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{{short description|Edible species of plant native to China and Korea}}
{{Short description|Species of Allium}}
{{about|a plant with the Japanese name ''Rakkyo''|the film series|Kara no Kyoukai}}
{{about|a plant with the Japanese name ''Rakkyō''|the film series|Kara no Kyōkai}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
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| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>Brummitt, N. (2013). ''Allium chinense. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species'' 2013: e.T44392537A44396666. {{DOI|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T44392537A44396666.en}} Downloaded on 05 January 2019.</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Brummitt, N. |date=2013 |title=''Allium chinense'' |volume=2013 |page=e.T44392537A44396666 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T44392537A44396666.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
| taxon = Allium chinense
| taxon = Allium chinense
| parent = Allium subg. Cepa
| authority = [[George Don|G.Don.]]<ref name="WCSP_295288">{{Cite web |title=''Allium chinense'' |work=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=295288 |accessdate=2013-05-28}}</ref>
| authority = [[George Don|G.Don.]]<ref name="WCSP_295288">{{Cite web |title=''Allium chinense'' |work=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=295288 |access-date=2013-05-28}}</ref>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=WCSP_295288/>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=WCSP_295288/>
|synonyms =
|synonyms =
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}}
}}


'''''Allium chinense''''' (also known as '''Chinese onion''',<ref name="grin" /><ref name="MMPND">Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database: [http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Allium.html#dic8.0 Allium.] University of Melbourne. Updated 3 August 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2014.</ref> '''Chinese scallion''',<ref name="grin" /> '''glittering chive''',<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |title=English Names for Korean Native Plants |publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-89-97450-98-5 |location=Pocheon |pages=347 |access-date=17 December 2016 |via=[[Korea Forest Service]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |archivedate=25 May 2017 }}</ref> '''Japanese scallion''',<ref name="grin" /> '''[[Kiangsi]] scallion''',<ref name="MMPND" /> and '''Oriental onion'''<ref name="grin" />) is an [[Eating|edible]] species of ''[[Allium]]'', native to [[China]] and [[Korea]], and cultivated in many other countries.<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200027461 Flora of China Vol. 24 Page 196 <big>藠头</big> jiao tou ''Allium chinense'' G. Don, Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 6: 83. 1827.]</ref> Its close relatives include the [[onion]], [[shallot]], [[leek]], [[chive]], and [[garlic]].<ref name=Block2010>{{cite book|author=Block, E.|title=Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science|url=https://books.google.com/?id=6AB89RHV9ucC&printsec=frontcover|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|year=2010|isbn=0-85404-190-7}}</ref>
'''''Allium chinense''''' (also known as '''Chinese onion''',<ref name="grin" /><ref name="MMPND">Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database: [http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Allium.html#dic8.0 Allium.] University of Melbourne. Updated 3 August 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2014.</ref> '''Chinese scallion''',<ref name="grin" /> '''glittering chive''',<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |title=English Names for Korean Native Plants |publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-89-97450-98-5 |location=Pocheon |pages=347 |access-date=17 December 2016 |via=[[Korea Forest Service]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 }}</ref> '''Japanese scallion''',<ref name="grin" /> '''[[Jiangxi|Kiangsi]] scallion''',<ref name="MMPND" /> and '''Oriental onion'''<ref name="grin" />) is an [[Eating|edible]] species of ''[[Allium]]'', native to [[China]],<ref name="grin" /> and cultivated in many other countries.<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200027461 Flora of China Vol. 24 Page 196 <big>藠头</big> jiao tou ''Allium chinense'' G. Don, Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 6: 83. 1827.]</ref> Its close relatives include the [[onion]], [[scallion]], [[leek]], [[chive]], and [[garlic]].<ref name=Block2010>{{cite book|author=Block, E.|title=Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6AB89RHV9ucC|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|year=2010|isbn=978-0-85404-190-9}}</ref>
[[File:W rakkyou1101.jpg|thumb|Flowers of ''Allium chinense'']]


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
''Allium chinense'' is native to [[China]] (in [[Anhui]], [[Fujian]], [[Guangdong]], [[Guangxi]], [[Guizhou]], [[Hainan]], [[Henan]], [[Hubei]], [[Hunan]], [[Jiangxi]], and [[Zhejiang]] provinces) plus in areas where it is also deliberately planted. It is [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] in other parts of [[Asia]] as well as in [[North America]].<ref name=grin/><ref>[http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium%20chinense Plants For A Future: ''Allium chinense'']</ref><ref>[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ALCH5 United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile: ''Allium chinense'']</ref>
''Allium chinense'' is native to [[China]] (in [[Anhui]], [[Fujian]], [[Guangdong]], [[Guangxi]], [[Guizhou]], [[Hainan]], [[Henan]], [[Hubei]], [[Hunan]], [[Jiangxi]], and [[Zhejiang]] provinces).<ref name="grin" /> It is [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] in other parts of [[Asia]] as well as in [[North America]].<ref name=grin/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Allium chinense Rakkyo PFAF Plant Database|url=https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+chinense|access-date=2021-11-10|website=pfaf.org}}</ref><ref>{{PLANTS|symbol=ALCH5|taxon=Allium chinense|access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref>


==Uses==
==Uses==


===Culinary===
===Culinary===
Owing to its very mild and "fresh" taste ''A. chinense'' is often [[pickled]] and served as a side dish in [[Japan]] and [[Vietnam]], to balance the stronger [[flavor]] of some other component in a meal. For example, in [[Japanese cuisine]] it is eaten with [[Japanese curry]] as a garnish.<ref>http://justhungry.com/japanese-beef-curry</ref>
Owing to its very mild and "fresh" taste, ''A. chinense'' is often [[pickled]] and served as a side dish in [[Japan]] and [[Vietnam]] to balance the stronger [[Flavoring|flavor]] of some other component in a meal. For example, in [[Japanese cuisine]], it is eaten as a garnish on [[Japanese curry]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2007-02-06|title=Japanese beef curry (Curry Rice)|url=https://justhungry.com/japanese-beef-curry|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-10|website=JustHungry|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208004023/http://www.justhungry.com:80/japanese-beef-curry |archive-date=2007-02-08 }}</ref>


In Vietnam, pickled ''A. chinense'' is often served during [[Tết]] (Vietnamese New Year).{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}
In Vietnam, pickled ''A. chinense'', known as ''củ kiệu'', is often served during [[Tết]] (Lunar New Year).{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}

In [[Japanese language|Japanese]], it is known as {{Nihongo|''rakkyō''|辣韮 or 薤}}. Glass bottles of white ''rakkyō'' bulb pickles are sold in Asian supermarkets in North America.<ref>{{cite web|title=Niitakaya Rakkyo |website=Asia Mart, Santa Rosa|url-status=live |url=https://asiamartsr.com/products/niitakaya-rakkyo-pickled-scallion|access-date=2023-06-24|archive-date=2021-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202222336/https://asiamartsr.com/products/niitakaya-rakkyo-pickled-scallion}}</ref>


===Medicinal===
===Medicinal===
''Allium chinense'' is used as a [[folk medicine]] in [[Herbal tonic|tonic]]s to help the [[intestines]], and as a [[stomachic]].<ref name=jad>{{cite web|author=James A. Duke |title=''Allium chinense'' (LILIACEAE) |publisher=Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases |url=https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/ethnoPlants/show/10032?qlookup=Allium+chinense |accessdate=2017-12-15}}</ref>
''Allium chinense'' is used as a [[folk medicine]] in [[Herbal tonic|tonic]]s to help the [[intestines]], and as a [[stomachic]].<ref name=jad>{{cite web|author=James A. Duke |title=''Allium chinense'' (LILIACEAE) |publisher=Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases |url=https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/ethnoplants/show/20132 |access-date=2017-12-15}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*{{annotated link|Allium tuberosum|aka=Garlic chives}}
*{{annotated link|Allium tuberosum|''Allium tuberosum''|aka=garlic chives}}
*{{annotated link|Pickled onion}}
*{{annotated link|Pickled onion}}


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{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=


<ref name=grin>{{GRIN | accessdate = 2017-12-15}}</ref>
<ref name=grin>{{GRIN | access-date = 2017-12-15}}</ref>
}}
}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[http://www.tropicos.org/ImageFullView.aspx?imageid=52213 Botanical drawing of ''Allium chinense'' at Tropicos.org]
* [http://www.tropicos.org/ImageFullView.aspx?imageid=52213 Botanical drawing of ''Allium chinense'' at Tropicos.org]

{{Commonscat-inline|Allium chinense}}
* {{PFAF|Allium chinense}}
* {{PFAF|Allium splendens}}


{{Allium}}
{{Allium}}

Revision as of 01:10, 11 February 2024

This article is about a plant with the Japanese name Rakkyō. For the film series, see Kara no Kyōkai.

Chinese onion
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Subfamily: Allioideae
Genus: Allium
Subgenus: A. subg. Cepa
Species:
A. chinense
Binomial name
Allium chinense
Synonyms[2]
Synonymy

Allium chinense (also known as Chinese onion,[3][4] Chinese scallion,[3] glittering chive,[5] Japanese scallion,[3] Kiangsi scallion,[4] and Oriental onion[3]) is an edible species of Allium, native to China,[3] and cultivated in many other countries.[6] Its close relatives include the onion, scallion, leek, chive, and garlic.[7]

Flowers of Allium chinense

Distribution

Allium chinense is native to China (in Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang provinces).[3] It is naturalized in other parts of Asia as well as in North America.[3][8][9]

Uses

Culinary

Owing to its very mild and "fresh" taste, A. chinense is often pickled and served as a side dish in Japan and Vietnam to balance the stronger flavor of some other component in a meal. For example, in Japanese cuisine, it is eaten as a garnish on Japanese curry.[10]

In Vietnam, pickled A. chinense, known as củ kiệu, is often served during Tết (Lunar New Year).[citation needed]

In Japanese, it is known as rakkyō (辣韮 or 薤). Glass bottles of white rakkyō bulb pickles are sold in Asian supermarkets in North America.[11]

Medicinal

Allium chinense is used as a folk medicine in tonics to help the intestines, and as a stomachic.[12]

See also

  • Allium tuberosum, also known as garlic chives – Species of onion native to southwestern parts of the Chinese province of Shanxi
  • Pickled onion – Onions pickled in a solution of vinegar or salt

References

  1. ^ Brummitt, N. (2013). "Allium chinense". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T44392537A44396666. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T44392537A44396666.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Allium chinense". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "Allium chinense". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2017-12-15.
  4. ^ a b Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database: Allium. University of Melbourne. Updated 3 August 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  5. ^ English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 347. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.
  6. ^ Flora of China Vol. 24 Page 196 藠头 jiao tou Allium chinense G. Don, Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 6: 83. 1827.
  7. ^ Block, E. (2010). Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science. Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 978-0-85404-190-9.
  8. ^ "Allium chinense Rakkyo PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
  9. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "​Allium chinense​". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  10. ^ "Japanese beef curry (Curry Rice)". JustHungry. 2007-02-06. Archived from the original on 2007-02-08. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
  11. ^ "Niitakaya Rakkyo". Asia Mart, Santa Rosa. Archived from the original on 2021-12-02. Retrieved 2023-06-24.
  12. ^ James A. Duke. "Allium chinense (LILIACEAE)". Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. Retrieved 2017-12-15.
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