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{{Short description|Title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom}}
{{for|the ship|PS Earl of Ulster (1878)}}
{{for|the ship|PS Earl of Ulster (1878)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:Lacy arms.svg|thumb|200px|Arms of de Lacy, Earl of Ulster: ''Or a lion rampant purpure'']]
{{Infobox hereditary title
[[File:De Burgh arms.svg|thumb|200px|Arms of de Burgh, Earls of Ulster: ''Or, a cross gules'']]
| name = Earldom of Ulster
⚫
[[File:Arms of Mortimer-de Burgh.svg|thumb|200px|Arms of Mortimer, Earls of March and Earls of Ulster: ''Barry of six or and azure on a chief of the first two pallets between two gyrons of the second over all an inescutcheon argent'' (Mortimer), quartered with arms of de Burgh<ref>{{cite book|last1=Doyle|first1=James William Edmund|title=The Official Baronage of England|date=1886|publisher=Longmans, Green|page=469|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xEEEAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA469&dq=Earl+of+Ulster|accessdate=28 December 2017|language=en}}</ref>]]
| creation_date = 1928
⚫
[[File:Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York (Variant).svg|thumb|200px|Arms of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, 8th Earl of Ulster: ''[[quartering (heraldry)|Quarterly]], 1st and 4th, quarterly, [[Royal arms of France|France moderne]], and [[Royal arms of England|England]], overall a label of three points each charged with three torteaux ([[House of York]]), 2nd, quarterly, [[Crown of Castile|Castile and Leon]], 3rd, quarterly, [[Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March|Mortimer]] and [[Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster|de Burgh]], and overall an inescutcheon gules, three lions passant guardant or a bordure Argent'' ([[Earl of Kent#Earls of Kent, sixth creation (1360)|Holland, Earl of Kent]])]]
| creation = Second
| monarch = [[George V]]
| peerage = [[Peerage of the United Kingdom]]
| baronetage =
| first_holder = [[Hugh de Lacy, 1st Earl of Ulster|Hugh de Lacy]]
| last_holder =
| present_holder = [[Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester]]
| heir_apparent = Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster
| heir_presumptive =
| limitation =
| remainder_to =
| subsidiary_titles = <!-- a baronetage is not a subsidiary title -->
| status = Extant
| family_seat =
| former_seat =
| arms =
| crest =
| supporters =
| pinsel =
| badge =
| crest_badge =
| plant_badge =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Arms of the House of de Burgh.svg|thumb|200px|Arms of the [[House of Burgh|de Burgh]], Earls of Ulster: ''Or, a cross gules''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burke |first=Bernard |url=http://archive.org/details/generalarmoryofe00burk |title=The general armory of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales; comprising a registry of armorial bearings from the earliest to the present time |date=1884 |publisher=London : Harrison & sons |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref>]]
⚫
[[File:Arms of the Earl of March.svg|thumb|200px|Arms of Mortimer, Earls of March and Earls of Ulster: ''Barry of six or and azure on a chief of the first two pallets between two gyrons of the second over all an inescutcheon argent'' (Mortimer), quartered with arms of [[House of Burgh|de Burgh]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Doyle|first1=James William Edmund|title=The Official Baronage of England|date=1886|publisher=Longmans, Green|page=469|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xEEEAAAAIAAJ&q=Earl+of+Ulster&pg=PA469|access-date=28 December 2017|language=en}}</ref>]]
⚫
[[File:Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York (Variant).svg|thumb|200px|Arms of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, 8th Earl of Ulster: ''[[quartering (heraldry)|Quarterly]], 1st and 4th, quarterly, [[Royal arms of France|France moderne]], and [[Royal arms of England|England]], overall a label of three points each charged with three torteaux ([[House of York]]), 2nd, quarterly, [[Crown of Castile|Castile and Leon]], 3rd, quarterly, [[Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March|Mortimer]] and [[Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster|de Burgh]], and overall an inescutcheon gules, three lions passant guardant or a bordure Argent'' ([[Earl of Kent#Earls of Kent, sixth creation (1360)|Holland, Earl of Kent]])]]


The title of '''Earl of Ulster''' has been created six times in the [[Peerage of Ireland]] and twice [[Peerage of the United Kingdom]]. Since 1928, the title has been held by the [[Duke of Gloucester]] and is used as a courtesy title by the Duke's eldest son, currently [[Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster]]. [[Ulster]], one of the four traditional [[provinces of Ireland]], is largely synonymous with the modern borders of [[Northern Ireland]].
The title of '''Earl of Ulster''' has been created six times in the [[Peerage of Ireland ]] and twice in the [[Peerage of the United Kingdom]]. Since 1928, the title has been held by the [[Duke of Gloucester]] and is used as a courtesy title by the Duke's eldest son, currently Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster. The wife of the Earl of Ulster is known as the '''Countess of Ulster'''. [[Ulster]], one of the four traditional [[provinces of Ireland]], consists of nine counties: six of these make up [[Northern Ireland]]; the remainder are in the [[Republic of Ireland]].


==History==
==History==
<!-- Earl of Ulster was the first earldom granted in Ireland. -->
<!-- Earl of Ulster was the first earldom granted in Ireland. -->
King [[Henry II of England]] granted three [[County palatine|Palatinate]]s or [[seigniories]] in Ireland to Norman nobles during the [[Norman invasion of Ireland]], that are considered to be equivalents of either earldoms or lordships by modern historians. [[Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke|Richard de Clare, Count Striguil]], a Norman-Welsh knight known as Strongbow, was created Earl of Leinster, and the Anglo-Norman Sir [[Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath|Hugh de Lacy]] was created Earl of Meath. In 1181, King Henry II created Sir [[John de Courcy]] Earl of Ulster by patent. He was later also created Lord of Connaught and quickly became a rival of the De Lacys.<ref name="journal">{{cite journal|last1=Berry, MRIA|first1=Major R.G.|title=The Whites of Dufferin and their Connection|journal=Ulster Journal of Archaeology|date=January 1906|volume=XII|issue=1|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HgdKAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA122|accessdate=28 December 2017|publisher=Ulster Archaeological Society|language=en}}</ref> No record of his enrollment exists, but de Courcy enjoyed the grant of Ulster as an earldom, according to 19th-century analysis of deeds de Courcy executed that survived in [[patent roll]]s (the earliest of which dates to 1201).<ref name="lynch">{{cite book|last1=Lynch|first1=William|title=A View of the legal institutions, honorary hereditary offices, and Feudal Baronies, established in Ireland, during the reign of Henry II., etc|date=1830|pages=144-145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eEdfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145|accessdate=28 December 2017|language=en}}</ref>
[[Henry II of England|King Henry II of England]] granted three [[County palatine|Palatinate]]s or [[seigniories]] in Ireland to Norman nobles during the [[Norman invasion of Ireland]], that are considered to be equivalents of either earldoms or lordships by modern historians. [[Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke|Richard de Clare, Count Striguil]], a Norman-Welsh knight known as Strongbow, was created Earl of Leinster, and the Anglo-Norman [[Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath|Sir Hugh de Lacy]] was created [[Earl of Meath]]. In 1181, [[John de Courcy|Sir John de Courcy]] was created Earl of Ulster by patent from King Henry II. De Courcy was later also created Lord of Connaught and quickly became a rival of the De Lacys.<ref name="journal">{{cite journal|last1=Berry, MRIA|first1=Major R.G.|title=The Whites of Dufferin and their Connection|journal=Ulster Journal of Archaeology|date=January 1906|volume=XII|issue=1|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HgdKAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA122|access-date=28 December 2017|publisher=Ulster Archaeological Society|language=en}}</ref> No record of his enrollment exists, but de Courcy enjoyed the grant of Ulster as an earldom, according to 19th-century analysis of deeds de Courcy executed that survived in [[patent roll]]s (the earliest of which dates to 1201).<ref name="lynch">{{cite book|last1=Lynch|first1=William|title=A View of the legal institutions, honorary hereditary offices, and Feudal Baronies, established in Ireland, during the reign of Henry II., etc|date=1830|pages=144–145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eEdfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145|access-date=28 December 2017|language=en}}</ref>


Though Ulster covers one-sixth of Ireland, making it among the largest land grants in the British isle, De Courcy began aggressively seizing more land in Ireland without permission, drawing the ire of King [[John of England]]. [[Hugh de Lacy, 1st Earl of Ulster|Hugh de Lacy the younger]], son of the Earl of [[Meath]], accused de Courcy of neglecting to pay [[Homage (feudal)|homage]] to King John. The king sent a letter to the feudal barons of Ulster — allies of de Courcy – informing them that if they did not convince their lord to pay proper homage, all their land would be seized.<ref name="lynch"/> According to the ''[[Annals of the Four Masters|Four Masters]]'', in 1203, Hugh de Lacy the younger, along with a contingent of English soldiers from Meath, marched on [[Ulaid]] and expelled de Courcy. A bloody battle between the two sides ensued at place called Dundaleathglass (possibly [[County Down|Down]], but de Courcy escaped following defeat. In 1204, the de Lacy forces drove de Courcy, "the plunderer of churches and territories," into [[County Tyrone|Tyrone]], where he sought protection from the [[Branches of the Cenél nEógain|Clan Owen]], but the English of Ulaid chased him as far as [[Carrickfergus]], Antrim. On Good Friday 1204, de Courcy was praying at the [[Church of Downpatrick]] (from which he had expelled, in 1177, the [[Augustinian]] monks settled there by [[St Malachy]] in 1124, replacing them with [[Benedictine]] monks). According to the account of his capture, the unarmed de Courcy managed to take a weapon from de Lacy's men and killed 13 of the men before he was finally subdued and sent to England where he was imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=On the Account of the Life and Acts of Saint Patrick|journal=Archaeologia Scotica: Or Transactions of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland|date=1822|page=250|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BhRIAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA250&dq=Dundaleathglass|publisher=Society of Antiquaries of Scotland|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=O'Clery|first1=Michael|title=The annals of Ireland, tr. from the orig. Irish of the Four masters by O. Connellan|date=1845|page=31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ggAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA31|language=en}}</ref> Though he eventually returned to royal favor, de Courcy never returned to Ireland.
Though Ulster covers one-sixth of Ireland, making it among the largest land grants in Ireland, De Courcy began aggressively seizing more land in Ireland without permission, drawing the ire of [[John of England|King John of England]]. [[Hugh de Lacy, 1st Earl of Ulster|Hugh de Lacy the younger]], son of the Earl of [[County Meath|Meath]], accused de Courcy of neglecting to pay [[Homage (feudal)|homage]] to King John. The king sent a letter to the feudal barons of Ulster — allies of de Courcy – informing them that if they did not convince their lord to pay proper homage, all their land would be seized.<ref name="lynch"/> According to the ''[[Annals of the Four Masters|Four Masters]]'', in 1203, Hugh de Lacy the younger, along with a contingent of English soldiers from Meath, marched on [[Ulaid]] and expelled de Courcy. A bloody battle between the two sides ensued at a place called Dundaleathglass (possibly [[County Down|Down]]), but de Courcy escaped following the defeat. In 1204, the de Lacy forces drove de Courcy, "the plunderer of churches and territories," into [[County Tyrone|Tyrone]], where he sought protection from the [[Branches of the Cenél nEógain|Clan Owen]], but the English of Ulaid chased him as far as [[Carrickfergus]], Antrim. On Good Friday 1204, de Courcy was praying at the [[Church of Downpatrick]] (from which he had expelled, in 1177, the [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] monks settled there by [[St Malachy]] in 1124, replacing them with [[Benedictine]] monks). According to the account of his capture, the unarmed de Courcy managed to take a weapon from de Lacy's men and killed 13 of the men before he was finally subdued and sent to England where he was imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=On the Account of the Life and Acts of Saint Patrick|journal=Archaeologia Scotica: Transactions of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland|date=1822|page=250|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BhRIAQAAMAAJ&q=Dundaleathglass&pg=PA250|publisher=Society of Antiquaries of Scotland|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=O'Clery|first1=Michael|title=The annals of Ireland, tr. from the orig. Irish of the Four masters by O. Connellan|date=1845|page=31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ggAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA31|language=en}}</ref> Though he eventually returned to royal favour, de Courcy never returned to Ireland.


De Lacy's lands and title were forfeited, and de Lacy was created the Earl of Ulster with the transfer of de Courcy's rights. The creation specifically granted Hugh de Lacy the right to everything John de Courcy possessed on the day of the battle, with exception the churches, which remained with the crown:<ref name="lynch"/>
De Courcy's lands and title were forfeited, and de Lacy was created the Earl of Ulster with the transfer of de Courcy's rights. The creation specifically granted Hugh de Lacy the right to everything John de Courcy possessed on the day of the battle, with the exception of the churches, which remained with [[the Crown]]:<ref name="lynch"/>


<blockquote>"The King to [[Meiler Fitzhenry|Meyler Fitz Henry]], &c. and the Barons of Ireland, &c.
<blockquote>"The King to [[Meiler Fitzhenry|Meyler Fitz Henry]], &c. and the Barons of Ireland, &c.


<br/>Know ye, that we have given and granted to Hugh de Lascy, for his homage and service, the land of Ulster, with the appurtenances, to have and to hold as John de Curcy held the same the day on which the same Hugh overcame him in the field, or on the day preceding: SAVING however to us the crosses of the same land. And know ye, that we do retain with us the aforesaid Hugh, and are leading him with us in our service; and therefore to you we command that his land and all his you preserve, maintain and defend as our demesne. Witness myself, at Windsor, the 2nd day of May." — ''[[Patent roll T.L.|Rotuli Litterarum Patentium in Turri Londinensi asservati]] 6 John''<ref name="lynch"/></blockquote>
<br />Know ye, that we have given and granted to Hugh de Lascy, for his homage and service, the land of Ulster, with the appurtenances, to have and to hold as John de Curcy held the same the day on which the same Hugh overcame him in the field, or on the day preceding: SAVING however to us the crosses of the same land. And know ye, that we do retain with us the aforesaid Hugh, and are leading him with us in our service; and therefore to you we command that his land and all his you preserve, maintain and defend as our demesne. Witness myself, at Windsor, the 2nd day of May." — ''[[Patent roll T.L.|Rotuli Litterarum Patentium in Turri Londinensi asservati]] 6 John''<ref name="lynch"/></blockquote>


An additional grant the following year confirmed granted to him the "whole land of Ulster" ''et hæredibus suis'' (with remainder to his heirs). He died in 1243, leaving only one legitimate daughter, Lady Maud de Lacy. Upon her marriage to [[Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster|Walter de Burgh, Lord of Connaught]] in 1264, de Burgh was created Earl of Ulster in right of his wife.<ref name="journal"/><ref name="baronia">{{cite book|last1=Banks|first1=Thomas Christopher|title=Baronia Anglica Concentrata|date=1843|page=206|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1mOkWOyde8YC&pg=PA206&dq=Ulster|accessdate=28 December 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name="peerage">{{cite book|last1=Burke|first1=John|title=A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerages of England, Ireland, and Scotland, extinct, dormant, and in abeyance|date=1846|publisher=Henry Colburn|page=PA300|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0alfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA300&lpg=PA300&dq=Hugh+de+Laci|accessdate=28 December 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=O'Donovan|first1=John|title=Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland|date=1856|publisher=Hodges, Smith and Company|page=393|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CC45AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA393|accessdate=28 December 2017|language=en}}</ref>
An additional grant the following year confirmed granted to him the "whole land of Ulster" ''et hæredibus suis'' (with remainder to his heirs). He died in 1243, leaving only one legitimate daughter, Lady Maud de Lacy. Upon her marriage to [[Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster|Walter de Burgh, Lord of Connaught]] in 1264, de Burgh was created Earl of Ulster in right of his wife.<ref name="journal"/><ref name="baronia">{{cite book|last1=Banks|first1=Thomas Christopher|title=Baronia Anglica Concentrata|date=1843|page=206|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1mOkWOyde8YC&q=Ulster&pg=PA206|access-date=28 December 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name="peerage">{{cite book|last1=Burke|first1=John|title=A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerages of England, Ireland, and Scotland, extinct, dormant, and in abeyance|date=1846|publisher=Henry Colburn|page=PA300|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0alfAAAAcAAJ&q=Hugh+de+Laci&pg=PA300|access-date=28 December 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=O'Donovan|first1=John|title=Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland|date=1856|publisher=Hodges, Smith and Company|page=393|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CC45AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA393|access-date=28 December 2017|language=en}}</ref>


The [[House of Burke|Burgh]] coat of arms (''or a cross gules'') were adopted as the [[flag of Ulster]], though the title passed through the female line out of the family and eventually merged with the crown. After the third earl was murdered at age 20 (leading to the [[Burke Civil War]]), he left only a daughter, [[Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster]]. She married [[Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence|Lionel of Antwerp]], second surviving son of King [[Edward III of England|Edward III]], who held the title ''jure uxoris''. Their only child [[Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster|Philippa]] became Countess of Ulster ''suo jure'' while her husband, [[Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March]], held the title ''jure uxoris''. <ref>{{cite journal|title=Recent Booklplates|journal=Journal of the Ex Libris Society|date=January 1896|volume=VI|issue=1|page=138|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D2bQAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA138|publisher=A. & C. Black|language=en}}</ref>
The [[House of Burke|Burgh]] coat of arms (''or a cross gules'') was adopted as the [[flag of Ulster]], though the title passed through the female line out of the family and eventually merged with the Crown. After the third earl was murdered at age 20 (leading to the [[Burke Civil War]]), he left only a daughter, [[Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster]]. She married [[Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence|Lionel of Antwerp]], second surviving son of King [[Edward III of England|Edward III]], who held the title ''jure uxoris''. Their only child [[Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster|Philippa]] became Countess of Ulster ''suo jure'' while her husband, [[Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March]], held the title ''jure uxoris''.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Recent Booklplates|journal=Journal of the Ex Libris Society|date=January 1896|volume=VI|issue=1|page=138|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D2bQAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA138|publisher=A. & C. Black|language=en}}</ref>


After the death of [[Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March|Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March and 7th Earl of Ulster]], the earldoms and estates were left to his nephew, [[Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York]], the son of Edmund's elder sister [[Anne de Mortimer]]. Along with his land and titles, Richard also inherited Mortimer's claim to the throne, which eventually led to the [[Wars of the Roses]]. After the Yorkist victory, Richard's son [[Edward IV of England|Edward of York]] was crowned Edward IV in 4 March 1461, and the Earldom of Ulster merged with the crown.
After the death of [[Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March|Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March and 7th Earl of Ulster]], the earldoms and estates were left to his nephew, [[Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York]], the son of Edmund's elder sister [[Anne de Mortimer]]. Along with his land and titles, Richard also inherited Mortimer's claim to the throne, which eventually led to the [[Wars of the Roses]]. After the Yorkist victory, Richard's son [[Edward IV of England|Edward of York]] was crowned Edward IV in 4 March 1461, and the Earldom of Ulster merged with the Crown.


The title of Earl of Ulster has subsequently been recreated six times for members of the royal family. The current incarnation of the title dates to 31 March 1928, when [[Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester|Prince Henry]], the third son of [[King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]], was simultaneously created Duke of Gloucester, Earl of Ulster and Baron Culloden in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.<ref name="baronia"/>
The title of Earl of Ulster has subsequently been recreated six times for members of the Royal Family. The current incarnation of the title dates to 31 March 1928, when [[Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester|Prince Henry]], the third son of [[King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]], was simultaneously created Duke of Gloucester, Earl of Ulster and Baron Culloden in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.<ref name="baronia"/>


==Earls Palatine of Ulster (1181)==
==Earls Palatine of Ulster (1181)==
* Sir [[John de Courcy]], ''forfeit'' 1204<ref name="journal"/>
* [[John de Courcy|Sir John de Courcy]], ''forfeit'' 1204<ref name="journal"/>


==Earls of Ulster, Peerage of Ireland, First Creation (1205)==
==Earl of Ulster, Peerage of Ireland, First Creation (1205)==
*[[Hugh de Lacy, 1st Earl of Ulster]] (1176–1243)
*[[Hugh de Lacy, 1st Earl of Ulster]] (1176–1243)


Line 36: Line 64:
*[[Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster]] (died 1271)
*[[Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster]] (died 1271)
*[[Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster]] (1259–1326)
*[[Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster]] (1259–1326)
** [[John de Burgh (died 1313)]], heir apparent to the earldom
*[[William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster]] (1312–1333)
*[[William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster]] (1312–1333)
*[[Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster|Elizabeth de Burgh, Duchess of Clarence, 4th Countess of Ulster]] (1332–1363)
*[[Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster|Elizabeth de Burgh, Duchess of Clarence, 4th Countess of Ulster]] (1332–1363)
**m. [[Lionel of Antwerp|Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, ''jure uxoris'' Earl of Ulster]] (1338–1368)
**m. [[Lionel of Antwerp]], 1st Duke of Clarence, ''[[jure uxoris]]'' Earl of Ulster (1338–1368)
*[[Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster|Philippa, Countess of March, 5th Countess of Ulster]] (1355–1382)
*[[Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster|Philippa, Countess of March, 5th Countess of Ulster]] (1355–1382)
**m. [[Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March|Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March, ''jure uxoris'' Earl of Ulster]] (1352–1381)
**m. [[Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March|Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March, ''jure uxoris'' Earl of Ulster]] (1352–1381)
Line 46: Line 75:
*[[Edward IV of England|Edward of York, 4th Duke of York, 9th Earl of Ulster]] (1442–1483), merged in crown 1461
*[[Edward IV of England|Edward of York, 4th Duke of York, 9th Earl of Ulster]] (1442–1483), merged in crown 1461


==Earls of Ulster, Peerage of Ireland, Third Creation (1659)==
==Earl of Ulster, Peerage of Ireland, Third Creation (1659)==
*[[James II of England|James Stuart, Duke of York and Albany]] (1633–1701), merged in crown 1685
*[[James II of England|James Stuart, Duke of York and Albany]] (1633–1701), merged in crown 1685


==Earls of Ulster, Peerage of Ireland, Fourth Creation (1716)==
==Earl of Ulster, Peerage of Ireland, Fourth Creation (1716)==
*[[Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany|Ernest Augustus of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duke of York and Albany]] (1674–1728)
*[[Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany|Ernest Augustus of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duke of York and Albany]] (1674–1728)


==Earls of Ulster, Peerage of Ireland, Fifth Creation (1760)==
==Earl of Ulster, Peerage of Ireland, Fifth Creation (1760)==
*[[Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany]] (1739–1767)
*[[Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany]] (1739–1767)


==Earls of Ulster, Peerage of Ireland, Sixth Creation (1784)==
==Earl of Ulster, Peerage of Ireland, Sixth Creation (1784)==
*[[Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany]] (1763–1827)
*[[Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany]] (1763–1827)


==Earls of Ulster, Peerage of the United Kingdom, First Creation (1866)==
==Earl of Ulster, Peerage of the United Kingdom, First Creation (1866)==
*[[Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh]] (1844–1900)
*[[Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh]] (1844–1900)


==Earls of Ulster, Peerage of the United Kingdom, Second Creation (1928)==
==Earls of Ulster, Peerage of the United Kingdom, Second Creation (1928)==
*[[Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester]] (1900–1974)
*[[Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester|Prince Henry, 1st Duke of Gloucester]] (1900–1974)
*[[Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester]] (born 1944)
*[[Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester|Prince Richard, 2nd Duke of Gloucester]] (born 1944)
**[[Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster|Alexander Windsor]] (born 1974), Prince Richard's eldest son, is the heir-apparent to the dukedom, and, as such, uses "Earl of Ulster" as a [[Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom|courtesy title]].
**'''Alexander Windsor''' (born 1974), Prince Richard's only son, is the heir-apparent to the dukedom, and as such uses "Earl of Ulster" as a [[Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom|courtesy title]]. Alexander is married to Dr '''Claire Booth''', known as the Countess of Ulster. They have two children: '''Xan Windsor''' (born 2007) and '''Cosima Windsor''' (born 2010).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Burack |first1=Emily |title=Meet the Children of Prince Richard, the Duke of Gloucester |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/g41499541/prince-richard-duke-of-gloucesters-children/ |website=Town & Country |access-date=17 December 2023}}</ref>

== Family trees ==
{{Dukes of York and Albany family tree}}
{{Dukes of Gloucester and Edinburgh family tree}}


==See also==
==See also==
*[[House of Burgh]], an [[Anglo-Normans|Anglo-Norman]] and [[Hiberno-Norman]] dynasty founded in 1193
*[[Glens of Antrim|Lord of the Glens]]
*[[Glens of Antrim|Lord of the Glens]]
*[[Twescard]]
*[[Twescard]]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ulster}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ulster}}
[[Category:Extinct earldoms in the Peerage of Ireland]]
[[Category:Extinct earldoms in the Peerage of Ireland]]
[[Category:House of Burke]]
[[Category:House of Burgh]]
[[Category:Earldoms in the Peerage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Earldoms in the Peerage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Earls of Ulster|*]]
[[Category:Earls of Ulster|*]]

Latest revision as of 02:00, 12 February 2024

For the ship, see PS Earl of Ulster (1878).

Earldom of Ulster
Creation date1928
CreationSecond
Created byGeorge V
PeeragePeerage of the United Kingdom
First holderHugh de Lacy
Present holderPrince Richard, Duke of Gloucester
Heir apparentAlexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster
StatusExtant
Arms of the de Burgh, Earls of Ulster: Or, a cross gules.[1]
Arms of Mortimer, Earls of March and Earls of Ulster: Barry of six or and azure on a chief of the first two pallets between two gyrons of the second over all an inescutcheon argent (Mortimer), quartered with arms of de Burgh[2]
Arms of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, 8th Earl of Ulster: Quarterly, 1st and 4th, quarterly, France moderne, and England, overall a label of three points each charged with three torteaux (House of York), 2nd, quarterly, Castile and Leon, 3rd, quarterly, Mortimer and de Burgh, and overall an inescutcheon gules, three lions passant guardant or a bordure Argent (Holland, Earl of Kent)

The title of Earl of Ulster has been created six times in the Peerage of Ireland and twice in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Since 1928, the title has been held by the Duke of Gloucester and is used as a courtesy title by the Duke's eldest son, currently Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster. The wife of the Earl of Ulster is known as the Countess of Ulster. Ulster, one of the four traditional provinces of Ireland, consists of nine counties: six of these make up Northern Ireland; the remainder are in the Republic of Ireland.

History[edit]

King Henry II of England granted three Palatinates or seigniories in Ireland to Norman nobles during the Norman invasion of Ireland, that are considered to be equivalents of either earldoms or lordships by modern historians. Richard de Clare, Count Striguil, a Norman-Welsh knight known as Strongbow, was created Earl of Leinster, and the Anglo-Norman Sir Hugh de Lacy was created Earl of Meath. In 1181, Sir John de Courcy was created Earl of Ulster by patent from King Henry II. De Courcy was later also created Lord of Connaught and quickly became a rival of the De Lacys.[3] No record of his enrollment exists, but de Courcy enjoyed the grant of Ulster as an earldom, according to 19th-century analysis of deeds de Courcy executed that survived in patent rolls (the earliest of which dates to 1201).[4]

Though Ulster covers one-sixth of Ireland, making it among the largest land grants in Ireland, De Courcy began aggressively seizing more land in Ireland without permission, drawing the ire of King John of England. Hugh de Lacy the younger, son of the Earl of Meath, accused de Courcy of neglecting to pay homage to King John. The king sent a letter to the feudal barons of Ulster — allies of de Courcy – informing them that if they did not convince their lord to pay proper homage, all their land would be seized.[4] According to the Four Masters, in 1203, Hugh de Lacy the younger, along with a contingent of English soldiers from Meath, marched on Ulaid and expelled de Courcy. A bloody battle between the two sides ensued at a place called Dundaleathglass (possibly Down), but de Courcy escaped following the defeat. In 1204, the de Lacy forces drove de Courcy, "the plunderer of churches and territories," into Tyrone, where he sought protection from the Clan Owen, but the English of Ulaid chased him as far as Carrickfergus, Antrim. On Good Friday 1204, de Courcy was praying at the Church of Downpatrick (from which he had expelled, in 1177, the Augustinian monks settled there by St Malachy in 1124, replacing them with Benedictine monks). According to the account of his capture, the unarmed de Courcy managed to take a weapon from de Lacy's men and killed 13 of the men before he was finally subdued and sent to England where he was imprisoned in the Tower of London.[5][6] Though he eventually returned to royal favour, de Courcy never returned to Ireland.

De Courcy's lands and title were forfeited, and de Lacy was created the Earl of Ulster with the transfer of de Courcy's rights. The creation specifically granted Hugh de Lacy the right to everything John de Courcy possessed on the day of the battle, with the exception of the churches, which remained with the Crown:[4]

"The King to Meyler Fitz Henry, &c. and the Barons of Ireland, &c.
Know ye, that we have given and granted to Hugh de Lascy, for his homage and service, the land of Ulster, with the appurtenances, to have and to hold as John de Curcy held the same the day on which the same Hugh overcame him in the field, or on the day preceding: SAVING however to us the crosses of the same land. And know ye, that we do retain with us the aforesaid Hugh, and are leading him with us in our service; and therefore to you we command that his land and all his you preserve, maintain and defend as our demesne. Witness myself, at Windsor, the 2nd day of May." — Rotuli Litterarum Patentium in Turri Londinensi asservati 6 John[4]

An additional grant the following year confirmed granted to him the "whole land of Ulster" et hæredibus suis (with remainder to his heirs). He died in 1243, leaving only one legitimate daughter, Lady Maud de Lacy. Upon her marriage to Walter de Burgh, Lord of Connaught in 1264, de Burgh was created Earl of Ulster in right of his wife.[3][7][8][9]

The Burgh coat of arms (or a cross gules) was adopted as the flag of Ulster, though the title passed through the female line out of the family and eventually merged with the Crown. After the third earl was murdered at age 20 (leading to the Burke Civil War), he left only a daughter, Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster. She married Lionel of Antwerp, second surviving son of King Edward III, who held the title jure uxoris. Their only child Philippa became Countess of Ulster suo jure while her husband, Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March, held the title jure uxoris.[10]

After the death of Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March and 7th Earl of Ulster, the earldoms and estates were left to his nephew, Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, the son of Edmund's elder sister Anne de Mortimer. Along with his land and titles, Richard also inherited Mortimer's claim to the throne, which eventually led to the Wars of the Roses. After the Yorkist victory, Richard's son Edward of York was crowned Edward IV in 4 March 1461, and the Earldom of Ulster merged with the Crown.

The title of Earl of Ulster has subsequently been recreated six times for members of the Royal Family. The current incarnation of the title dates to 31 March 1928, when Prince Henry, the third son of King George V and Queen Mary, was simultaneously created Duke of Gloucester, Earl of Ulster and Baron Culloden in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.[7]

Earls Palatine of Ulster (1181)[edit]

Earl of Ulster, Peerage of Ireland, First Creation (1205)[edit]

Earls of Ulster, Peerage of Ireland, Second Creation (1264)[edit]

Earl of Ulster, Peerage of Ireland, Third Creation (1659)[edit]

Earl of Ulster, Peerage of Ireland, Fourth Creation (1716)[edit]

Earl of Ulster, Peerage of Ireland, Fifth Creation (1760)[edit]

Earl of Ulster, Peerage of Ireland, Sixth Creation (1784)[edit]

Earl of Ulster, Peerage of the United Kingdom, First Creation (1866)[edit]

Earls of Ulster, Peerage of the United Kingdom, Second Creation (1928)[edit]

Family trees[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Burke, Bernard (1884). The general armory of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales; comprising a registry of armorial bearings from the earliest to the present time. University of California Libraries. London : Harrison & sons.
  2. ^ Doyle, James William Edmund (1886). The Official Baronage of England. Longmans, Green. p. 469. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  3. ^ a b c Berry, MRIA, Major R.G. (January 1906). "The Whites of Dufferin and their Connection". Ulster Journal of Archaeology. XII (1). Ulster Archaeological Society: 122. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d Lynch, William (1830). A View of the legal institutions, honorary hereditary offices, and Feudal Baronies, established in Ireland, during the reign of Henry II., etc. pp. 144–145. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  5. ^ "On the Account of the Life and Acts of Saint Patrick". Archaeologia Scotica: Transactions of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland: 250. 1822.
  6. ^ O'Clery, Michael (1845). "The annals of Ireland, tr. from the orig. Irish of the Four masters by O. Connellan": 31. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ^ a b Banks, Thomas Christopher (1843). Baronia Anglica Concentrata. p. 206. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  8. ^ Burke, John (1846). A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerages of England, Ireland, and Scotland, extinct, dormant, and in abeyance. Henry Colburn. p. PA300. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  9. ^ O'Donovan, John (1856). Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland. Hodges, Smith and Company. p. 393. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  10. ^ "Recent Booklplates". Journal of the Ex Libris Society. VI (1). A. & C. Black: 138. January 1896.
  11. ^ Burack, Emily. "Meet the Children of Prince Richard, the Duke of Gloucester". Town & Country. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
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