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{{short description|Dutch cargo ship that served in the US Navy in the First World War}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=USS Zaanland as commercial ship.jpg
|Ship image= USS Zaanland as commercial ship.jpg
|Ship caption= ''Zaanland'' in KHL colors, with her name and port of registration painted on her side for identification as a neutral ship in the First World War
|Ship image size=300px
}}
|Ship image alt=USS Zaanland
|Ship caption=''Zaanland'' as a commercial ship prior to her [[United States Navy]] service
}}
{{Infobox ship career
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Hide header=
|Ship country=[[Netherlands]]
|Ship name= ''Zaanland''
|Ship namesake= [[Zaan]] River
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Netherlands|civil}}
|Ship owner= *1900: Zuid-Amerika Lijn
|Ship name=''Zaanland''
*1908: [[:nl:Koninklijke Hollandsche Lloyd|Koninklijke Hollandsche Lloyd]]
|Ship namesake=Zaanland River
|Ship operator= {{flagicon|US}} [[United States Navy|US Navy]] (1918)
|Ship owner=*Zuid Amerika Lijn (1900-1908)
|Ship registry= {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Port of Amsterdam|Amsterdam]]
*Koninklijke Hollandsche Lloyd (1908-1918)
|Ship route= *1900–17: [[Europe]] – east coast of [[South America]]
|Ship operator=
|Ship homeport=*[[Amsterdam]]
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builder=[[Russell and Company|Russell & Co.]], [[Port Glasgow]]
|Ship builder= [[Lithgows|Russell & Co]], [[Port Glasgow]]
|Ship yard number=460
|Ship original cost=
|Ship laid down=
|Ship yard number= 460
|Ship launched=7 September 1900
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched= 7 September 1900
|Ship sponsor=
|Ship completed= 12 October 1900
|Ship completed=October 1900
|Ship acquired=
|Ship maiden voyage=12 October 1900
|Ship commissioned=
|Ship identification=
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship honours=
*[[Call sign#Ships and boats|Call sign]] QCVP
|Ship maiden voyage= [[Greenock]] – [[Port of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]]
|Ship refit=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship identification= *[[code letters]] QCVP
*{{ICS|Quebec}}{{ICS|Charlie}}{{ICS|Victor}}{{ICS|Papa}}
*{{ICS|Quebec}}{{ICS|Charlie}}{{ICS|Victor}}{{ICS|Papa}}
*1918: [[Naval Registry Identification Number|ID number]] ID–2746
|Ship fate=Transferred to US Navy
|Ship fate= Sunk by collision, 12 May 1918
|Ship status=
|Ship notes=
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{USN flag|1918}}
|Ship name=USS ''Zaanland''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship owner=[[United States Shipping Board|USSB]]
|Ship operator=*[[U.S. Navy]] (1918)
|Ship acquired=25 March 1918
|Ship commissioned=29 March 1918
|Ship fate=Sunk in collision, 12 May 1918
|Ship status=
|Ship badge=
}}
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Header caption=
|Ship type=[[Cargo ship]]
|Ship type= [[cargo ship]]
|Ship tonnage=*{{GRT|4160}} (1900-1906)<ref name=lloyds/>
|Ship tonnage= *{{DWT|6490}}
*1902: {{GRT|4160}}, {{NRT|2714}}
*{{GRT|5417}} (1907-1918)<ref name=lloyds1>{{cite book |year=1907-1908 |title=Lloyd's Register, Steamships and Motorships |location=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]]}}</ref>
*1907: {{GRT|5417}}, {{NRT|3526}}
*{{NRT|2714}} (1900-1906)<ref name=lloyds/>
|Ship displacement= 8,700 tons
*{{NRT|3526}} (1907-1918)<ref name=lloyds1/>
|Ship length= {{cvt|389.4|ft|abbr=on}}
*{{DWT|6490}}
|Ship beam= {{cvt|51.1|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship displacement=
|Ship length={{convert|389|ft|4|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draft= {{cvt|23|ft|6|in|abbr=on|2}}
|Ship beam={{convert|51|ft|1|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship depth= {{cvt|25.2|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship decks= 2
|Ship depth={{convert|25|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship power= 449 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]], 2,400 [[Horsepower#Indicated horsepower|ihp]]
|Ship draft={{convert|23|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}} mean
|Ship power=449 [[Nhp]]
|Ship propulsion= *1 × [[Propeller|screw]]
|Ship propulsion=[[Dunsmuir & Jackson]] 3-cylinder [[triple expansion engine|triple expansion]]
*1 × [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|triple-expansion engine]]
|Ship speed={{convert|11|kn|mph km/h|lk=in|abbr=on}}
|Ship speed= {{convert|11|kn|km/h}}
|Ship capacity= *cargo: {{cvt|384000|cuft}} grain, {{cvt|355000|cuft}} bale
|Ship range=
*passengers: 1,400 [[steerage]] (1906–10)
|Ship capacity=
|Ship complement=81 (during WWI)
|Ship complement= in US Navy: 81
|Ship armament=
|Ship crew=
|Ship notes=
|Ship armament=
|Ship sensors=
|Ship notes= [[sister ship]]s: ''Amstelland'', ''Rijnland''
}}
}}
|}
|}


'''''Zaanland''''' was a steam single-screw cargo ship built in 1900 by [[Russell and Company]] of [[Port Glasgow]] for Zuid Amerika Lijn of [[Amsterdam]] with intention of carrying cattle from Argentina and Uruguay to various ports in Europe, including England. The cargo ship operated on South America to Europe route during her entire career. She was requisitioned by the US Navy in March 1918 and sunk after colliding with another vessel on her first trip under Navy flag two months later.
'''SS ''Zaanland''''' was a [[Cargo ship|cargo]] [[steamship]] that was built in [[Scotland]] in 1900 for [[Netherlands|Dutch]] owners, and sunk in a collision in 1918. She was built for the Zuid-Amerika Lijn, which in 1908 became [[:nl:Koninklijke Hollandsche Lloyd|Koninklijke Hollandsche Lloyd]]. The US Government requisitioned her in March 1918 as USS ''Zaanland'', with the [[Naval Registry Identification Number]] '''ID–2746'''. She was sunk in a collision less than two months later.


==Design and Construction==
==Building and identification==
Due to increasing economic growth in South American countries of Argentina and Brazil in late nineteenth century prominent Dutch shipping, trade and banking circles felt the need to establish regular shipping connections with South America. In July 1899 they established Zuid Amerika Lijn (Z.A.L.) with total capitalization of approximately 2 million [[Dutch guilder|guldens]]. In addition, an order for three cargo ships, future SS ''Amstelland'', SS ''Zaanland'' and SS ''Rijnland'', was placed with Russel & Co. ''Zaanland'' was the second of these ships, and was laid down at the builder's yard in Port Glasgow (yard number 460) and launched on 7 September 1900.<ref name=miramar>{{csr|register=MSI|id=5601574|shipname=Zaanland|accessdate=25 July 2020}}</ref><ref name=mar>{{cite news |title=Launches. |date=October 1900 |newspaper=The Steamship |page=152 |volume=XII |number=136}}</ref> The ship was of the spar-deck type, had a continuous sheltered deck constructed both fore and aft to carry large quantities of cattle or light cargo. The vessel had all the modern machinery fitted for quick loading and unloading of the cargo and had electrical lights installed along the decks.
In 1899 the Zuid-Amerika Line (ZAL) was founded to trade between the Netherlands and [[South America]]. It ordered three new [[sister ship]]s from [[Lithgows|Russell & Co]] in [[Port Glasgow]] on the [[River Clyde]]. ''Amstelland'' was built as yard number 459, launched on 5 June 1900, and completed that July.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=379 |title=Amstelland – ID 379|work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref> ''Zaanland'' was yard number 460, launched on 7 September 1900, and completed on 12 October.<ref name=miramar>{{csr |register=MSI |id=5601574 |shipname=Zaanland |access-date=25 July 2020}}</ref><ref name=mar>{{cite news |title=Launches. |date=October 1900 |newspaper=The Steamship |page=152 |volume=XII |number=136}}</ref> ''Rijnland'' was yard number 461, launched on 24 October 1900, and completed on 3 December.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=5636 |title=Rijnland – ID 5636 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref>


Each ship was of the spar-deck type, with a continuous shade deck both fore and aft to carry large amounts of cattle or light cargo. They had all modern machinery{{clarification needed|reason=Do yo mean derricks? If so, how many, what size, and are they steam or electric?|date=June 2023}} fitted for loading and unloading their own cargo, and had electric lights along the decks.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}
As built, the ship was {{convert|389|ft|4|in|m}} long ([[length between perpendiculars|between perpendiculars]]) and {{convert|51|ft|1|in|m}} [[beam (nautical)|abeam]], a depth of {{convert|25|ft|2|in|m}}.<ref name=lloyds>{{cite book |year=1902-1903 |title=Lloyd's Register, Steamships and Motorships |location=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]]}}</ref> ''Zaanland'' was assessed at {{GRT|4160}} and {{NRT|2714}} and had [[Deadweight tonnage|deadweight]] of approximately 6,490.<ref name=lloyds/><ref name=miramar/> The vessel had a steel hull with a double bottom built on the cellular principle, and a single 449 [[nominal horsepower|nhp]] [[triple-expansion steam engine]], with cylinders of {{convert|27|in|cm|adj=on}}, {{convert|42|in|cm|adj=on}} and {{convert|69|in|cm|adj=on}} diameter with a {{convert|54|in|cm|adj=on}} [[stroke (engine)|stroke]], that drove a single screw propeller, and moved the ship at up to {{convert|11.0|kn|mph km/h}}.<ref name=lloyds/> The steam for the engine was supplied by three single-ended Scotch marine boilers fitted for coal fuel.


''Zaanland'' had a steel hull with a double bottom built on the cellular principle. Her registered length was {{cvt|389.4|ft|abbr=on}}, her beam was {{cvt|51.1|ft|abbr=on}} and her depth was {{cvt|25.2|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=LR02>{{cite book |year=1902 |title=Lloyd's Register |volume=I.–Steamships |place=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] of Ships |at=YUN–ZAN |url= https://archive.org/details/HECROS1903ST/page/n862/mode/1up |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> As built, her [[tonnage]]s were {{GRT|4160}}, {{NRT|2714}} and {{GRT|6490}}. Her holds had capacity for {{convert|384000|cuft}} of grain, {{convert|355000|cuft}} of baled cargo.<ref name=SMHD>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=7423 |title=Zaanland – ID 7423 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref>
The sea trials were held on October 12 during which the ship performed satisfactorily. Following their completion, the ship was transferred to her owners and departed for Buenos Aires.


''Zaanland'' had a single [[Propeller|screw]], driven by a three-cylinder [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|triple-expansion steam engine]] built by Dunsmuir and Jackson of [[Govan]], [[Glasgow]]. Its cylinders had a {{convert|54|in|cm|adj=on}} [[stroke (engine)|stroke]], and [[Bore (engine)|bores]] of {{convert|27|in|cm}}, {{convert|42|in|cm}} and {{convert|69|in|cm}}. Three single-ended [[Scotch marine boiler]]s with coal-burning furnaces supplied steam to her engine at 180 [[Pound per square inch|psi]]. The engine was rated at 449 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]]<ref name=LR02/> or 2,400 [[Horsepower#Indicated horsepower|ihp]], and gave her a speed of {{convert|11|kn|km/h}}.<ref name=SMHD/>
==Operational history==
Upon delivery ''Zaanland'' loaded full cargo of coal and departed [[Greenock]] on 12 October 1900 bound for [[Buenos Aires]].<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Morning Post]] |date=15 October 1900 |page=3 |title=Shipping Intelligence}}</ref> She reached her destination on November 10 and departed for her return trip on December 15.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[Leidsch Dagblad]] |date=12 November 1900 |page=1 |number=12491 |title=Leiden, 12 November.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[Leidsch Dagblad]] |date=17 December 1900 |page=3 |number=12521 |title=Leiden, 17 December.}}</ref> ''Zaanland'' eventually arrived at Dunkirk on 13 January 1901, thus successfully concluding her maiden voyage.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[Leidsch Dagblad]] |date=15 January 1901 |page=1 |number=12544 |title=Leiden, 15 Januari.}}</ref> On one of her next regular trips in July 1902 the ship struck a wharf as she was entering the port of Dunkirk and broke her stem and several plates.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Evening Express and Evening Mail |date=4 July 1902 |page=3 |title=Shipping Casualties}}</ref> The freighter continued sailing on the same route through 1906, carrying cattle, meat and other agricultural products from South American ports of Buenos Aires, Montevideo, Rio de Janeiro to European ports, and coal on her way down south.


ZAL registered ''Zaanland'' at [[Port of Amsterdam|Amsterdam]]. Her [[code letters]] were QCVP.<ref name=LR02/> ''Zaanland''{{'}}s [[sea trial]]s on 12 October 1900 were satisfactory, whereupon she was delivered to her owners.
Due to epidemics of [[foot and mouth disease]] in Argentina in 1900-1903 she was precluded from carrying any meat or cattle to Europe and United Kingdom during her first two and half years of service. This ban which resulted in Z.A.L.'s reduced profitability, increasing surplus of their vessels cargo space, and negatively impacting freight rates, was not lifted until September 1903. As a result, Z.A.L.'s bottom line was significantly affected and in fact during the first five years of the company's existence it suffered a cumulative loss of nearly 700,000 guldens. Shortly afterwards, the company entered into negotiations with the government asking to provide subsidies for their service between Holland and South America. On 28 November 1907 the [[Senate (Netherlands)|Senate]] approved such subsidy in an amount of 3 million guldens payable over a time span of fifteen years. As part of this bill, all assets owned by Z.A.L. were transferred to a newly created company, N.V. Koninklijke Hollandsche Lloyd.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Marine Review |volume=37 |number=8 |date=20 February 1908 |page=22 |title=Dutch Subsidies.}}</ref>


==Peacetime merchant career==
At the same time a significant rise in immigration from Europe to South America brought in considerable demand for passenger service from [[Low Countries]], France, Spain and Portugal. In September 1906 Z.A.L. inaugurated such passenger service between continental Europe and Argentina and Brazil. In order to accommodate the passengers, ''Zaanland'' and her sister ships had to be rebuilt, and as a result their gross-tonnage increased significantly. Each of the vessels was able to accommodate approximately 1,400 steerage passengers. ''Zaanland''sailed from Amsterdam in her new capacity as a passenger ship on 23 September 1906 and reached Buenos Aires one month later. On her return trip, when she was leaving the harbor, she hit a submerged wreck and suffered minor damage to her bottom, which only required minimal repairs.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Evening Express and Evening Mail |date=5 November 1906 |page=3 |title=Shipping Casualties}}</ref>
''Zaanland''{{'}}s maiden voyage was from [[Greenock]], carrying a cargo of coal to [[Argentina]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Shipping Intelligence |newspaper=[[The Morning Post]] |place=London |date=15 October 1900 |page=3}}</ref> She reached [[Port of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] on 10 November,<ref>{{cite news |title=Leiden, 12 November. |newspaper=[[Leidsch Dagblad]] |language=nl |number=12491 |place=Leiden |date=12 November 1900 |page=1}}</ref> left on her return voyage on 15 December,<ref>{{cite news |title=Leiden, 17 December. |newspaper=Leidsch Dagblad |language=nl |number=12521 |place=Leiden |date=17 December 1900 |page=3}}</ref> and reached [[Dunkirk]] in [[French Third Republic|France]] on 13 January 1901.<ref>{{cite news |title=Leiden, 15 Januari. |newspaper=Leidsch Dagblad |language=nl |number=12544 |place=Leiden |date=15 January 1901 |page=1}}</ref> On a subsequent voyage in July 1902, she struck a wharf when entering port at Dunkirk, damaging her bow and several plates of her hull.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shipping Casualties |newspaper=Evening Express and Evening Mail |place=Cardiff |date=4 July 1902 |page=3}}</ref>


ZAL's regular trade was to ship coal from various European countries to [[Port of Rio de Janeiro|Rio de Janeiro]], [[Port of Montevideo|Montevideo]] and Buenos Aires, and bring agricultural produce and live cattle from those ports to Europe. However, outbreaks of [[foot-and-mouth disease]] in Argentina led the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] to ban imports of live cattle from 1900 until September 1903. As a result, ZAL lost 700,000 [[Dutch guilder|guilders]] in its first five years of trading. After negotiations between ZAL and the Dutch government, the [[Senate (Netherlands)|Dutch Senate]] voted to subsidise the company by three million guilders, spread over 15 years. As part of the same agreement, all ZAL assets were transferred to a new company, NV Koninklijke Hollandsche Lloyd (KHL, or "Royal Holland Lloyd").<ref>{{cite news |title=Dutch Subsidies. |newspaper=Marine Review |volume=37 |number=8 |date=20 February 1908 |page=22}}</ref>
''Zaanland'' remained in cargo and passenger service from 1906 through 1910. With arrival in 1909 of more modern and luxurious vessels specially designed for passenger transportation, such as SS ''Hollandia'' and SS ''Frisia'', ''Zaanland'' and her sister-ships were slowly phased out from passenger service and were retained mainly as cargo vessels serving the same routes between Brazil and Argentina and continental Europe.


In response to increasing emigration from Europe to South America, ZAL had its cargo ships modified to carry passengers. In 1906 ''Zaanland'' was [[refit]]ted with 1,400 [[steerage]] berths,<ref name=SMHD/> which increased her tonnages to {{GRT|5417}} and {{NRT|3526}}.<ref name=LR07>{{cite book |year=1907 |title=Lloyd's Register |volume=I.–Steamers |place=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] of Ships |at=ZAA–ZAN |url= https://archive.org/details/HECROS1908ST/page/n1073/mode/1up |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> ''Zaanland''{{'}}s first voyage carrying emigrants left [[Port of Amsterdam|Amsterdam]] on 23 September 1906, and reached Buenos Aires a month later. At the start of her return voyage, she struck a submerged wreck while leaving harbor. She suffered only minor damage to her bottom, which required only minor repairs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shipping Casualties |newspaper=Evening Express and Evening Mail |place=Cardiff |date=5 November 1906 |page=3}}</ref>


[[File:Hollandia postcard.jpg|thumb|KHL's ''Hollandia'', built in 1909. She and her [[sister ship]] ''Frisia'' displaced ''Zaanland'' and her sisters from the emigrant trade.]]
In June 1917 ''Zaanland'' rescued 16 man crew of Norwegian [[barque]] ''Perfect'' sunk by a German submarine on June 14, and safely brought them into [[IJmuiden]] on four days later.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[Leidsche Courant]] |date=18 June 1917 |page=2 |title=Een Noorsche Boot Tot Zinken Gebracht.}}</ref>
In 1909, KHL took delivery of two purpose-built passenger-cargo ships: ''Hollandia'' and ''Frisia''. Each had berths for 1,280 steerage passengers, and small numbers of [[First class travel|forst class]] and second class passengers.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=2878 |title=Hollandia – ID 2878 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=2325 |title=Frisia – ID 2325 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref> ''Zaanland'' ceased to carry passengers.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=15881&vessel=ZAANLAND |title=Zaanland |work=Clyde Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust |access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref>


==First World War merchant career==
===Sinking===
During the [[World War I|First World War]], the [[Allies of World War I|Entente powers]] [[Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)|blockaded the Central Powers]]. [[Netherlands in World War I|The Netherlands were neutral]], but the Entente powers stopped and searched Dutch merchant ships, and confiscated goods that were banned by the blockade. In March 1916, 150 casks of [[sausage casing]]s in her cargo were seized in [[Port of London|London]] as contraband.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Bridge Aspinall |editor-first=John |year=1921 |chapter=The Zaanland. |title=Reports of Cases Relating to Maritime Law. |volume=XIV |place=London |publisher=The Field Press |pages=367–370}}</ref> On 28 September 1916 it was reported that the UK authorities seized mails from several neutral vessels, including ''Zaanland''.<ref>{{cite news |title=British Seize More Neutral Mail. |newspaper=[[Philadelphia Inquirer]] |place=Philadelphia |date=29 September 1916 |page=7 |access-date=24 July 2020|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/56054466/the-philadelphia-inquirer/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}{{free access}}</ref>
On 20 March 1918, ''Zaanland'' was seized at [[Newport News, Virginia|Newport News]], Virginia, by the [[United States Government]] under the right of [[angary]], which allowed a [[belligerent]] power to use the property of a neutral nation if necessary, subject to full [[indemnification]]. She was acquired by the [[United States Navy]] for use by the [[Naval Overseas Transportation Service]] (NOTS) on 25 March 1918, the cargo ship was assigned the identification number (Id. No.) 2746 and commissioned as USS ''Zaanland'' at Hampton Roads on 29 March 1918, [[Lieutenant commander (United States)|Lieutenant Commander]] Daniel Brown, [[United States Naval Reserve|USNRF]], in command.


On 1 August 1916, just before 01:00hrs [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]], ''Zaanland'' was proceeding to her anchorage at [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|the Downs]] when she struck the steamship ''Jessie'', which was already at anchor. The collision damaged ''Jessie''{{'}}s bow and set her adrift. She in turn collided with another anchored steamship, ''Carbo I.'', and damaged her bow. ''Zaanland'' sustained little damage, and was towed to [[IJmuiden]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Bridge Aspinall |editor-first=John |year=1921 |chapter=The Zaanland. |title=Reports of Cases Relating to Maritime Law. |volume=XIV |place=London |publisher=The Field Press |pages=139–141}}</ref>
''Zaanland'' was repaired and fitted out at [[Newport News, Virginia|Newport News]], Virginia, by the [[Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company]], before sailing for the [[Gulf of Mexico]] on 4 April. Arriving at [[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]] on 11 April, she simultaneously underwent further repairs and conversion work and loaded {{convert|4946|LT|t|abbr=on}} of general cargo consigned by the [[U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps]]. She departed New Orleans on 20 April and arrived back at Hampton Roads on 25 April.


On 14 June {{SMU|U-66||2}} sank the [[Norway|Norwegian]] [[barque]] ''Perfect''. ''Zaanland'' rescued ''Perfect''{{'}}s 16-man crew, and landed them at IJmuiden four days later.<ref>{{cite news |title=Een Noorsche Boot Tot Zinken Gebracht. |newspaper=Leidsche Courant |language=nl |place=Leiden |date=18 June 1917 |page=2}}</ref>
''Zaanland'' sailed from [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]], Virginia on 30 April, in [[Convoy]] HN-67, bound for [[La Pallice]], [[France]]. During the voyage, in a heavy mist at 20:26 on 12 May, she apparently suffered a [[rudder]] casualty and was rammed by the [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]] {{USS|Hisko|ID-1953}}. The collision tore a jagged, {{convert|15|in|m|abbr=on}} hole in the cargo ship's [[starboard]] side, amidships between her [[Bridge (nautical)|bridge]] and [[fire room]]. ''Zaanland'' soon assumed a heavy [[List (watercraft)|list]] and began to sink by the [[Bow (ship)|bow]]. At 20:40, all hands were called topside as boats were launched. Within an hour, all of ''Zaanland''{{'}}s crew were safely aboard the [[United States Army]]-chartered [[Munson Line]] cargo ship SS ''Munalbro'', which later in 1918 would be commissioned into the U.S. Navy as {{USS|Munalbro|1916|6}}.


After [[United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)|the United States declared war against the Central Powers]] in April 1917, there was an increasing shortage of coal for [[bunkering]]. [[Neutral country|Neutral]] ships relied on coal from [[North America]], which was not easily available to them. In September 1917 ''Zaanland'' began what became her final voyage to South America. From there she went to North America for bunkering, and remained there for several months.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}
Although settling deeper in the water with each passing hour, ''Zaanland'' remained afloat into the next day. At 04:00 on 13 May, Lt. Cdr. Brown reboarded ''Zaanland'' and inspected the ship. He found that there was no hope of towing the vessel to port and predicted that she probably would sink within a few hours. His observation proved to be correct, for ''Zaanland'' sank, bow first, at 07:10 on 13 May.


==US Navy career and loss==
''Munalbro'' — while endeavoring to overtake the convoy — soon met SS ''Minnesota'' ''en route'', and transferred ''Zaanland''{{'}}s crew to the west-bound vessel for passage back to the [[United States]].
On 20 March 1918 the US Government seized ''Zaanland'' under [[angary]] at [[Hampton Roads]]. On 25 March she was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] into the US Navy with the Naval Registry Identification Number ID–2746, and [[Lieutenant commander (United States)|Lieutenant Commander]] Daniel Browh, [[United States Naval Reserve|USNRF]], as her commander.<ref name=DANFS>{{cite book |last=Mooney |first=James L |year=1981 |title=Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships |volume=8: W Through Z. |place=Washington DC |publisher=Navy Department, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Naval History Division |pages=552–553 |isbn=0-16-002030-1 |url= https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/z/zaanland.html}}</ref>

''Zaanland'' was assigned to the [[Military Sealift Command|Naval Overseas Transportation Service]], and fitted out by the [[Newport News Shipbuilding]] and Drydock Company. On 4 April 1918 she left for the [[Gulf of Mexico]], and on 11 April she reached [[Port of New Orleans|New Orleans]]. There her conversion work continued, while she loaded 4,946 tons of general cargo for the [[United States Army Quartermaster Corps|US Army Quartermaster Corps]]. On 20 April she left New Orleans, and five days later she reached Hampton Roads.<ref name=DANFS/>

On 30 April, ''Zaanland'' left [[Norfolk, Virginia]] with [[Convoys in World War I|Convoy]] HN–67. At 2026 hrs on 12 May she suffered a rudder problem in fog. The [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]] {{USS|Hisko|ID-1953|6}} rammed her, making a {{convert|15|ft|0|adj=on}} hole in ''Zaanland''{{'}}s starboard side, amidships between her [[Bridge (nautical)|bridge]] and [[fire room]]. She listed heavily and began to sink by the bow. At 20:40 hrs, all hands were called to boat stations, and her lifeboats were launched.<ref name=DANFS/>

[[File:USS Munalbro (1916) in commercial service in 1916.jpg|thumb|[[Munson Steamship Line|Munson]]'s [[Collier (ship)|collier]] {{USS|Munalbro||2}} rescued ''Zaanland''{{'}}s crew]]
Within an hour, all of her crew were safely aboard the [[Munson Steamship Line]] [[Collier (ship)|collier]] {{USS|Munalbro||2}}, which was on [[Chartering (shipping)|charter]] to the US Army. ''Munalbro'' stood by to see if ''Zaanland'' would stay afloat and could be towed to port. At 0400 hrs Lt Cmdr Brown re-boarded ''Zaanland'', inspected her, and concluded that she would sink within a few hours. At 0710 hrs on 13 May she sank bow-first<ref name=DANFS/> at approximate position {{coord|45|29|N|31|44|W|display=inline,title}}.

''Munalbro'' tried to catch up with Convoy HN-67. Before doing so, she met the westbound steamship ''Minnesota''. She transferred ''Zaanland''{{'}}s crew to ''Minnesota'', who returned them to the US.<ref name=DANFS/>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DANFS|http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/z/zaanland.html}}
== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category|Zaanland (ship, 1900)}}
*[https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/our-collections/photography/numerical-list-of-images/nhhc-series/nh-series/NH-105000/NH-105240.html Department of the Navy, Naval Historical Center: Online Library of Selected Images: S.S. Zaanland (Dutch Freighter, 1900) Served as USS Zaanland (ID # 2746) in 1918]
*{{cite web |url= http://www.navsource.org/archives/12/172746.htm |last=Radigan |first=Joseph M |title=Zaanland (ID 2746) |work=Identification Numbered Vessel Photo Archive |publisher=NavSource}}
*{{cite web |url= https://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/khlloyd.shtml |last1=Swiggum |first1=Susan |last2=Kohli |first2=Marjorie |title=Koninklijke Hollandsche Lloyd (Royal Holland Lloyd) |work=TheShipsList |date=3 February 2006}}


{{Coord|45|29|N|31|44|W|display=title}}
{{May 1918 shipwrecks}}
{{May 1918 shipwrecks}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Zaanland (ID-2746)}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zaanland (ID-2746)}}
[[Category:1900 ships]]
[[Category:1900 ships]]
[[Category:Cargo ships of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Cargo ships of the United States Navy]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1918]]
[[Category:Passenger ships of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Ships built on the River Clyde]]
[[Category:Ships built on the River Clyde]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Ships sunk in collisions]]
[[Category:Steamships of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United States Navy]]
[[Category:World War I cargo ships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War I cargo ships of the United States]]
[[Category:Cargo ships of the United States Navy]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1918]]
[[Category:World War I shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:World War I shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:Ships sunk in collisions]]

Latest revision as of 20:40, 6 January 2024

Zaanland in KHL colors, with her name and port of registration painted on her side for identification as a neutral ship in the First World War
History
NameZaanland
NamesakeZaan River
Owner
OperatorUnited States US Navy (1918)
Port of registryNetherlands Amsterdam
Route1900–17: Europe – east coast of South America
BuilderRussell & Co, Port Glasgow
Yard number460
Launched7 September 1900
Completed12 October 1900
Maiden voyageGreenock – Buenos Aires
Identification
FateSunk by collision, 12 May 1918
General characteristics
Typecargo ship
Tonnage
Displacement8,700 tons
Length389.4 ft (118.7 m)
Beam51.1 ft (15.6 m)
Draft23 ft 6 in (7.16 m)
Depth25.2 ft (7.7 m)
Decks2
Installed power449 NHP, 2,400 ihp
Propulsion
Speed11 knots (20 km/h)
Capacity
  • cargo: 384,000 cu ft (10,900 m3) grain, 355,000 cu ft (10,100 m3) bale
  • passengers: 1,400 steerage (1906–10)
Complementin US Navy: 81
Notessister ships: Amstelland, Rijnland

SS Zaanland was a cargo steamship that was built in Scotland in 1900 for Dutch owners, and sunk in a collision in 1918. She was built for the Zuid-Amerika Lijn, which in 1908 became Koninklijke Hollandsche Lloyd. The US Government requisitioned her in March 1918 as USS Zaanland, with the Naval Registry Identification Number ID–2746. She was sunk in a collision less than two months later.

Building and identification

[edit]

In 1899 the Zuid-Amerika Line (ZAL) was founded to trade between the Netherlands and South America. It ordered three new sister ships from Russell & Co in Port Glasgow on the River Clyde. Amstelland was built as yard number 459, launched on 5 June 1900, and completed that July.[1] Zaanland was yard number 460, launched on 7 September 1900, and completed on 12 October.[2][3] Rijnland was yard number 461, launched on 24 October 1900, and completed on 3 December.[4]

Each ship was of the spar-deck type, with a continuous shade deck both fore and aft to carry large amounts of cattle or light cargo. They had all modern machinery[clarification needed] fitted for loading and unloading their own cargo, and had electric lights along the decks.[citation needed]

Zaanland had a steel hull with a double bottom built on the cellular principle. Her registered length was 389.4 ft (118.7 m), her beam was 51.1 ft (15.6 m) and her depth was 25.2 ft (7.7 m).[5] As built, her tonnages were 4,160 GRT, 2,714 NRT and 6,490 GRT. Her holds had capacity for 384,000 cubic feet (10,900 m3) of grain, 355,000 cubic feet (10,100 m3) of baled cargo.[6]

Zaanland had a single screw, driven by a three-cylinder triple-expansion steam engine built by Dunsmuir and Jackson of Govan, Glasgow. Its cylinders had a 54-inch (140 cm) stroke, and bores of 27 inches (69 cm), 42 inches (110 cm) and 69 inches (180 cm). Three single-ended Scotch marine boilers with coal-burning furnaces supplied steam to her engine at 180 psi. The engine was rated at 449 NHP[5] or 2,400 ihp, and gave her a speed of 11 knots (20 km/h).[6]

ZAL registered Zaanland at Amsterdam. Her code letters were QCVP.[5] Zaanland's sea trials on 12 October 1900 were satisfactory, whereupon she was delivered to her owners.

Peacetime merchant career

[edit]

Zaanland's maiden voyage was from Greenock, carrying a cargo of coal to Argentina.[7] She reached Buenos Aires on 10 November,[8] left on her return voyage on 15 December,[9] and reached Dunkirk in France on 13 January 1901.[10] On a subsequent voyage in July 1902, she struck a wharf when entering port at Dunkirk, damaging her bow and several plates of her hull.[11]

ZAL's regular trade was to ship coal from various European countries to Rio de Janeiro, Montevideo and Buenos Aires, and bring agricultural produce and live cattle from those ports to Europe. However, outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in Argentina led the United Kingdom to ban imports of live cattle from 1900 until September 1903. As a result, ZAL lost 700,000 guilders in its first five years of trading. After negotiations between ZAL and the Dutch government, the Dutch Senate voted to subsidise the company by three million guilders, spread over 15 years. As part of the same agreement, all ZAL assets were transferred to a new company, NV Koninklijke Hollandsche Lloyd (KHL, or "Royal Holland Lloyd").[12]

In response to increasing emigration from Europe to South America, ZAL had its cargo ships modified to carry passengers. In 1906 Zaanland was refitted with 1,400 steerage berths,[6] which increased her tonnages to 5,417 GRT and 3,526 NRT.[13] Zaanland's first voyage carrying emigrants left Amsterdam on 23 September 1906, and reached Buenos Aires a month later. At the start of her return voyage, she struck a submerged wreck while leaving harbor. She suffered only minor damage to her bottom, which required only minor repairs.[14]

KHL's Hollandia, built in 1909. She and her sister ship Frisia displaced Zaanland and her sisters from the emigrant trade.

In 1909, KHL took delivery of two purpose-built passenger-cargo ships: Hollandia and Frisia. Each had berths for 1,280 steerage passengers, and small numbers of forst class and second class passengers.[15][16] Zaanland ceased to carry passengers.[17]

First World War merchant career

[edit]

During the First World War, the Entente powers blockaded the Central Powers. The Netherlands were neutral, but the Entente powers stopped and searched Dutch merchant ships, and confiscated goods that were banned by the blockade. In March 1916, 150 casks of sausage casings in her cargo were seized in London as contraband.[18] On 28 September 1916 it was reported that the UK authorities seized mails from several neutral vessels, including Zaanland.[19]

On 1 August 1916, just before 01:00hrs GMT, Zaanland was proceeding to her anchorage at the Downs when she struck the steamship Jessie, which was already at anchor. The collision damaged Jessie's bow and set her adrift. She in turn collided with another anchored steamship, Carbo I., and damaged her bow. Zaanland sustained little damage, and was towed to IJmuiden.[20]

On 14 June U-66 sank the Norwegian barque Perfect. Zaanland rescued Perfect's 16-man crew, and landed them at IJmuiden four days later.[21]

After the United States declared war against the Central Powers in April 1917, there was an increasing shortage of coal for bunkering. Neutral ships relied on coal from North America, which was not easily available to them. In September 1917 Zaanland began what became her final voyage to South America. From there she went to North America for bunkering, and remained there for several months.[citation needed]

US Navy career and loss

[edit]

On 20 March 1918 the US Government seized Zaanland under angary at Hampton Roads. On 25 March she was commissioned into the US Navy with the Naval Registry Identification Number ID–2746, and Lieutenant Commander Daniel Browh, USNRF, as her commander.[22]

Zaanland was assigned to the Naval Overseas Transportation Service, and fitted out by the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company. On 4 April 1918 she left for the Gulf of Mexico, and on 11 April she reached New Orleans. There her conversion work continued, while she loaded 4,946 tons of general cargo for the US Army Quartermaster Corps. On 20 April she left New Orleans, and five days later she reached Hampton Roads.[22]

On 30 April, Zaanland left Norfolk, Virginia with Convoy HN–67. At 2026 hrs on 12 May she suffered a rudder problem in fog. The tanker USS Hisko rammed her, making a 15-foot (5 m) hole in Zaanland's starboard side, amidships between her bridge and fire room. She listed heavily and began to sink by the bow. At 20:40 hrs, all hands were called to boat stations, and her lifeboats were launched.[22]

Munson's collier Munalbro rescued Zaanland's crew

Within an hour, all of her crew were safely aboard the Munson Steamship Line collier Munalbro, which was on charter to the US Army. Munalbro stood by to see if Zaanland would stay afloat and could be towed to port. At 0400 hrs Lt Cmdr Brown re-boarded Zaanland, inspected her, and concluded that she would sink within a few hours. At 0710 hrs on 13 May she sank bow-first[22] at approximate position 45°29′N 31°44′W / 45.483°N 31.733°W / 45.483; -31.733.

Munalbro tried to catch up with Convoy HN-67. Before doing so, she met the westbound steamship Minnesota. She transferred Zaanland's crew to Minnesota, who returned them to the US.[22]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Amstelland – ID 379". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  2. ^ "Zaanland (5601574)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  3. ^ "Launches". The Steamship. Vol. XII, no. 136. October 1900. p. 152.
  4. ^ "Rijnland – ID 5636". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  5. ^ a b c Lloyd's Register. Vol. I.–Steamships. London: Lloyd's Register of Ships. 1902. YUN–ZAN – via Internet Archive.
  6. ^ a b c "Zaanland – ID 7423". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  7. ^ "Shipping Intelligence". The Morning Post. London. 15 October 1900. p. 3.
  8. ^ "Leiden, 12 November". Leidsch Dagblad (in Dutch). No. 12491. Leiden. 12 November 1900. p. 1.
  9. ^ "Leiden, 17 December". Leidsch Dagblad (in Dutch). No. 12521. Leiden. 17 December 1900. p. 3.
  10. ^ "Leiden, 15 Januari". Leidsch Dagblad (in Dutch). No. 12544. Leiden. 15 January 1901. p. 1.
  11. ^ "Shipping Casualties". Evening Express and Evening Mail. Cardiff. 4 July 1902. p. 3.
  12. ^ "Dutch Subsidies". Marine Review. Vol. 37, no. 8. 20 February 1908. p. 22.
  13. ^ Lloyd's Register. Vol. I.–Steamers. London: Lloyd's Register of Ships. 1907. ZAA–ZAN – via Internet Archive.
  14. ^ "Shipping Casualties". Evening Express and Evening Mail. Cardiff. 5 November 1906. p. 3.
  15. ^ "Hollandia – ID 2878". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  16. ^ "Frisia – ID 2325". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  17. ^ "Zaanland". Clyde Built Ships. Caledonian Maritime Research Trust. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  18. ^ Bridge Aspinall, John, ed. (1921). "The Zaanland.". Reports of Cases Relating to Maritime Law. Vol. XIV. London: The Field Press. pp. 367–370.
  19. ^ "British Seize More Neutral Mail". Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia. 29 September 1916. p. 7. Retrieved 24 July 2020 – via Newspapers.com.Free access icon
  20. ^ Bridge Aspinall, John, ed. (1921). "The Zaanland.". Reports of Cases Relating to Maritime Law. Vol. XIV. London: The Field Press. pp. 139–141.
  21. ^ "Een Noorsche Boot Tot Zinken Gebracht". Leidsche Courant (in Dutch). Leiden. 18 June 1917. p. 2.
  22. ^ a b c d e Mooney, James L (1981). Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Vol. 8: W Through Z. Washington DC: Navy Department, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Naval History Division. pp. 552–553. ISBN 0-16-002030-1.
[edit]
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