Óscar Osorio: Difference between revisions

Óscar Osorio
Óscar Osorio
32nd President of El Salvador
	In office; 14 September 1950 – 14 September 1956
Preceded by	Revolutionary Council of Government; Salvador Castaneda Castro as President
Succeeded by	José María Lemus
Personal details
Born	14 December 1910; Sonsonate, El Salvador
Died	6 March 1969 (aged 58); Houston, Texas, United States
Political party	Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification
Spouse	Esperanza Llerena
Occupation	Military officer, politician
Military service
Allegiance	El Salvador
Branch/service	Salvadoran Army
Rank	Major

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Óscar Osorio Hernández (December 14, 1910 – March 6, 1969) ruled as a member of the Revolutionary Council of Government from December 14, 1948 to September 14, 1950. He was President of El Salvador from September 14, 1950 until September 14, 1956.

Biography

Osorio was born in the town of Sonsonate, El Salvador, on December 14, 1910.^{[citation needed]}

He married twice: first with Leticia Rosales, with whom she had three children: Ana Maya, Rhina and Oscar. His second wife was Esperanza Llerena and had two children, Cecilia and Humberto.^{[citation needed]}

His primary education was made in Sonsonate, Santa Ana and San Salvador, and worked in the Captain General Gerardo Barrios Military School in the capital.^{[citation needed]}

He did his higher education in various national and foreign academies, but mostly 3 years in the War College in Turin, Italy, where he returned to the country in October 1943.^{[citation needed]}

On December 14, 1948, there was a coup d'état of the "young soldiers" against President Salvador Castaneda Castro. Osorio, in the end with the rank of major, was added as a diplomatic mission in El Salvador in Mexico, and was called to lead the provisional government called the Revolutionary Council government, formed by Major Oscar Bolaños and civilians Reynaldo Galindo Pohl and Humberto Costa.^{[citation needed]}

Under the new constitution of 1950 the presidential elections were held. In the elections of that year, he presented himself as a candidate of the Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification, founded in 1945 and beat the only opposition candidate, Colonel José Menéndez Ascencio, who was presented by the Action Party Renovadora.^{[citation needed]}

He assumed the constitutional presidency of El Salvador in 1950 and Osorio's government coincided with a period of calm because the coffee and cotton prices rose considerably. His presidency had adopted a plan of social reforms including the introduction of Social Security for urban workers and the creation of the Institute of Urban Housing (IVU) and developmental measures (pulse limited industrialization). With what he perceived the state in taxes on exports of coffee were initiated numerous public works, particularly the establishment of the Executive Committee on Ports, ECA, the construction of the Hydroelectric Dam "November 5, and the Coastal Highway the "Golden Bridge" on the Lempa River, numerous schools and multifamily housing complexes. It was also celebrated with great pomp the anniversary of the coup d'état of December 14 (officially known as the Revolution of 1948).These economic reforms largely helped the middle class and urban residents.^[1]

There was also a strong impetus to the arts, and he established a scholarship scheme for artists to study abroad.^{[citation needed]}

At the same time, however, together with the democratic opening, Osorio created rules that put the country under a suspension of individual rights and collective, known as the Law on Defense of the Constitutional Order. Based on it, from 1952 until the end of his term, Osorio had developed a policy of selective repression against labor leaders and students, before the rise of the popular movement that emerged from the struggles that led to the overthrow of General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez in 1944. Osorio passed as political disappearances the imprisonment of the most important leaders of the Salvadoran left—labor leaders Salvador Cayetano Carpio and his wife Tula Alvarenga, the student leader Gabriel Gallegos Valdés and academic Celestino Castro. All were interrogated and tortured by the National Police, as documented in his book Abduction and Hood, first published in 1956.^{[citation needed]}

The features of the government Osorio called Revolution 48 were:^{[citation needed]}

His continued representation as of 1932 as the government of the oligarchy and imperialism.^{[citation needed]}

With the rising price of coffee, there was a boom in the country.^{[citation needed]}

In tandem with the high rhetoric, the government of Colonel Osorio accentuated the line of repression and terror against the democratic movement organized in the country. After splitting the labor movement and supporting a central reactionary movement with the full support of the state machinery, the Osores-led government acted against the organization of the working class in El Salvador in an attempt to repress it, albeit less intensely than in 1932.^{[citation needed]}

At the time of Osorio, people began growing cotton on a large scale in the plains of the coast, especially in the east.^{[citation needed]}

Another important fact is the Central American economic integration treaties signed in 1951.^{[citation needed]}

Osorio died in Methodist Hospital in Houston, Texas, United States, as a result of kidney failure complicated by pneumonia.^{[citation needed]}

Military ranks

Promoted to lieutenant on December 12, 1931
Promoted to lieutenant on June 15, 1934
Promoted to captain on October 15, 1937
Promoted to captain staff on October 15, 1937
Promoted to lieutenant colonel on September 9, 1950

Decorations

Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle (Mexico, July 1951)
Grand Cross of the Order of Bernardo O'Higgins (Chile, October 1951)
Grand Cross of the Order of Rubén Darío (Nicaragua, January 1952)
Extraordinary Grand Cross of the Order of Vasco Núñez de Balboa (Panama, September 1952)
Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (Ecuador, May 1953)
Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Germany, December 1954)
Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (Italy, February 1955)

References

^ "El Salvador - Military dictatorships".

[1] "El Salvador - Military dictatorships".

[1]

@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 ==Biography==
-Osorio was born in the town of [[Sonsonate]], [[El Salvador]], on December 14, 1910.
+Osorio was born in the town of [[Sonsonate]], [[El Salvador]], on December 14, 1910.{{citation need|date=December 2023}}
+He married twice: first with Leticia Rosales, with whom she had three children: Ana Maya, Rhina and Oscar. His second wife was Esperanza Llerena and had two children, Cecilia and Humberto.{{citation need|date=December 2023}}
-[[File:El coronel Oscar Osorio asume la Presidencia de el Salvador en 1950.jpg|thumb|El coronel Oscar Osorio asume la Presidencia de el Salvador en 1950]]
+His primary education was made in Sonsonate, Santa Ana and San Salvador, and worked in the [[Captain General Gerardo Barrios Military School]] in the capital.{{citation need|date=December 2023}}
-He married twice: first with Leticia Rosales, with whom she had three children: Ana Maya, Rhina and Oscar. His second wife was Esperanza Llerena and had two children, Cecilia and Humberto.
+He did his higher education in various national and foreign academies, but mostly 3 years in the War College in Turin, [[Italy]], where he returned to the country in October 1943.{{citation need|date=December 2023}}
-His primary education was made in Sonsonate, Santa Ana and San Salvador, and worked in the [[Captain General Gerardo Barrios Military School]] in the capital.
+On December 14, 1948, there was a coup d'état of the "young soldiers" against President Salvador Castaneda Castro. Osorio, in the end with the rank of major, was added as a diplomatic mission in El Salvador in [[Mexico]], and was called to lead the provisional government called the Revolutionary Council government, formed by Major Oscar Bolaños and civilians Reynaldo Galindo Pohl and Humberto Costa.{{citation need|date=December 2023}}
-He did his higher education in various national and foreign academies, but mostly 3 years in the War College in Turin, [[Italy]], where he returned to the country in October 1943.
+Under the new constitution of 1950 the presidential elections were held. In the elections of that year, he presented himself as a candidate of the Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification, founded in 1945 and beat the only opposition candidate, Colonel José Menéndez Ascencio, who was presented by the Action Party Renovadora.{{citation need|date=December 2023}}
-On December 14, 1948, there was a coup d'état of the "young soldiers" against President Salvador Castaneda Castro. Osorio, in the end with the rank of major, was added as a diplomatic mission in El Salvador in [[Mexico]], and was called to lead the provisional government called the Revolutionary Council government, formed by Major Oscar Bolaños and civilians Reynaldo Galindo Pohl and Humberto Costa.
+[[File: Presidente Oscar Osorio en la inauguración de la "Presa 5 de Noviembre" - 21 de Junio de 1954.jpg|thumb| Oscar Osorio President of El Salvador in 1950 with his wife Esperanza Llerena ]]
-Under the new constitution of 1950 the presidential elections were held. In the elections of that year, he presented himself as a candidate of the Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification, founded in 1945 and beat the only opposition candidate, Colonel José Menéndez Ascencio, who was presented by the Action Party Renovadora.
 He assumed the constitutional presidency of [[El Salvador]] in 1950 and Osorio's government coincided with a period of calm because the coffee and cotton prices rose considerably. His presidency had adopted a plan of social reforms including the introduction of Social Security for urban workers and the creation of the Institute of Urban Housing (IVU) and developmental measures (pulse limited industrialization). With what he perceived the state in taxes on exports of coffee were initiated numerous public works, particularly the establishment of the Executive Committee on Ports, ECA, the construction of the Hydroelectric Dam "November 5, and the Coastal Highway the "Golden Bridge" on the Lempa River, numerous schools and multifamily housing complexes. It was also celebrated with great pomp the anniversary of the coup d'état of December 14 (officially known as the Revolution of 1948).These economic reforms largely helped the middle class and urban residents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/El-Salvador/Military-dictatorships#ref468014|title = El Salvador - Military dictatorships}}</ref>
-There was also a strong impetus to the arts, and he established a scholarship scheme for artists to study abroad.
+There was also a strong impetus to the arts, and he established a scholarship scheme for artists to study abroad.{{citation need|date=December 2023}}
-At the same time, however, together with the democratic opening, Osorio created rules that put the country under a suspension of individual rights and collective, known as the Law on Defense of the Constitutional Order. Based on it, from 1952 until the end of his term, Osorio had developed a policy of selective repression against labor leaders and students, before the rise of the popular movement that emerged from the struggles that led to the overthrow of General [[Maximiliano Hernández Martínez]] in 1944. Osorio passed as political disappearances the imprisonment of the most important leaders of the Salvadoran left—labor leaders Salvador Cayetano Carpio and his wife [[Tula Alvarenga]], the student leader Gabriel Gallegos Valdés and academic Celestino Castro. All were interrogated and tortured by the National Police, as documented in his book Abduction and Hood, first published in 1956.
+At the same time, however, together with the democratic opening, Osorio created rules that put the country under a suspension of individual rights and collective, known as the Law on Defense of the Constitutional Order. Based on it, from 1952 until the end of his term, Osorio had developed a policy of selective repression against labor leaders and students, before the rise of the popular movement that emerged from the struggles that led to the overthrow of General [[Maximiliano Hernández Martínez]] in 1944. Osorio passed as political disappearances the imprisonment of the most important leaders of the Salvadoran left—labor leaders Salvador Cayetano Carpio and his wife [[Tula Alvarenga]], the student leader Gabriel Gallegos Valdés and academic Celestino Castro. All were interrogated and tortured by the National Police, as documented in his book Abduction and Hood, first published in 1956.{{citation need|date=December 2023}}
-The features of the government Osorio called Revolution 48 were:
+The features of the government Osorio called Revolution 48 were:{{citation need|date=December 2023}}
-His continued representation as of 1932 as the government of the oligarchy and imperialism.
+His continued representation as of 1932 as the government of the oligarchy and imperialism.{{citation need|date=December 2023}}
-With the rising price of coffee, there was a boom in the country.
+With the rising price of coffee, there was a boom in the country.{{citation need|date=December 2023}}
-In tandem with the high rhetoric, the government of Colonel Osorio accentuated the line of repression and terror against the democratic movement organized in the country. After splitting the labor movement and supporting a central reactionary movement with the full support of the state machinery, the Osores-led government acted against the organization of the [[working class]] in El Salvador in an attempt to repress it, albeit less intensely than in 1932.
+In tandem with the high rhetoric, the government of Colonel Osorio accentuated the line of repression and terror against the democratic movement organized in the country. After splitting the labor movement and supporting a central reactionary movement with the full support of the state machinery, the Osores-led government acted against the organization of the [[working class]] in El Salvador in an attempt to repress it, albeit less intensely than in 1932.{{citation need|date=December 2023}}
-At the time of Osorio, people began growing cotton on a large scale in the plains of the coast, especially in the east.
+At the time of Osorio, people began growing cotton on a large scale in the plains of the coast, especially in the east.{{citation need|date=December 2023}}
-Another important fact is the Central American economic integration treaties signed in 1951.
+Another important fact is the Central American economic integration treaties signed in 1951.{{citation need|date=December 2023}}
-Osorio died in Methodist Hospital in Houston, Texas, United States, as a result of kidney failure complicated by [[pneumonia]].
+Osorio died in Methodist Hospital in Houston, Texas, United States, as a result of kidney failure complicated by [[pneumonia]].{{citation need|date=December 2023}}
 ==Military ranks==
@@ Line 78: / Line 78: @@
 ==References==
-<references />
+{{reflist}}
-{{El Salvador Presidents}}
+{{Heads of state of El Salvador}}
 {{Authority control}}
@@ Line 93: / Line 93: @@
 [[Category:Salvadoran military personnel]]
 [[Category:Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
+[[Category:Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]]
 [[Category:Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification politicians]]
 [[Category:Captain General Gerardo Barrios Military School alumni]]

v t e Heads of state of El Salvador
Post-independence (1821–1823)	Barriere Delgado Filísola Codallos Consultive Junta^‡ Prado^†
Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1841)	J. Rodríguez Prado J. V. Villacorta Prado Cornejo J. D. Villacorta Cornejo Morazán^† J. San Martín Prado J. San Martín C. Salazar^† G. Salazar^† Escolán^† Silva Espinoza F. Gómez Vigil T. Menéndez Vigil T. Menéndez Cañas^† Morazán Silva^† Cañas^† Ramírez^† Lindo^†
Republic of El Salvador (1841–1931)	Lindo^† Arce^† Marín^† J. J. Guzmán D. Villacorta^† Marín^† J. J. Guzmán C. Molina^† Arce^† C. Molina^† Arce^† Palacios^† Malespín Palacios^† J. E. Guzmán Palacios^† Aguilar Palacios^† Aguilar Medina^† Quirós^† Vasconcelos R. Rodríguez^† Vasconcelos Dueñas^† Quirós^† Dueñas J. M. San Martín^† Dueñas V. Gómez^† J. M. San Martín Dueñas^† Campo Dueñas^† Campo Zepeda^† Santín Barrios^† Santín J. E. Guzmán^† Peralta^† Barrios Dueñas González Méndez^† González del Valle Zaldívar Guirola^† Zaldívar Figueroa^† Rosales^† F. Menéndez C. Ezeta A. Ezeta^† Gutiérrez Regalado Escalón Figueroa M. Araujo C. Meléndez^† Quiñónez^† C. Meléndez Quiñónez^† J. Meléndez Quiñónez P. Romero A. Araujo
Military presidents (1931–1979)	Civic Directory^‡ Hernández Martínez^† A. Menéndez^† Hernández Martínez A. Menéndez^† Aguirre^† Castaneda Revolutionary Council of Government^‡ Osorio Lemus Junta of Government^‡ Civic-Military Directory^‡ Cordón^† Rivera F. Sánchez A. Molina C. Romero
Salvadoran Civil War (1979–1992)	Revolutionary Government Junta^‡ Magaña Duarte Cristiani
Post-Civil War (since 1992)	Cristiani Calderón Flores Saca Funes S. Sánchez Bukele C. Rodríguez^†
^† – Acting or provisional president ^‡ – Military junta

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