Haycock boiler: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Aigle Stephenson Mulhouse FRA 001.JPG|thumb|French locomotive ''L'Aigle'']] |
[[File:Aigle Stephenson Mulhouse FRA 001.JPG|thumb|French locomotive ''L'Aigle'']] |
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A '''haycock boiler''' is an early form of steam [[locomotive boiler]] with a prominently raised [[firebox (steam engine)|firebox]] of "[[Gothic arch]]", "[[haystack]]", or "[[coppernob]]" shape. The term [[ |
A '''haycock boiler''' is an early form of steam [[locomotive boiler]] with a prominently raised [[firebox (steam engine)|firebox]] of "[[Gothic arch]]", "[[haystack]]", or "[[coppernob]]" shape. The term [[haystack boiler|haystack]] is most commonly used, but is avoided here as it is confusingly used for three quite different forms of boiler.<ref name="Harris, Model Boilers, Napier-Haystack" >{{cite book |
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|title=Model Boilers and Boilermaking |
|title=Model Boilers and Boilermaking |
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|author=K. N. Harris |
|author=K. N. Harris |
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| Line 8: | Line 8: | ||
|ref=Harris, Model Boilers |
|ref=Harris, Model Boilers |
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|page=54 |
|page=54 |
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}}</ref> This particularly large outer firebox served as the [[Glossary of boiler terminology#Dome|steam dome]] and was often highly decorated with polished [[brass]]. These were popular for early railway locomotives, from |
}}</ref> This particularly large outer firebox served as the [[Glossary of boiler terminology#Dome|steam dome]] and was often highly decorated with polished [[brass]]. These were popular for early railway locomotives, from 1840 to the 1850s.<ref name="Hewison, Locomotive Boiler Explosions, Gothic" >{{cite book |
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|first=Christian H. |last=Hewison |
|first=Christian H. |last=Hewison |
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|title=Locomotive Boiler Explosions |
|title=Locomotive Boiler Explosions |
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| Line 19: | Line 19: | ||
== Haystack firebox{{anchor|haystack}} == |
== Haystack firebox{{anchor|haystack}} == |
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[[File:L&MR Planet class, 1830 (Boys' Book of Locomotives, 1907).jpg|thumb|[[London & Birmingham Railway]] 2-2-0 [[ |
[[File:L&MR Planet class, 1830 (Boys' Book of Locomotives, 1907).jpg|thumb|[[London & Birmingham Railway]] 2-2-0 [[Bury Bar Frame locomotive|Bury locomotive]]]] |
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The prominently raised firebox first appeared in 1830, in [[Edward Bury|Bury]]'s 0-4-0 locomotive ''[[Liverpool (1830 locomotive)|Liverpool]]''. This was the progenitor of his [[ |
The prominently raised firebox first appeared in 1830, in [[Edward Bury|Bury]]'s 0-4-0 locomotive ''[[Liverpool (1830 locomotive)|Liverpool]]''. This was the progenitor of his [[Bury Bar Frame locomotive|bar-frame locomotive]]s and shared their distinctive boiler design. The inner firebox was D-shaped in plan, with a flat tubeplate. Fireboxes of this time did not yet have a [[Firebox (steam engine)#Brick arch|brick arch]] and so the Bury firebox was relatively short in length but tall, to give an adequate length of combustion path. The outer firebox was a vertical cylinder, formed into a tall hemispherical dome above it.<ref name="Ahrons, Bury, Liverpool" >{{cite book |
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|title=The British Steam Railway Locomotive |
|title=The British Steam Railway Locomotive |
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|last=Ahrons |first=E.L. | |
|last=Ahrons |first=E.L. |author-link=E.L. Ahrons |
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|volume=I, to 1925 |
|volume=I, to 1925 |
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|publisher=[[Ian Allan]] |
|publisher=[[Ian Allan Publishing|Ian Allan]] |
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|year=1966 |
|year=1966 |
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|ref=Ahrons, British Steam Railway Locomotive |
|ref=Ahrons, British Steam Railway Locomotive |
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| Line 33: | Line 33: | ||
A regular problem with early steam locomotives was that of [[priming (steam engine)|priming]], the carry-over of water with the steam. Many varieties of [[Glossary of boiler terminology#Dome|steam dome]] on the boiler barrel were tried to avoid this, by taking the steam outlet from as high as possible above the waterline. Stephenson's ''[[Stephenson's Rocket|Rocket]]'' of 1829 had used such a small steam dome. In the 1830s, domes became extravagantly large. A drawback to fitting such large domes was the weakening of the boiler shell where such a large hole was cut into it. |
A regular problem with early steam locomotives was that of [[priming (steam engine)|priming]], the carry-over of water with the steam. Many varieties of [[Glossary of boiler terminology#Dome|steam dome]] on the boiler barrel were tried to avoid this, by taking the steam outlet from as high as possible above the waterline. Stephenson's ''[[Stephenson's Rocket|Rocket]]'' of 1829 had used such a small steam dome. In the 1830s, domes became extravagantly large. A drawback to fitting such large domes was the weakening of the boiler shell where such a large hole was cut into it. |
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In 1840, [[Robert Stephenson and Company|Stephenson]] produced their 2-2-2 design which avoided the dome altogether, in favour of a raised firebox in the Bury style of ten years earlier.<ref name="Ahrons, Gothic" >[[#Ahrons, British Steam Railway Locomotive|Ahrons, British Steam Railway Locomotive]], p. 35</ref> Boiler power had increased considerably over the decade, now requiring a larger fire grate area. The inner and outer fireboxes were square in plan, with flat sides that required [[ |
In 1840, [[Robert Stephenson and Company|Stephenson]] produced their 2-2-2 design which avoided the dome altogether, in favour of a raised firebox in the Bury style of ten years earlier.<ref name="Ahrons, Gothic" >[[#Ahrons, British Steam Railway Locomotive|Ahrons, British Steam Railway Locomotive]], p. 35</ref> Boiler power had increased considerably over the decade, now requiring a larger fire grate area. The inner and outer fireboxes were square in plan, with flat sides that required [[Boiler stay|stay]]ing. At the top these four sides were [[vault (architecture)|vault]]ed inwards to a point, having a profile approximating a then-fashionable [[Gothic arch]]. These provided a large steam space above the waterline, but their flat surfaces limited working pressure. |
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Stephenson used the Gothic arch firebox for their [[Long Boiler locomotive|long-boiler locomotive]]s as well, including their 2-2-2 ''North Star'' of 1841<ref >Not the better-known GWR ''[[GWR Star Class|North Star]]''</ref><ref name="Ahrons, Stephenson long-boiler" >[[#Ahrons, British Steam Railway Locomotive|Ahrons, British Steam Railway Locomotive]], p. 53-54</ref> and outside-cylindered 2-2-2s for the [[Yarmouth and Norwich Railway]] in 1844.<ref name="Ahrons, Stephenson long-boiler" /> |
Stephenson used the Gothic arch firebox for their [[Long Boiler locomotive|long-boiler locomotive]]s as well, including their 2-2-2 ''North Star'' of 1841<ref >Not the better-known GWR ''[[GWR Star Class|North Star]]''</ref><ref name="Ahrons, Stephenson long-boiler" >[[#Ahrons, British Steam Railway Locomotive|Ahrons, British Steam Railway Locomotive]], p. 53-54</ref> and outside-cylindered 2-2-2s for the [[Yarmouth and Norwich Railway]] in 1844.<ref name="Ahrons, Stephenson long-boiler" /> |
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|title=Great Western Locomotive Practice 1837–1947 |
|title=Great Western Locomotive Practice 1837–1947 |
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|last=Holcroft |first=H. |
|last=Holcroft |first=H. |
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|author-link=Harold Holcroft |
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|publisher=[[Locomotive Publishing]] |location=London |
|publisher=[[Locomotive Publishing Company|Locomotive Publishing]] |location=London |
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|year=1957 |
|year=1957 |
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|page=8 |
|page=8 |
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}}</ref> GWR locomotives after this, from the [[GWR Pyracmon Class|''Pyracmon'' class]], used Gooch's stronger [[round-topped boiler|round-topped firebox]] with its wrapper raised above the boiler barrel. |
}}</ref> GWR locomotives after this, from the [[GWR Pyracmon Class|''Pyracmon'' class]], used Gooch's stronger [[round-topped boiler|round-topped firebox]] with its wrapper raised above the boiler barrel. |
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One well-known locomotive that |
One well-known locomotive that no longer uses a haycock boiler, despite its external appearance, was the L&MR [[LMR 57 Lion|''Lion'']] of 1838. This survived by spending many years as a stationary pump in Liverpool docks. It was re-boilered around 1880 with what was then a typical contemporary design, a [[round-topped boiler]] with raised firebox. When restored for historical display at the [[Liverpool and Manchester Railway|L&MR]] centenary of 1930, this was then hidden beneath a purely decorative brass facsimile of the original haycock boiler.<ref >{{Cite book |
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|title=Loco Motion |
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|last=Bailey |first=Michael R. |
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|year=2014 |
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|publisher=The History Press |
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|isbn=978-0-7524-9101-1 |
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|chapter=The Patentee Type: ''Lion'' 0-4-2 |
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|pages=120–122 |
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}}</ref> This simplified round-topped firebox within an external brass pyramid was reproduced in [[Curly Lawrence|LBSC]]'s 1953 5" gauge [[model engineering]] design ''[[Titfield Thunderbolt]]''. |
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== Other makers of haystack fireboxes == |
== Other makers of haystack fireboxes == |
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Some makers retained the Bury pattern of a hemispherical firebox. The American-built 4-2-0 [[Norris locomotive]]s for the [[Birmingham and Gloucester Railway]] resembled |
Some makers retained the Bury pattern of a hemispherical firebox. The American-built 4-2-0 [[Norris locomotive]]s for the [[Birmingham and Gloucester Railway]] resembled a Bury design with outside cylinders, and retained the small D-shaped inner firebox.<ref name="Ahrons, Norris" >[[#Ahrons, British Steam Railway Locomotive|Ahrons, British Steam Railway Locomotive]], p. 42</ref> [[Kitson and Company|Kitson]] also built a number of long-boiler 0-6-0s around 1845, also using the hemispherical haystack firebox.<ref name="Ahrons, Gothic" /><ref name="Westcott, British railway locomotive, Kitson Hector" >{{cite book |
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|title=Kitson's 0-6-0 ''Hector'', long-boiler locomotive for the York and North Midland Railway |
|title=Kitson's 0-6-0 ''Hector'', long-boiler locomotive for the York and North Midland Railway |
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|last=Westcott |first=G. F. |
|last=Westcott |first=G. F. |
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| Line 69: | Line 78: | ||
|publisher=[[National Railway Museum]] |
|publisher=[[National Railway Museum]] |
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}}</ref><ref >{{cite web |
}}</ref><ref >{{cite web |
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|title=Furness Railway No. 3 Locomotive 'Old Coppernob'' |
|title=Furness Railway No. 3 Locomotive ''Old Coppernob'' |
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|url=http://lindal-in-furness.co.uk/RailPhotos/FR03.htm |
|url=http://lindal-in-furness.co.uk/RailPhotos/FR03.htm |
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|publisher=Lindal & Marton Community Website |
|publisher=Lindal & Marton Community Website |
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| Line 78: | Line 87: | ||
==References== |
==References== |
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{{Commonscat| |
{{Commonscat|Haycock boilers}} |
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{{reflist |
{{reflist}} |
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{{Boilers}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
[[Category:Steam locomotive fireboxes]] |
[[Category:Steam locomotive fireboxes]] |
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[[Category:Steam boiler types]] |
[[Category:Steam boiler types]] |
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| ⚫ | |||
Latest revision as of 12:44, 5 February 2024
A haycock boiler is an early form of steam locomotive boiler with a prominently raised firebox of "Gothic arch", "haystack", or "coppernob" shape. The term haystack is most commonly used, but is avoided here as it is confusingly used for three quite different forms of boiler.[1] This particularly large outer firebox served as the steam dome and was often highly decorated with polished brass. These were popular for early railway locomotives, from 1840 to the 1850s.[2]
Haystack firebox
[edit].jpg)
The prominently raised firebox first appeared in 1830, in Bury's 0-4-0 locomotive Liverpool. This was the progenitor of his bar-frame locomotives and shared their distinctive boiler design. The inner firebox was D-shaped in plan, with a flat tubeplate. Fireboxes of this time did not yet have a brick arch and so the Bury firebox was relatively short in length but tall, to give an adequate length of combustion path. The outer firebox was a vertical cylinder, formed into a tall hemispherical dome above it.[3] Later Bury designs were flattened on top and became known as "haystacks".[4]
Gothic arch firebox
[edit]A regular problem with early steam locomotives was that of priming, the carry-over of water with the steam. Many varieties of steam dome on the boiler barrel were tried to avoid this, by taking the steam outlet from as high as possible above the waterline. Stephenson's Rocket of 1829 had used such a small steam dome. In the 1830s, domes became extravagantly large. A drawback to fitting such large domes was the weakening of the boiler shell where such a large hole was cut into it.
In 1840, Stephenson produced their 2-2-2 design which avoided the dome altogether, in favour of a raised firebox in the Bury style of ten years earlier.[4] Boiler power had increased considerably over the decade, now requiring a larger fire grate area. The inner and outer fireboxes were square in plan, with flat sides that required staying. At the top these four sides were vaulted inwards to a point, having a profile approximating a then-fashionable Gothic arch. These provided a large steam space above the waterline, but their flat surfaces limited working pressure.
Stephenson used the Gothic arch firebox for their long-boiler locomotives as well, including their 2-2-2 North Star of 1841[5][6] and outside-cylindered 2-2-2s for the Yarmouth and Norwich Railway in 1844.[6]
.jpg)
The Gothic arch firebox was also notably used by a number of Gooch's Great Western Railway broad-gauge locomotives,[4][7] including the Firefly, Leo and Hercules classes of 1840-1842. The last class to use them was the Premier class of 1846–7, which were also the first locomotives to be constructed at the new Swindon Works.[8] GWR locomotives after this, from the Pyracmon class, used Gooch's stronger round-topped firebox with its wrapper raised above the boiler barrel.
One well-known locomotive that no longer uses a haycock boiler, despite its external appearance, was the L&MR Lion of 1838. This survived by spending many years as a stationary pump in Liverpool docks. It was re-boilered around 1880 with what was then a typical contemporary design, a round-topped boiler with raised firebox. When restored for historical display at the L&MR centenary of 1930, this was then hidden beneath a purely decorative brass facsimile of the original haycock boiler.[9] This simplified round-topped firebox within an external brass pyramid was reproduced in LBSC's 1953 5" gauge model engineering design Titfield Thunderbolt.
Other makers of haystack fireboxes
[edit]Some makers retained the Bury pattern of a hemispherical firebox. The American-built 4-2-0 Norris locomotives for the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway resembled a Bury design with outside cylinders, and retained the small D-shaped inner firebox.[10] Kitson also built a number of long-boiler 0-6-0s around 1845, also using the hemispherical haystack firebox.[4][11]
Coppernob
[edit]Bury also built Furness Railway Nº 3 of 1846, one of the few surviving locomotives of this style and period. This locomotive acquired the name "Old Coppernob" or "Coppernob", on account of its polished copper outer cladding,[12][13][14] which it then gave generically to this style of boiler.
Demise
[edit]By around 1850 the haystack and Gothic boiler had fallen from favour. Boiler working pressures had risen from 80 psi to the 120 psi of the Jenny Lind, making the flat surfaces of the Gothic firebox unsupportable. Future locomotives returned to the use of the steam dome.
References
[edit]
- ^ K. N. Harris (1974). Model Boilers and Boilermaking. MAP. p. 54. ISBN 0-85242-377-2.
- ^ Hewison, Christian H. (1983). Locomotive Boiler Explosions. David and Charles. p. 12. ISBN 0-7153-8305-1.
- ^ Ahrons, E.L. (1966). The British Steam Railway Locomotive. Vol. I, to 1925. Ian Allan. pp. 18–19.
- ^ a b c d Ahrons, British Steam Railway Locomotive, p. 35
- ^ Not the better-known GWR North Star
- ^ a b Ahrons, British Steam Railway Locomotive, p. 53-54
- ^ Ahrons, British Steam Railway Locomotive, p. 46-47
- ^ Holcroft, H. (1957). Great Western Locomotive Practice 1837–1947. London: Locomotive Publishing. p. 8.
- ^ Bailey, Michael R. (2014). "The Patentee Type: Lion 0-4-2". Loco Motion. The History Press. pp. 120–122. ISBN 978-0-7524-9101-1.
- ^ Ahrons, British Steam Railway Locomotive, p. 42
- ^ Westcott, G. F. (1958). Kitson's 0-6-0 Hector, long-boiler locomotive for the York and North Midland Railway. London: Science Museum, HMSO. p. fig. 20.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ "Cumberland and Westmorland Archives - Furness Railway". Cumberland and Westmorland Archives.
- ^ "Furness Railway 'Coppernob' 0-4-0 steam locomotive, No 3, 1846". National Railway Museum.
- ^ "Furness Railway No. 3 Locomotive Old Coppernob". Lindal & Marton Community Website.