Varied sittella: Difference between revisions

Varied sittella
	Male
	Female
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Neosittidae
Genus:	Daphoenositta
Species:	D. chrysoptera
Binomial name
	Daphoenositta chrysoptera; (Latham, 1801)
Synonyms
	Neositta chrysoptera

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The varied sittella (Daphoenositta chrysoptera) is a small songbird native to Australia. About 10–11 cm long, it is also known as the Australian nuthatch, orange-winged sittella and the barkpecker.

Taxonomy

The varied sittella was first described by the English ornithologist John Latham in 1801 under the binomial name Sitta chrysoptera.^[2] The generic name Daphoenositta is derived from Greek daphoinos/δαφοινός, 'blood-red, tawny'^[3] and sittē, a bird like a woodpecker mentioned by Aristotle.^[4] The specific name chrysoptera is from Greek khrusopteros/χρυσό-πτερος, 'golden-winged'.^[3]^[4]

The species inhabits a broad range, and its appearance changes depending on its location, hence the name varied sittella. There are five subspecies:^[5]

D. c. leucoptera (Gould, 1840) - northwest to north-central Australia (white-winged sitella)
D. c. striata (Gould, 1869) - northeast Australia (streaked sitella)
D. c. leucocephala (Gould, 1838) - east Australia (white-headed sitella)
D. c. chrysoptera (Latham, 1801) - southeast Australia (orange-winged sitella)
D. c. pileata (Gould, 1838) - southwest, west-central, central and south Australia (black-capped sitella)

Description

Its crown and head can be white, grey or black, and its body is either whitish or grey often streaked with black and grey. Its wings are black, with a broad bar in either white or cinnamon. The iris is dark orange, and the eye-ring, legs and feet are orange-yellow. The beak is orange with a black tip that can extend as far as the base. Colouration completely depends on the subspecies, and certain subspecies are known to hybridize. In the future, some subspecies may become species in their own right.

Behaviour

Flocks of the birds forage in trees of all heights, often descending erratically down the trunks in a rather nuthatch-like fashion. Their diet consists of spiders and insects, usually prised from beneath the bark.^[6]

Calls are a thin, high-pitched chwit becoming the louder, metallic tchweit-tchweit-tchweit of many birds combining in a constant call-and-response as they move towards another tree.^[6]

In spring and summer (August to October in the north; September to December in the south), larger flocks break up into smaller breeding flocks, typically composed of a breeding pair, along with several unmated adults and immatures from the previous season.^[6] The nest is cone-shaped, made of bark, fibres and spider-webs, and placed 5 to 25 m above ground in the fork of a branch or on an exposed limb.^[6] A clutch of two or three blue-spotted, white eggs, measuring 17 mm × 13 mm (0.7 in × 0.5 in), is incubated by the female for 18 to 20 days.^[6]

References

^ BirdLife International (2016). "Daphoenositta chrysoptera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103691540A94016098. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103691540A94016098.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
^ Latham, John (1801). Supplementum indicis ornithologici sive systematis ornithologiae (in Latin). London: Leigh & Sotheby. p. xxxii.
^ ^a ^b Liddell & Scott (1980). Greek-English Lexicon, Abridged Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. ISBN 0-19-910207-4. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
^ ^a ^b Jobling, James A. (2010). "Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird-names". Retrieved 10 February 2023.
^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Whiteheads, sitellas & whistlers". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Morcombe, Michael (2012) Field Guide to Australian Birds. Pascal Press, Glebe, NSW. Revised edition. ISBN 978174021417-9

Other sources

Simpson, K. & Day, N. (1993) Field Guide to the Birds of Australia (ISBN 0-670-90478-3)
del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie D. (editors). (2007). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-96553-42-2

External links

BirdLife Species Factsheet

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[iucn_status_18_November_2021-1] BirdLife International (2016). "Daphoenositta chrysoptera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103691540A94016098. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103691540A94016098.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.

[2] Latham, John (1801). Supplementum indicis ornithologici sive systematis ornithologiae (in Latin). London: Leigh & Sotheby. p. xxxii.

[Liddell-3] Liddell & Scott (1980). Greek-English Lexicon, Abridged Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. ISBN 0-19-910207-4. Retrieved 11 February 2023.

[Jobling-4] Jobling, James A. (2010). "Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird-names". Retrieved 10 February 2023.

[ioc-5] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Whiteheads, sitellas & whistlers". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 8 October 2019.

[Morcombe-6] Morcombe, Michael (2012) Field Guide to Australian Birds. Pascal Press, Glebe, NSW. Revised edition. ISBN 978174021417-9

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of bird}}
-{{Taxobox
+{{speciesbox
-| name = Varied Sittella
+| name = Varied sittella
-| image = Daphoenositta chrysoptera.jpg
+| image = Varied Sittella male (5460379608).jpg
+| image_caption = Male
+| image2 = Varied Sittella female (5460381628).jpg
+| image2_caption = Female
 | status = LC
 | status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref = <ref>{{IUCN|id=106005624 |title=''Daphoenositta chrysoptera'' |assessors=[[BirdLife International]] |version=2012.1 |year=2012 |accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref>
+| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Daphoenositta chrysoptera'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T103691540A94016098 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103691540A94016098.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
-| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
+| genus = Daphoenositta
+| species = chrysoptera
-| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
+| authority = ([[John Latham (ornithologist)|Latham]], 1801)
-| classis = [[Bird|Aves]]
-| ordo = [[Passeriformes]]
-| familia = [[Neosittidae]]
-| genus = ''[[Daphoenositta]]''
-| species = '''''D. chrysoptera'''''
-| binomial = ''Daphoenositta chrysoptera''
-| binomial_authority = ([[John Latham (ornithologist)|Latham]], 1802)
 | synonyms = ''Neositta chrysoptera''
 }}
-The '''Varied Sittella''' (''Daphoenositta chrysoptera'') is a small, around 10–11&nbsp;cm long, [[songbird]] native to [[Australia]] and [[New Guinea]]. It is also known as the Australian Nuthatch, Orange-winged Sittella and the Barkpecker.  Its [[Crown (anatomy)|crown]] and head can be white, grey or black, and its body is either whitish or grey often streaked with black and grey. Its wings are black, with a broad bar in either white or cinnamon. The iris is dark orange, and the eye-ring legs and feet are orange-yellow. The beak is orange with a black tip that can extend as far as the base. Colouration completely depends on the subspecies, and certain subspecies are known to hybridize. In the future some subspecies may become species in their own right.
+The '''varied sittella''' ('''''Daphoenositta chrysoptera''''') is a small [[songbird]] native to [[Australia]]. About 10–11&nbsp;cm long, it is also known as the '''Australian nuthatch''', '''orange-winged sittella''' and the '''barkpecker'''.
-==Behaviour==
-Flocks of these birds forage in trees of all heights, often descending down the trunks in a rather [[Nuthatch]]-like fashion. Calls are short and rather high-pitched.
-==Subspecies==
+==Taxonomy==
+The varied sittella was first described by the English ornithologist [[John Latham (ornithologist)|John Latham]] in 1801 under the [[binomial name]] ''Sitta chrysoptera''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Latham |first=John |author-link=John Latham (ornithologist) |year=1801 |title=Supplementum indicis ornithologici sive systematis ornithologiae |place=London |publisher=Leigh & Sotheby| language=la |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33261406 |page=xxxii }}</ref> The generic name ''Daphoenositta is'' derived from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ''daphoinos''/δαφοινός, 'blood-red, tawny'<ref name=Liddell>{{cite book |author=Liddell|author2=Scott |name-list-style=amp |year=1980 |title=Greek-English Lexicon, Abridged Edition |publisher=Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK |isbn=0-19-910207-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/lexicon00lidd|access-date=11 February 2023}}</ref> and ''sittē'', a bird like a woodpecker mentioned by [[Aristotle]].<ref name=Jobling>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling |title=Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird-names |last=Jobling |first=James A. |year=2010 |access-date = 10 February 2023}}</ref> The specific name ''chrysoptera'' is from Greek ''khrusopteros''/χρυσό-πτερος, 'golden-winged'.<ref name=Liddell/><ref name=Jobling/>
-This species inhabits a broad range, and its appearance changes depending on its location hence the name "Varied" Sittella. The Australian subspecies are
-''chrysoptera'' (Orange-winged Sitella),
-''pileata'' (Black-capped Sitella),
-''striata'' (Streaked Sitella),
-''leucocephala'' (White-headed Sitella)
-and ''leucoptera'' (White-winged Sitella). The New Guinea subspecies are
-''papuensis'' (Papuan or New Guinea Sitella), sometimes given specific status
-''alba'' (White Sitella),
-''intermedia'' (Intermediate Sitella)
-and ''albifrons'' (White-fronted Sitella)
+The species inhabits a broad range, and its appearance changes depending on its location, hence the name varied sittella. There are five subspecies:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | title=Whiteheads, sitellas & whistlers | work= World Bird List Version 9.2 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/butcherbirds/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union| access-date= 8 October 2019 }}</ref>
-==Naming==
+* ''D. c. leucoptera'' (Gould, 1840) - northwest to north-central Australia (white-winged sitella)
-Sitta is a word taken from Nuthatches. The origin of it is unknown. Chryso is Latin for "golden", Ptera for "wing" referring to the distinctive patch of colour in the dark wings.
+* ''D. c. striata'' (Gould, 1869) - northeast Australia (streaked sitella)
+* ''D. c. leucocephala'' (Gould, 1838) - east Australia (white-headed sitella)
+* ''D. c. chrysoptera'' (Latham, 1801) - southeast Australia (orange-winged sitella)
+* ''D. c. pileata'' (Gould, 1838) - southwest, west-central, central and south Australia (black-capped sitella)
-[[File:Varied Sittella Lac09.JPG|thumb|250px|left|Laceys Creek, SE Queensland]]
+[[File:Varied Sittella Lac09.JPG|thumb|200px|left|Laceys Creek, SE Queensland]]
+==Description==
-{{commons category|Daphoenositta chrysoptera}}
+Its [[Crown (anatomy)|crown]] and head can be white, grey or black, and its body is either whitish or grey often streaked with black and grey. Its wings are black, with a broad bar in either white or cinnamon. The iris is dark orange, and the eye-ring, legs and feet are orange-yellow. The beak is orange with a black tip that can extend as far as the base. Colouration completely depends on the subspecies, and certain subspecies are known to hybridize. In the future, some subspecies may become species in their own right.
-{{wikispecies|Daphoenositta chrysoptera}}
+==Behaviour==
+Flocks of the birds forage in trees of all heights, often descending erratically down the trunks in a rather [[nuthatch]]-like fashion. Their diet consists of spiders and insects, usually prised from beneath the bark.<ref name=Morcombe>Morcombe, Michael (2012) Field Guide to Australian Birds. Pascal Press, Glebe, NSW. Revised edition. {{ISBN|978174021417-9}}</ref>
+Calls are a thin, high-pitched ''chwit'' becoming the louder, metallic ''tchweit-tchweit-tchweit'' of many birds combining in a constant call-and-response as they move towards another tree.<ref name=Morcombe/>
+In spring and summer (August to October in the north; September to December in the south), larger flocks break up into smaller breeding flocks, typically composed of a breeding pair, along with several unmated adults and immatures from the previous season.<ref name=Morcombe/> The nest is cone-shaped, made of bark, fibres and spider-webs, and placed 5 to 25 m above ground in the fork of a branch or on an exposed limb.<ref name=Morcombe/> A clutch of two or three blue-spotted, white eggs, measuring {{cvt|17 x 13|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}, is incubated by the female for 18 to 20 days.<ref name=Morcombe/>
+{{Commons category|Daphoenositta chrysoptera}}
+{{Wikispecies|Daphoenositta chrysoptera}}
 == References ==
-{{Reflist}}
+{{Reflist|30em}}
-* Field guide to the birds of Australia (ISBN 0-670-90478-3)
+==Other sources==
-* del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie D. (editors). (2007). ''[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]''. Volume 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-96553-42-2
+* Simpson, K. & Day, N. (1993) Field Guide to the Birds of Australia ({{ISBN|0-670-90478-3}})
+* del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie D. (editors). (2007). ''[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]''. Volume 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Lynx Edicions. {{ISBN|978-84-96553-42-2}}
 == External links ==
 * [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=5624&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet]
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q1589525}}
+[[Category:Daphoenositta|varied sittella]]
 [[Category:Birds of Australia]]
-[[Category:Birds of Indonesia]]
+[[Category:Birds described in 1801|varied sittella]]
-[[Category:Birds of Southeast Asia]]
-[[Category:Birds of Western Australia]]
-[[Category:Daphoenositta]]
 {{corvoidea-stub}}
-[[ca:Pica-soques australià]]
-[[eu:Daphoenositta chrysoptera]]
-[[pt:Daphoenositta chrysoptera]]
-[[fi:Australiannakkeli]]
-[[sv:Broksitella]]