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{{Notability |reason=one passing mention in one source; other source dead and archiving barred |find=Spook Hunters |find2=California gang |date=July 2023}} |
{{Notability |reason=one passing mention in one source; other source dead and archiving barred |find=Spook Hunters |find2=California gang |date=July 2023}} |
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The '''Spook Hunters''' were a [[White American|white]] [[racist]] youth gang of [[South Gate, California]], active from the 1940s to the 1950s. The gang was founded as a reaction to the growing [[African American]] population in the neighboring city of [[Los Angeles]]. The group's goal centered on work against [[desegregation busing|integration]] and for [[racial segregation]] in communities. |
The '''Spook Hunters''' were a [[White American|white]] [[racist]] youth gang of [[South Gate, California]], active from the 1940s to the 1950s. The gang was founded as a reaction to the growing [[African American]] population in the neighboring city of [[Los Angeles]]. The group's goal centered on work against [[desegregation busing|integration]] and for [[racial segregation]] in communities. |
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To reach these goals they started fights with and intimidated black youths. In response to these white racist gangs, the black youths formed their own gangs to protect themselves and their neighborhoods: The Slausons, the Businessmen, and the Gladiators were all formed as a direct reaction to attacks from white gangs like the Spook Hunters.<ref name="rep">Judith Greene and Kevin Pranis: ''Gang Wars: The Failure of Enforcement Tactics and the Need for Effective Public Safety Strategies'' July 2007, p. 25, [http://www.justicepolicy.org/images/upload/07-07_rep_gangwars_gc-ps-ac-jj.pdf online]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alonso |first=Alejandro A. |date=2004 |title=Racialized Identitites and the Formation of Black Gangs in Los Angeles |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2747/0272-3638.25.7.658 |journal=Urban Geography |language=en |volume=25 |issue=7 |pages=658–674 |doi=10.2747/0272-3638.25.7.658 |issn=0272-3638}}</ref> |
To reach these goals they started fights with and intimidated black youths. In response to these white racist gangs, the black youths formed their own gangs to protect themselves and their neighborhoods: The Slausons, the Businessmen, and the Gladiators were all formed as a direct reaction to attacks from white gangs like the Spook Hunters.<ref name="rep">Judith Greene and Kevin Pranis: ''Gang Wars: The Failure of Enforcement Tactics and the Need for Effective Public Safety Strategies'' July 2007, p. 25, [http://www.justicepolicy.org/images/upload/07-07_rep_gangwars_gc-ps-ac-jj.pdf online]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alonso |first=Alejandro A. |date=2004 |title=Racialized Identitites and the Formation of Black Gangs in Los Angeles |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2747/0272-3638.25.7.658 |journal=Urban Geography |language=en |volume=25 |issue=7 |pages=658–674 |doi=10.2747/0272-3638.25.7.658 |issn=0272-3638}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Alonso |first=Alex |url=http://www.alexalonso.com/academic/ALEX-A-ALONSO-1999-Thesis-complete.pdf |title=Territoriality Among African American Street Gangs in Los Angeles |publisher=University of Southern California |year=1999 |pages=74-76}}</ref> |
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==Further reading== |
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*{{cite web|last=Alonso|first=Alejandro|title=''Black Street Gangs in Los Angeles: A History''|url=http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p15799coll16/id/29749|work=Territoriality Among African American Street Gangs in Los Angeles|publisher=University of Southern California |accessdate=26 November 2011}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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[[Category:Anti-black racism in California]] |
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[[Category:Former gangs of Los Angeles]] |
[[Category:Former gangs of Los Angeles]] |
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[[Category:European-American gangs]] |
[[Category:European-American gangs]] |
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Latest revision as of 08:39, 1 February 2024
 | The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. (July 2023) |
The Spook Hunters were a white racist youth gang of South Gate, California, active from the 1940s to the 1950s. The gang was founded as a reaction to the growing African American population in the neighboring city of Los Angeles. The group's goal centered on work against integration and for racial segregation in communities. To reach these goals they started fights with and intimidated black youths. In response to these white racist gangs, the black youths formed their own gangs to protect themselves and their neighborhoods: The Slausons, the Businessmen, and the Gladiators were all formed as a direct reaction to attacks from white gangs like the Spook Hunters.[1][2][3]
References
[edit]- ^ Judith Greene and Kevin Pranis: Gang Wars: The Failure of Enforcement Tactics and the Need for Effective Public Safety Strategies July 2007, p. 25, online
- ^ Alonso, Alejandro A. (2004). "Racialized Identitites and the Formation of Black Gangs in Los Angeles". Urban Geography. 25 (7): 658–674. doi:10.2747/0272-3638.25.7.658. ISSN 0272-3638.
- ^ Alonso, Alex (1999). Territoriality Among African American Street Gangs in Los Angeles (PDF). University of Southern California. pp. 74–76.