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{{short description|A flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet}}
{{short description|Flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet}}
{{other uses}}
{{other uses}}
[[Image:Herðubreið-Iceland-2.jpg|thumb|[[Herðubreið]], a tuya in Iceland]]
[[Image:Herðubreið-Iceland-2.jpg|thumb|[[Herðubreið]], a tuya in Iceland]]
A '''tuya''' is a type of distinctive, flat-topped, steep-sided [[volcano]] formed when [[lava]] erupts through a thick [[glacier]] or [[ice sheet]]. They are somewhat rare worldwide, being confined to regions which were covered by [[glacier]]s and had active volcanism during the same period.
A '''tuya''' is a flat-topped, steep-sided [[volcano]] formed when [[lava]] erupts through a thick [[glacier]] or [[ice sheet]]. They are rare worldwide, being confined to regions which were covered by [[glacier]]s and had active volcanism during the same period.


As lava that erupts under a glacier cools very quickly and cannot travel far, it piles up into a steep-sided hill. If the eruption continues long enough, it either melts all the ice or emerges through the top of the ice and then creates normal-looking lava flows that make a flat cap on top of the hill. Discovering and dating the lava flows in a tuya has proven useful in reconstructing past glacial ice extents and thicknesses.
As lava that erupts under a glacier cools very quickly and cannot travel far, it piles up into a steep-sided hill. If the eruption continues long enough, it either melts all the ice or emerges through the top of the ice and then creates normal-looking lava flows that make a flat cap on top of the hill. Discovering and dating the lava flows in a tuya has proven useful in reconstructing past glacial ice extents and thicknesses.
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[[Image:Santiam Pass.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hogg Rock]] (foreground), [[Oregon]]]]
[[Image:Santiam Pass.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hogg Rock]] (foreground), [[Oregon]]]]


Tuyas are a type of [[subglacial volcano]] that consists of nearly horizontal beds of [[lava]] capping outward-dipping beds of fragmental volcanic rocks, and they often rise in isolation above a surrounding [[plateau]]. Tuyas are found in [[Iceland]], [[British Columbia]], the [[Santiam Pass]] region in [[Oregon]], the [[Tuva|Tyva Republic]] in eastern Russia,<ref name="TyvaTuyas">{{cite journal | title=Geomorphology of subglacial volcanoes in the Azas Plateau, the Tuva Republic, Russia | last=Komatsu | first=G. | display-authors=etal | journal=Geomorphology | year=2007 | volume=88 | issue=3–4 | pages=312–328 | doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.12.002| bibcode=2007Geomo..88..312K }}</ref> the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] and beneath the [[West Antarctic Ice Sheet]]. Tuyas in Iceland are sometimes called [[Table Mountain (disambiguation)|table mountain]]s because of their flat tops.
Tuyas are a type of [[subglacial volcano]] that consists of nearly horizontal beds of [[lava]] capping outward-dipping beds of fragmental volcanic rocks, and they often rise in isolation above a surrounding [[plateau]]. Tuyas are found in [[Iceland]], [[British Columbia]], the [[Santiam Pass]] region in [[Oregon]], the [[Tuva|Tyva Republic]] in eastern Russia,<ref name="TyvaTuyas">{{cite journal | title=Geomorphology of subglacial volcanoes in the Azas Plateau, the Tuva Republic, Russia | last=Komatsu | first=G. | display-authors=etal | journal=Geomorphology | year=2007 | volume=88 | issue=3–4 | pages=312–328 | doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.12.002| bibcode=2007Geomo..88..312K }}</ref> the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] and beneath the [[West Antarctic Ice Sheet]]. Tuyas in Iceland are sometimes called ''table mountains'' because of their flat tops.


S. Holland, a [[geographer]] for the British Columbia government, described tuyas in the following way:<ref>*''Landforms of British Columbia: A Physiographic Outline'', S. Holland, Govt of BC, 1976, pp. 51–52.</ref>
S. Holland, a [[geographer]] for the British Columbia government, described tuyas in the following way:<ref>*''Landforms of British Columbia: A Physiographic Outline'', S. Holland, Govt of BC, 1976, pp. 51–52.</ref>
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Because they erupt under ice and water, tuyas have [[phreatomagmatic eruption]]s creating layers of [[breccia]] and [[hyaloclastite]] above [[pillow lava]]s. If the volcano breaches the surface of the glacier it will be topped by a [[subaerial]]ly erupted [[Volcanic plateau|lava plateau]].
Because they erupt under ice and water, tuyas have [[phreatomagmatic eruption]]s creating layers of [[breccia]] and [[hyaloclastite]] above [[pillow lava]]s. If the volcano breaches the surface of the glacier it will be topped by a [[subaerial]]ly erupted [[Volcanic plateau|lava plateau]].


==Word origin==
==Etymology==
<!--[[Image:Tuya Butte.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tuya Butte]] in northern British Columbia, Canada, is the first tuya analyzed in the geological literature]]-->
<!--[[Image:Tuya Butte.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tuya Butte]] in northern British Columbia, Canada, is the first tuya analyzed in the geological literature]]-->
The origin of the term comes from [[Tuya Butte]], one of many tuyas in the area of the [[Tuya River]] and [[Tuya Range]] in far northern [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]].
The origin of the term comes from [[Tuya Butte]], one of many tuyas in the area of the [[Tuya River]] and [[Tuya Range]] in far northern [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]].
While still in graduate school in 1947, Canadian [[geologist]] [[Bill Mathews]] published a paper titled, "Tuyas, Flat-Topped Volcanoes in Northern British Columbia", in which he coined the term "tuya" to refer to these distinctive volcanic formations. Tuya Butte is a near-ideal specimen of the type, the first such landform analyzed in the geological literature, and this name has since become standard worldwide among volcanologists in referring to and writing about these formations. [[Tuya Mountains Provincial Park]] was recently established to protect this unusual landscape, which lies north of [[Tuya Lake]] and south of the [[Jennings River]] near the boundary with [[Yukon]]. Around the same time that Mathews published his paper, the Icelandic geologist Guðmundur Kjartansson had distinguished between "móberg" ridges and tuyas in Iceland and proposed the hypothesis that they were formed during subglacial and intraglacial eruptions.
While still in graduate school in 1947, Canadian [[geologist]] [[Bill Mathews]] published a paper titled, "Tuyas, Flat-Topped Volcanoes in Northern British Columbia", in which he coined the term "tuya" to refer to these distinctive volcanic formations. Tuya Butte is a near-ideal specimen of the type, the first such landform analyzed in the geological literature, and this name has since become standard worldwide among volcanologists in referring to and writing about these formations. [[Tuya Mountains Provincial Park]] was recently established to protect this unusual landscape, which lies north of [[Tuya Lake]] and south of the [[Jennings River]] near the boundary with [[Yukon]]. Around the same time that Mathews published his paper, the Icelandic geologist Guðmundur Kjartansson had distinguished between "móberg" ridges and tuyas in Iceland and proposed the hypothesis that they were formed during subglacial and intraglacial eruptions.


The term ''tuya'' may be derived from a [[Tahltan]] word.<ref>[http://ilmbwww.gov.bc.ca/bcgn-bin/bcg10?name=27345 BCGNIS Query Results]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
The term ''tuya'' may be derived from a [[Tahltan]] word.<ref>[https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/27345.html BCGNIS Query Results]</ref>

A volcanic mesa near [[Santa Fe, New Mexico]], known in English as Black Mesa and resembling a tuya, is known in [[Tewa language|Tewa]] as ''Tu-yo''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wDsSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161&dq=black+mesa&client=firefox-a#PPA82,M1].


==Examples==
==Examples==
[[Image:The Table1.jpg|thumb|right|[[The Table]], [[British Columbia]]]]
[[Image:The Table1.jpg|thumb|right|[[The Table (British Columbia)|The Table]], [[British Columbia]]]]
{|
{|
|- valign=top
|- valign=top
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*[[Tuya Butte]]
*[[Tuya Butte]]
*[[Tuya Volcanic Field]]
*[[Tuya Volcanic Field]]
*[[The Table]]
*[[The Table (British Columbia)|The Table]]
| width=30 |
| width=30 |
|
|
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| width=30 |
| width=30 |
|
|
'''Iceland''':<ref name="vanBemmelen_Rutten_1955">{{cite book | title=Table Mountains of Northern Iceland | publisher=E.J. Brill | last1=van Bemmelen | first1=R.W. | last2=Rutten | first2=M.G. | year=1955 | location=Leiden}}</ref><ref name="Smithsonian2010">{{cite book | title=Volcanoes of the World | publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] and University of California Press | last1=Siebert | first1=L | last2=Simkin | first2=T. |last3=Kimberly | first3=P. | year=2010 | page=359 | isbn=978-0-520-26877-7| edition=3rd }}</ref>
'''Iceland''':
*[[Bláfjall]]
*[[Bláfjallsgardur]]
*[[Búrfell (Þjórsárdal)|Búrfell]]
*[[Búrfell (Þjórsárdal)|Búrfell]]
*[[Eíriksjökull]]
*[[Fagradalsfjall]]
*[[Gaesafjöll]]
*[[Hagafell]]
*[[Herðubreið]]
*[[Herðubreið]]
*[[Hlöðufell]]
*[[Hlöðufell]]
*[[Hrútfell]]
*[[Ingólfsfjall]]
*[[Kistufell]]
*[[Lambafjöll]]
*[[Loðmundur]]
*[[Sellandafjall]]
*[[Strútur]]

| width=30 |
| width=30 |
|
|
'''Tuva Republic''':<ref name="SayanTuva">{{cite journal | title=History of late Pleistocene glaciations in the central Sayan-Tuva Upland (southern Siberia) | last=Arzhannikov | first=S. G. | display-authors=etal | journal=Quaternary Science Reviews | year=2012 | volume=49 | pages=16–32 | doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.06.005| bibcode=2012QSRv...49...16A }}</ref>
'''Tuva Republic''':<ref name="SayanTuva">{{cite journal | title=History of late Pleistocene glaciations in the central Sayan-Tuva Upland (southern Siberia) | last=Arzhannikov | first=S. G. | display-authors=etal | journal=Quaternary Science Reviews | year=2012 | volume=49 | pages=16–32 | doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.06.005| bibcode=2012QSRv...49...16A | url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00758082/file/Arzhannikov2012.pdf }}</ref>
* [[Azas Plateau]]:
* [[Azas Plateau]]:
**Sorug-Chushku-Uzu
**Sorug-Chushku-Uzu
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

* {{cite journal | last1 = Jakobsson | first1 =S. P. | last2 = Guðmundsson | first2 =M. T. | authorlink= | title = Subglacial and intraglacial volcanic formations in Iceland | journal = [[Jökull|Jökull: The Icelandic Journal of Earth Sciences]] | volume = 58 | issue = | pages =179–196 | year = 2008}}
==Further reading==
⚫
* {{cite journal | doi = 10.2475/ajs.245.9.560 | last = Mathews | first =W. H. | authorlink= Bill Mathews | title = Tuyas, flat-topped volcanoes in northern British Columbia | journal = [[American Journal of Science]] | volume =245 | issue = 9 | pages =560–570 |date=1 September 1947| bibcode = 1947AmJS..245..560M }}
* {{cite journal | doi = 10.2475/ajs.249.11.830 | last = Mathews | first =W. H. | authorlink= Bill Mathews | title = The Table, a flat-topped volcano in southern British Columbia | journal = [[American Journal of Science]] | volume =249 | issue = 11 | pages =830–841 |date=1 November 1951| bibcode = 1951AmJS..249..830M }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Jakobsson | first1 =S. P. | last2 = Guðmundsson | first2 =M. T. | title = Subglacial and intraglacial volcanic formations in Iceland | journal = [[Jökull (journal)|Jökull: The Icelandic Journal of Earth Sciences]] | volume = 58 | pages =179–196 | year = 2008}}
*{{cite journal|last=Moore|first=James G.|author2=Lewis C. Calk |title=Degassing and differentiation in subglacial volcanoes, Iceland|journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research|date=May 1991|volume=46|issue=1–2|pages=157–180|doi=10.1016/0377-0273(91)90081-A|bibcode=1991JVGR...46..157M}}
* {{cite journal | doi = 10.2475/ajs.245.9.560 | last = Mathews | first =W. H. | author-link= Bill Mathews | title = Tuyas, flat-topped volcanoes in northern British Columbia | journal = [[American Journal of Science]] | volume =245 | issue = 9 | pages =560–570 |date=1 September 1947| bibcode = 1947AmJS..245..560M }}
⚫
* {{cite journal | doi = 10.2475/ajs.249.11.830 | last = Mathews | first =W. H. | author-link= Bill Mathews | title = The Table, a flat-topped volcano in southern British Columbia | journal = [[American Journal of Science]] | volume =249 | issue = 11 | pages =830–841 |date=1 November 1951| bibcode = 1951AmJS..249..830M | doi-access = free }}
*{{cite journal|last=Moore|first=James G.|author2=Lewis C. Calk |title=Degassing and differentiation in subglacial volcanoes, Iceland|journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research|date=May 1991|volume=46|issue=1–2|pages=157–180|doi=10.1016/0377-0273(91)90081-A|bibcode=1991JVGR...46..157M|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1258503}}


==External links==
==External links==

Revision as of 22:44, 27 November 2023

For other uses, see Tuya (disambiguation).
Herðubreið, a tuya in Iceland

A tuya is a flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet. They are rare worldwide, being confined to regions which were covered by glaciers and had active volcanism during the same period.

As lava that erupts under a glacier cools very quickly and cannot travel far, it piles up into a steep-sided hill. If the eruption continues long enough, it either melts all the ice or emerges through the top of the ice and then creates normal-looking lava flows that make a flat cap on top of the hill. Discovering and dating the lava flows in a tuya has proven useful in reconstructing past glacial ice extents and thicknesses.

Formation

Hogg Rock (foreground), Oregon

Tuyas are a type of subglacial volcano that consists of nearly horizontal beds of lava capping outward-dipping beds of fragmental volcanic rocks, and they often rise in isolation above a surrounding plateau. Tuyas are found in Iceland, British Columbia, the Santiam Pass region in Oregon, the Tyva Republic in eastern Russia,[1] the Antarctic Peninsula and beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Tuyas in Iceland are sometimes called table mountains because of their flat tops.

S. Holland, a geographer for the British Columbia government, described tuyas in the following way:[2]

"They have a most interesting origin ... [they were] formed by volcanic eruptions which had been thawed through the Pleistocene ice-sheet by underlying volcanic heat. The lavas capping the mountains were extruded after the volcanoes were built above lake-level, and the outward-dipping beds were formed by the chilling of the lava when it reached the water's edge."

Because they erupt under ice and water, tuyas have phreatomagmatic eruptions creating layers of breccia and hyaloclastite above pillow lavas. If the volcano breaches the surface of the glacier it will be topped by a subaerially erupted lava plateau.

Etymology

The origin of the term comes from Tuya Butte, one of many tuyas in the area of the Tuya River and Tuya Range in far northern British Columbia, Canada. While still in graduate school in 1947, Canadian geologist Bill Mathews published a paper titled, "Tuyas, Flat-Topped Volcanoes in Northern British Columbia", in which he coined the term "tuya" to refer to these distinctive volcanic formations. Tuya Butte is a near-ideal specimen of the type, the first such landform analyzed in the geological literature, and this name has since become standard worldwide among volcanologists in referring to and writing about these formations. Tuya Mountains Provincial Park was recently established to protect this unusual landscape, which lies north of Tuya Lake and south of the Jennings River near the boundary with Yukon. Around the same time that Mathews published his paper, the Icelandic geologist Guðmundur Kjartansson had distinguished between "móberg" ridges and tuyas in Iceland and proposed the hypothesis that they were formed during subglacial and intraglacial eruptions.

The term tuya may be derived from a Tahltan word.[3]

Examples

The Table, British Columbia

Antarctica:

Canada:

United States:

Iceland:[4][5]

Tuva Republic:[6]

  • Azas Plateau:
    • Sorug-Chushku-Uzu
    • Shivit-Taiga
    • Kokhemskii
    • Priozernyi
    • Ulug-Arginskii

See also

  • Butte – Isolated hill with steep, often vertical sides and a small, relatively flat top
  • Glaciovolcanism – phenomena associated with volcanism and glacial ice
  • Mesa – Elevated area of land with a flat top and sides, usually much wider than buttes
  • Table Mountain (disambiguation)

References

  1. ^ Komatsu, G.; et al. (2007). "Geomorphology of subglacial volcanoes in the Azas Plateau, the Tuva Republic, Russia". Geomorphology. 88 (3–4): 312–328. Bibcode:2007Geomo..88..312K. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.12.002.
  2. ^ *Landforms of British Columbia: A Physiographic Outline, S. Holland, Govt of BC, 1976, pp. 51–52.
  3. ^ BCGNIS Query Results
  4. ^ van Bemmelen, R.W.; Rutten, M.G. (1955). Table Mountains of Northern Iceland. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
  5. ^ Siebert, L; Simkin, T.; Kimberly, P. (2010). Volcanoes of the World (3rd ed.). Smithsonian Institution and University of California Press. p. 359. ISBN 978-0-520-26877-7.
  6. ^ Arzhannikov, S. G.; et al. (2012). "History of late Pleistocene glaciations in the central Sayan-Tuva Upland (southern Siberia)" (PDF). Quaternary Science Reviews. 49: 16–32. Bibcode:2012QSRv...49...16A. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.06.005.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tuyas.
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