
|flag_p2 =
|s1 = Moghulistan
|s1 = Moghulistan
|flag_s1 =
|common_languages = [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], [[Old Uyghur language]]
|common_languages = [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], [[Old Uyghur language]]
|religion =
|religion =
Line 46: Line 45:
{{History of Xinjiang}}
{{History of Xinjiang}}


'''Kara Del''' or '''Qara Del''' was a [[Mongol]] kingdom that existed in [[Hami City|Hami]] in present-day [[Xinjiang]]. It was founded by the [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] prince Gunashiri, a descendant of [[Chagatai Khan]], in the late 14th century (c.1389), and ruled by the Chagatayids thereafter until 1463. From 1380, it began to tribute to [[Ming dynasty]]. From 1406, it was governed by Ming under the Kara Del Guard (Chinese: 哈密卫), however sometimes it was still under the influence of [[Northern Yuan dynasty|Northern Yuan]], and the ruler was called the Obedient King (Chinese: 忠顺王) under the [[Jimi system]]. It was destroyed as a result of the wars between [[Ming China]] and [[Oirats|Oirat]] Mongols and dynastic succession struggles in 1513. Kara Del means "Black chest" in the [[Mongolian language]].
'''Kara Del''' or '''Qara Del''' was a [[Mongols|Mongol]]-led kingdom that existed in Qamil or [[Hami]], in present-day [[Xinjiang]]. It was founded by the [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] prince [[Gunashiri]], a descendant of [[Chagatai Khan]], in the late 14th century (c. 1389), and ruled by the [[Chagatai Khanate|Chagatayids]] thereafter until 1463. From 1380, it began to pay tribute to the [[Ming dynasty]]. From 1406, it was governed by Ming under the "Hami Guard" ({{zh|links=no|c=哈密衛}}, also known as the "Kara Del Guard"); however, sometimes it was still under the influence of the [[Northern Yuan]], and the ruler was called the Obedient King ({{zh|links=no|c=忠順王}}) under the [[Jimi system]]. It was destroyed in 1513 as a result of the wars between the [[Ming dynasty]] and the [[Oirats]], as well as dynastic succession struggles. Kara Del means "black chest" in the [[Mongolian language|Old Mongol language.]]


==History==
==History==
In 1389, the [[Buddhist]] Chagataid prince Gunashiri broke away from the [[Northern Yuan dynasty]], which had fallen under the reign of [[Jorightu Khan Yesüder]], an Arig-Bokid prince. He established himself in Hami by 1390 and ruled over a Uyghur population.<ref>Ed. Reuven Amitai-Preiss, [[Reuven Amitai]], David Morgan-The Mongol empire and its legacy, p.294</ref>{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=564}}
In 1389, the [[Buddhist]] Chagataid prince Gunashiri broke away from the [[Northern Yuan dynasty]], which had fallen under the reign of [[Jorightu Khan Yesüder]], an Arig-Bokid prince. He established himself in Qamil ([[Hami]]) by 1390 and ruled over a Uyghur population. The next year, the [[Ming dynasty]] occupied his territory and forced him to submit, although he remained in control of his territory.<ref>Ed. Reuven Amitai-Preiss, [[Reuven Amitai]], David Morgan-The Mongol empire and its legacy, p.294</ref>{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=564}}


In 1404, Gunashiri's successor Engke Temiir accepted the establishment of a [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] guard and became [[Hami Prefecture]].{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=564}} However the Ming did not directly govern Hami or collect taxes. Engke Temiir was granted the title ''Zhongshunwang'' (meaning the obedient prince) by the Ming court.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DpeQhJ3hcwsC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q=1404&f=false Kim 2008], p. 68.</ref> During the 1430s, Kara Del submitted to the [[Oirats]]. The Uyghurs of Hami came into regular contact with Mongols in southwestern [[Inner Mongolia]]. Several Uyghur chiefs became major leaders of the western Mongols, leading to the spread of Uyghurjin as a clan name in the [[Ordos Plateau|Ordos]] area.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=564}}
In 1404, Gunashiri's successor Engke Temiir accepted the establishment of a [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] guard and became [[Hami Prefecture]].{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=564}} However the Ming did not directly govern Hami or collect taxes. Engke Temiir was granted the title ''Zhongshunwang'' (meaning the obedient prince) by the Ming court.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DpeQhJ3hcwsC&q=1404&pg=PA68 Kim 2008], p. 68. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506094245/https://books.google.com/books?id=DpeQhJ3hcwsC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q=1404&f=false |date=2016-05-06 }}</ref> During the 1430s, Kara Del submitted to the [[Oirats]]. The Uyghurs of Hami came into regular contact with Mongols in southwestern [[Inner Mongolia]]. Several Uyghur chiefs became major leaders of the western Mongols, leading to the spread of Uyghurjin as a clan name in the [[Ordos Plateau|Ordos]] area.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=564}}


In 1446, disturbances broke out in Hami. Ming forces under Ren Li occupied the city and deported 1,230 people to the east of [[Jiayuguan (pass)|Jiayuguan]].<ref>Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang, 48</ref>
⚫
In 1463 the khan was overthrown by a pro-Mongol faction and a serious succession crisis ensued. From 1467, the Ming emperors repeatedly reinstalled members of Gunashiri's house but the situation in Hami never stabilized. Hami was conquered by [[Mansur Khan (Moghul Khan)|Mansur Khan]], the ruler of [[Moghulistan]] in 1513.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=564}} Kara Del officially converted to Islam in 1513.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Betta|first=Chiara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=afGM7_3yIHIC&pg=PA9&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Other Middle Kingdom: A Brief History Of Muslims In China|publisher=University of Indianapolis Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-88093-853-2|pages=9}}</ref>


⚫
In 1463 the khan was overthrown by a pro-Mongol faction and a serious succession crisis ensued. From 1467, the Ming emperors repeatedly reinstalled members of Gunashiri's house but the situation in Hami never stabilized. Hami was conquered by [[Mansur Khan (Moghul Khan)|Mansur Khan]], the ruler of [[Moghulistan]] in 1513.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=564}} Kara Del officially converted to Islam in 1513.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Betta|first=Chiara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=afGM7_3yIHIC&pg=PA9|title=The Other Middle Kingdom: A Brief History Of Muslims In China|publisher=University of Indianapolis Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-88093-853-2|pages=9}}</ref>
⚫
It was reported that between Khitay and Khotan the Sarigh Uyghur tribes who were "impious" resided, and they were targeted for ghazat (holy war) by Mansur Khan following 1516.<ref name="(Japan)1986">{{cite book|author=Tōyō Bunko (Japan)|title=Memoirs of the Research Department|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJzWAAAAMAAJ&q=khizr+ghazat+khitay&dq=khizr+ghazat+khitay&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnlbCK463JAhWK5yYKHWtzA8IQ6AEIJTAB|year=1986|page=3}}</ref><ref name="(Japan)(Japan).1983">{{cite book|author1=Tōyō Bunko (Japan)|author2=Tōyō Bunko (Japan).|title=Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko: (the Oriental Library).|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bSg8AQAAIAAJ&q=khizr+ghazat+khitay&dq=khizr+ghazat+khitay&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnlbCK463JAhWK5yYKHWtzA8IQ6AEIKjAC|year=1983|publisher=Tôyô Bunko.|page=3}}</ref> After the islamization of Kara Del, ''Uyghur'' fell into disuse until the 20th century, except as a local term for Muslim Turks in Hami and Turpan. In 1923, ''Uyghur'' was revived again as a general designation for [[Xinjiang]]'s [[Tarim Basin]] oasis dwellers.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=564}}

⚫
It was reported that between Khitay and Khotan the Sarigh Uyghur tribes who were "impious" resided, and they were targeted for ghazat (holy war) by Mansur Khan following 1516.<ref name="(Japan)1986">{{cite book|author=Tōyō Bunko (Japan)|title=Memoirs of the Research Department|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJzWAAAAMAAJ&q=khizr+ghazat+khitay|year=1986|page=3}}</ref><ref name="(Japan)(Japan).1983">{{cite book|author1=Tōyō Bunko (Japan)|author2=Tōyō Bunko (Japan).|title=Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko: (the Oriental Library).|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bSg8AQAAIAAJ&q=khizr+ghazat+khitay|year=1983|publisher=Tôyô Bunko.|page=3}}</ref> After the islamization of Kara Del, ''Uyghur'' fell into disuse until the 20th century, except as a local term for Muslim Turks in Hami and Turpan. In 1923, ''Uyghur'' was revived again as a general designation for [[Xinjiang]]'s [[Tarim Basin]] oasis dwellers.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=564}}


==Culture==
==Culture==
Buddhism survived in Uyghurstan (Turfan and Qocho) during the Ming dynasty.<ref>{{cite book|title=Saintly Brokers: Uyghur Muslims, Trade, and the Making of Qing Central Asia, 1696--1814|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DpeQhJ3hcwsC&pg=PA75#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2008|publisher=ProQuest|isbn=978-1-109-10126-3|pages=75–}}</ref>{{Dead link|date=April 2020}}
Buddhism survived in Uyghurstan ([[Turfan]] and Qocho) during the Ming dynasty.<ref>{{cite book|title=Saintly Brokers: Uyghur Muslims, Trade, and the Making of Qing Central Asia, 1696--1814|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DpeQhJ3hcwsC&pg=PA75|year=2008|isbn=978-1-109-10126-3|pages=75–|access-date=2016-10-18|archive-date=2017-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109021558/https://books.google.com/books?id=DpeQhJ3hcwsC&pg=PA75|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==List of rulers of Kara Del==
==List of rulers of Kara Del==
{{Refimprove section|date=September 2018}}
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2018}}
According to Japanese Wikipedia ([[:ja:グナシリ]]):
According to Japanese Wikipedia ([[:ja:グナシリ]]):


* Unaširi(兀納失里) (1380–1393)
* Unaširi (兀納失里) (1380–1393)
* Engke Temür (安克帖木兒) (1393–1405) (He was vassal of China since June 1404)
* Engke Temür (安克帖木兒) (1393–1405) (Vassal of [[Ming dynasty]] since June 1404)
* Toqto(脫脫 (哈密國) (1405–1411) (He was vassal of China)
* Toqto (脫脫) (1405–1411) (Vassal of Ming dynasty)
* Mengli Temür (兔力帖木兒) (1411–1425) (He was vassal of China)
* Manglī Temür (免力帖木兒) (1411–1425) (Vassal of Ming dynasty)
* Budaširi (卜答失里　Bo Dá Shī Lǐ) (1425–1439) (He was firstly vassal of China, later of Northern Yuan dynasty). He was rivalled firstly Toγon Temür (脱欢帖木儿) (1427–1437) and Toqto Temür (脱脱塔木儿) (1437–1439), the son of rival.
* Budaširi (卜答失里) (1425–1439) (Originally vassal of Ming dynasty, later of [[Northern Yuan dynasty]]). He was rivalled firstly Toγon Temür (脫歡帖木兒) (1427–1437) and Toqto Temür (脫脫塔木兒) (1437–1439), the son of rival.
* Khalīl sulṭān (哈力锁鲁檀) (1439–1457) (He was vassal firstly of [[Northern Yuan dynasty]] till 1455, later of China)
* Khalīl sulṭān (哈力鎖鲁檀) (1439–1457) (Originally vassal of Northern Yuan dynasty till 1455, later of Ming dynasty)
* Bürege (卜列革) (1457–1460)
* Bürege (卜列革) (1457–1460)
* [[Nugandaširi]] (1460–1467), queen mother


Rivalry between Nugandaširi (努溫答失里) (1460–1472) and Baγ Temür (把塔木儿) (1466–1472)
Rivalry between Nugandaširi (努溫答失里) (1460–1472) and Baγ Temür (把塔木兒) (1466–1472)


* Qanšin (罕慎) (1472–1488)
* Qanšin (罕慎) (1472–1488)
Line 82: Line 84:
*[[Kingdom of Qocho]]
*[[Kingdom of Qocho]]
*[[Ming–Turpan conflict]]
*[[Ming–Turpan conflict]]
*[[Ming dynasty in Inner Asia]]
*[[Islamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang]]
*[[Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
*{{citation|last=Atwood|first=Christopher P.|year=2004|title=Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire|publisher=Facts On File}}
*{{citation|last=Atwood|first=Christopher P.|year=2004|title=Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire|publisher=Facts On File}}
Line 93: Line 97:


[[Category:Mongol states]]
[[Category:Mongol states]]
[[Category:Mongol rump states]]
[[Category:History of Xinjiang]]
[[Category:History of Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]]
[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]]

Revision as of 17:58, 17 February 2024

Kara Del
哈密國
c. 1389–1513
Location of Kara Del
Location of Kara Del
StatusVassal of the Ming dynasty
(1404–1513)
CapitalQamil (Hami)
Common languagesMongolian, Old Uyghur language
GovernmentMonarchy
Khan 
Historical eraPost-classical
• Gunashiri breaks away from Northern Yuan dynasty
c. 1389
• Kara Del accepts Ming supremacy
1404
• Conquered by Esen of the Northern Yuan
1430s
• Coup staged by pro-Mongol faction
1463
• Ming restores Gunashiri dynasty
1467
• Mansur Khan from the Chagatai Khanate overthrows the Gunashiri dynasty and the region converts to Islam
1513
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Chagatai Khanate
Northern Yuan dynasty
Moghulistan
Today part ofChina
Part of a series on the
History of Xinjiang
Ancient period
Medieval and early modern period
Modern period

Kara Del or Qara Del was a Mongol-led kingdom that existed in Qamil or Hami, in present-day Xinjiang. It was founded by the Yuan prince Gunashiri, a descendant of Chagatai Khan, in the late 14th century (c. 1389), and ruled by the Chagatayids thereafter until 1463. From 1380, it began to pay tribute to the Ming dynasty. From 1406, it was governed by Ming under the "Hami Guard" (Chinese: 哈密衛, also known as the "Kara Del Guard"); however, sometimes it was still under the influence of the Northern Yuan, and the ruler was called the Obedient King (Chinese: 忠順王) under the Jimi system. It was destroyed in 1513 as a result of the wars between the Ming dynasty and the Oirats, as well as dynastic succession struggles. Kara Del means "black chest" in the Old Mongol language.

History

In 1389, the Buddhist Chagataid prince Gunashiri broke away from the Northern Yuan dynasty, which had fallen under the reign of Jorightu Khan Yesüder, an Arig-Bokid prince. He established himself in Qamil (Hami) by 1390 and ruled over a Uyghur population. The next year, the Ming dynasty occupied his territory and forced him to submit, although he remained in control of his territory.[1][2]

In 1404, Gunashiri's successor Engke Temiir accepted the establishment of a Ming guard and became Hami Prefecture.[2] However the Ming did not directly govern Hami or collect taxes. Engke Temiir was granted the title Zhongshunwang (meaning the obedient prince) by the Ming court.[3] During the 1430s, Kara Del submitted to the Oirats. The Uyghurs of Hami came into regular contact with Mongols in southwestern Inner Mongolia. Several Uyghur chiefs became major leaders of the western Mongols, leading to the spread of Uyghurjin as a clan name in the Ordos area.[2]

In 1446, disturbances broke out in Hami. Ming forces under Ren Li occupied the city and deported 1,230 people to the east of Jiayuguan.[4]

In 1463 the khan was overthrown by a pro-Mongol faction and a serious succession crisis ensued. From 1467, the Ming emperors repeatedly reinstalled members of Gunashiri's house but the situation in Hami never stabilized. Hami was conquered by Mansur Khan, the ruler of Moghulistan in 1513.[2] Kara Del officially converted to Islam in 1513.[5]

It was reported that between Khitay and Khotan the Sarigh Uyghur tribes who were "impious" resided, and they were targeted for ghazat (holy war) by Mansur Khan following 1516.[6][7] After the islamization of Kara Del, Uyghur fell into disuse until the 20th century, except as a local term for Muslim Turks in Hami and Turpan. In 1923, Uyghur was revived again as a general designation for Xinjiang's Tarim Basin oasis dwellers.[2]

Culture

Buddhism survived in Uyghurstan (Turfan and Qocho) during the Ming dynasty.[8]

List of rulers of Kara Del

According to Japanese Wikipedia (ja:グナシリ):

  • Unaširi (兀納失里) (1380–1393)
  • Engke Temür (安克帖木兒) (1393–1405) (Vassal of Ming dynasty since June 1404)
  • Toqto (脫脫) (1405–1411) (Vassal of Ming dynasty)
  • Manglī Temür (免力帖木兒) (1411–1425) (Vassal of Ming dynasty)
  • Budaširi (卜答失里) (1425–1439) (Originally vassal of Ming dynasty, later of Northern Yuan dynasty). He was rivalled firstly Toγon Temür (脫歡帖木兒) (1427–1437) and Toqto Temür (脫脫塔木兒) (1437–1439), the son of rival.
  • Khalīl sulṭān (哈力鎖鲁檀) (1439–1457) (Originally vassal of Northern Yuan dynasty till 1455, later of Ming dynasty)
  • Bürege (卜列革) (1457–1460)
  • Nugandaširi (1460–1467), queen mother

Rivalry between Nugandaširi (努溫答失里) (1460–1472) and Baγ Temür (把塔木兒) (1466–1472)

  • Qanšin (罕慎) (1472–1488)
  • Engke Bolad (奄克孛剌) (1488–1492) and (1493–1497)
  • Šamba (陕巴) (1492–1493) and (1497–1505)
  • Beyazıt (拜牙即) (1505–1513)

See also

References

  1. ^ Ed. Reuven Amitai-Preiss, Reuven Amitai, David Morgan-The Mongol empire and its legacy, p.294
  2. ^ a b c d e Atwood 2004, p. 564.
  3. ^ Kim 2008, p. 68. Archived 2016-05-06 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang, 48
  5. ^ Betta, Chiara (2004). The Other Middle Kingdom: A Brief History Of Muslims In China. University of Indianapolis Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-88093-853-2.
  6. ^ Tōyō Bunko (Japan) (1986). Memoirs of the Research Department. p. 3.
  7. ^ Tōyō Bunko (Japan); Tōyō Bunko (Japan). (1983). Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko: (the Oriental Library). Tôyô Bunko. p. 3.
  8. ^ Saintly Brokers: Uyghur Muslims, Trade, and the Making of Qing Central Asia, 1696--1814. 2008. pp. 75–. ISBN 978-1-109-10126-3. Archived from the original on 2017-01-09. Retrieved 2016-10-18.

Bibliography

  • Atwood, Christopher P. (2004), Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, Facts On File
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