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{{Short description|Species of mammal}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| name = Hairy-tailed Mole<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Hutterer | pages = 301}}</ref>
| name = Hairy-tailed mole<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Soricomorpha | id=13700634 | page = 301}}</ref>
| status = LR/lc
| image = Hairy-tailed Mole iNaturalist.jpg
⚫
| status_system = iucn2.3
| image_caption =
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2006 | assessors = Insectivore Specialist Group | year = 1996 | id = 41469 | title = Parascalops breweri | downloaded = [[2006-05-12]]}} Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern</ref>
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| status = LC
⚫
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn|last1=Cassola|first1=F.|title=''Parascalops breweri''|year=2016|errata=2017|page=e.T41469A115188181|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41469A22322790.en}}</ref>
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| parent_authority = [[Frederick W. True|True]], 1894<ref>{{cite journal|last1=True|first1=Frederick W.|title=Diagnoses of New North American Mammals|journal=Proceedings of the United States National Museum|date=1894|volume=17|issue=999|page=242|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15675244|doi=10.5479/si.00963801.999.241}}</ref>
| ordo = [[Soricomorpha]]
| display_parents = 2
| familia = [[Talpidae]]
⚫
| taxon = Parascalops breweri
| tribus = [[Scalopini]]
⚫
| authority = ([[John Bachman|Bachman]], 1842)
| genus = '''''Parascalops'''''
| range_map = Hairy-tailed Mole area.png
| genus_authority = [[Frederick W. True|True]], 1894
| range_map_caption = Hairy-tailed mole range
| species = '''''P. breweri'''''
| synonyms = {{species list
⚫
| binomial = ''Parascalops breweri''
|Scalops breweri|Bachman, 1842<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bachman|first1=J.|title=Observations on the Genus ''Scalops'', (Shrew Moles,) with Descriptions of the Species found in North America|journal=Boston Journal of Natural History|date=1843|volume=4|issue=1|pages=32–34|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5362943}}</ref>}}
⚫
| binomial_authority = ([[John Bachman|Bachman]], 1842)
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hallett|first1=James G.|title=Parascalops breweri|journal=Mammalian Species|date=1978|issue=98|pages=1–4|doi=10.2307/3503954|jstor=3503954|s2cid=253940042 }}</ref>
}}
}}


The '''Hairy-tailed Mole''' (''Parascalops breweri''), also known as '''Brewer's Mole''', is a medium-sized [[North America]]n [[mole (animal)|mole]]. It is the only member of genus '''''Parascalops'''''.
The '''hairy-tailed mole''' ('''''Parascalops breweri'''''), also known as '''Brewer's mole''', is a medium-sized [[North America]]n [[mole (animal)|mole]]. It is the [[monotypic taxon|only member]] of the [[genus]] '''''Parascalops'''''.<ref name=msw3/> The species epithet ''breweri'' refers to [[Thomas Mayo Brewer]], an American naturalist.


== Taxonomy ==
It is found in forested and open areas with dry loose soils in eastern [[Canada]] and the northeastern [[United States]].
Despite inhabiting North America, studies indicate that it is not closely related to the two other North American [[Scalopini|scalopine]] moles (''[[Eastern mole|Scalopus]]'' and ''[[Scapanus]]''), but rather to the two [[China|Chinese]] scalopine moles (''[[Gansu mole|Scapanulus]]'' and ''[[Alpiscaptulus]]''). This indicates that the two Chinese moles likely descend from a migration from North America back into Eurasia, where the scalopine moles originated. Some studies have suggested placing ''Parascalops'', ''Scapanulus'', and ''Alpiscaptulus'' into a single subtribe Parascalopina.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Zhong-Zheng|last2=He|first2=Shui-Wang|last3=Hu|first3=Wen-Hao|last4=Song|first4=Wen-Yu|last5=Onditi|first5=Kenneth O|last6=Li|first6=Xue-You|last7=Jiang|first7=Xue-Long|date=2021-01-08|title=Morphology and phylogeny of scalopine moles (Eulipotyphla: Talpidae: Scalopini) from the eastern Himalayas, with descriptions of a new genus and species|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa172|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=193|issue=2|pages=432–444|doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa172|issn=0024-4082}}</ref>


== Appearance ==
This animal has dark grey fur with lighter underparts, a pointed nose and a short hairy tail. It is about 15 cm in length including a 3 cm long tail and weighs about 55 g. Its front paws are broad and spade-shaped, specialized for digging. It has 44 teeth. Its eyes are covered by fur and its ears are not external. Its feet and snout are pinkish, but become white in older animals.
[[File:The quadrupeds of North America (Plate LXXIV) (7748318398).jpg|250px|thumb|Illustration of the Hairy-tailed mole]]
This animal has dark grey fur with lighter underparts, a pointed nose and a short, hairy tail.<ref name="Reid2006">{{Cite book|title=A field guide to mammals of North America (The Peterson field guide series)|last=Reid|first=Fiona|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|year=2006|isbn=978-0-395-93596-5|edition=4th|location=New York, New York|pages=387–388}}</ref> It is about {{convert|15|cm|in|sp=us}} in length, including a {{convert|3|cm|in|adj=mid|-long|sp=us}} tail, and weighs about {{convert|55|g|oz}}.<ref name="Reid2006" /> Its front paws are broad and spade-shaped, specialized for digging.<ref name="si.edu">{{Cite web|url=http://naturalhistory.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=245|title=North American Mammals: Parascalops breweri : Image Information|website=naturalhistory.si.edu|access-date=2016-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625230955/https://naturalhistory.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=245|archive-date=2018-06-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has 44 teeth. Its eyes are covered by fur and its ears are not external.<ref name="si.edu" /> Its feet and snout are pinkish, but become white in older animals.<ref name="Reid2006" /> Several adaptations to living primarily underground can be seen in the hairy-tailed mole. Its pelage is very dense and silky, and its feet are broad, flat, and heavy.<ref name="si.edu" /> Moles rely very little on their eyesight and have very small [[optic nerve]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Leitch|first1=Duncan B.|last2=Sarko|first2=Diana K.|last3=Catania|first3=Kenneth C.|date=2014-09-01|title=Brain Mass and Cranial Nerve Size in Shrews and Moles|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=4|pages=6241|doi=10.1038/srep06241|issn=2045-2322|pmc=4150104|pmid=25174995|bibcode=2014NatSR...4E6241L}}</ref> To accommodate its lack of vision, the hairy-tailed mole has sensitive whiskers and hairs on the tip of its nose and feet to feel its surroundings.<ref name="si.edu" />


== Habitat ==
⚫
This mole spends most of its time underground, foraging in shallow burrows for insects and their larvae and earthworms. It emerges at night to feed. It is active year round. Predators include [[owl]]s, [[fox]]es and large snakes.
It is found in forested and open areas with dry loose soils in eastern [[Canada]] and the northeastern [[United States]].<ref name=IUCN/> Since it is a [[fossorial]] mammal, it needs moist but well-drained soil so that it can dig easily.<ref name="Reid2006" /> The hairy-tailed mole prefers deciduous and coniferous woods, oldfields, and roadsides.<ref name="Reid2006" /><ref name=IUCN/>


== Behavior ==
⚫
This animal is mainly solitary except during mating in early spring. The female has a litter of 4 to 5 young in a deep underground burrow. This mole may live 4 to 5 years.
The hairy-tailed mole is [[Cathemerality|cathemeral]].<ref name="Reid2006" /> Since it lives primarily underground in shallow tunnels it can forage throughout the day and will also forage on the ground's surface at night.<ref name="Reid2006" /> The hairy-tailed mole is more active near the surface during warmer summer months and digs deeper underground in the cooler fall and winter months.<ref name="Reid2006" />


⚫
This mole spends most of its time underground, [[foraging]] in shallow [[burrow]]s for insects and their larvae and earthworms.<ref name=IUCN/> It emerges at night to feed. It is active year-round. Predators include [[owl]]s, [[fox]]es and large snakes.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Parascalops_breweri/|title=Parascalops breweri (hairy-tailed mole)|website=Animal Diversity Web|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref>
The species epithet ''breweri'' refers to [[Thomas Mayo Brewer]], an American naturalist.

⚫
This animal is mainly solitary except during mating in early spring.<ref name=":3" /> The female has a litter of 4 to 5 young in a deep burrow.<ref name="Reid2006" /><ref name=IUCN/> This mole may live 3 to 4 years.<ref name=":3" />

==Diet==
Hairy-tailed moles are [[insectivore]]s and have been shown to starve if vegetable matter is the only food source available.<ref name=":3" /> The hairy-tailed mole's diet is mostly [[larva|grubs]], [[earthworm]]s, [[beetle]] [[larva]]e, [[slug]]s, and [[ant]]s, particularly when other food sources are not available.<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=":3" />


== References ==
== References ==
{{Commons category|Parascalops breweri|Hairy-tailed Mole}}
{{reflist}}
{{Wikispecies|Parascalops breweri|Hairy-tailed Mole}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Eulipotyphla|T.}}
{{soricomorpha-stub}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q1470645}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Mole, Hairy-tailed}}
{{Authority control}}


⚫
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mole, Hairy-tailed}}
[[Category:Fauna of Appalachia U.S.]]
[[Category:Fauna of Delaware and Maryland]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Eastern United States]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Northeastern United States]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Northeastern United States]]
[[Category:Mammals of the United States]]
[[Category:Mammals of the United States|Hairy-tailed mole]]
[[Category:Talpidae|Hairy-tailed Mole]]
[[Category:Talpidae|Hairy-tailed Mole]]
[[Category:Mammals of Canada|Hairy-tailed Mole]]

[[Category:Mammals described in 1842|Hairy-tailed mole]]
[[cs:Krtek bělohlavý]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Bachman|Hairy-tailed mole]]
[[de:Haarschwanzmaulwurf]]
[[es:Parascalops]]
[[fr:Parascalops breweri]]
[[pl:Kret szczotkoogoniasty]]
[[pt:Parascalops breweri]]
[[zh:毛尾鼴屬]]

Latest revision as of 17:22, 15 October 2023

Hairy-tailed mole[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Eulipotyphla
Family: Talpidae
Tribe: Scalopini
Genus: Parascalops
True, 1894[3]
Species:
P. breweri
Binomial name
Parascalops breweri
(Bachman, 1842)
Hairy-tailed mole range
Synonyms[5]
  • Scalops breweri Bachman, 1842[4]

The hairy-tailed mole (Parascalops breweri), also known as Brewer's mole, is a medium-sized North American mole. It is the only member of the genus Parascalops.[1] The species epithet breweri refers to Thomas Mayo Brewer, an American naturalist.

Taxonomy

[edit]

Despite inhabiting North America, studies indicate that it is not closely related to the two other North American scalopine moles (Scalopus and Scapanus), but rather to the two Chinese scalopine moles (Scapanulus and Alpiscaptulus). This indicates that the two Chinese moles likely descend from a migration from North America back into Eurasia, where the scalopine moles originated. Some studies have suggested placing Parascalops, Scapanulus, and Alpiscaptulus into a single subtribe Parascalopina.[6]

Appearance

[edit]
Illustration of the Hairy-tailed mole

This animal has dark grey fur with lighter underparts, a pointed nose and a short, hairy tail.[7] It is about 15 centimeters (5.9 in) in length, including a 3-centimeter-long (1.2 in) tail, and weighs about 55 grams (1.9 oz).[7] Its front paws are broad and spade-shaped, specialized for digging.[8] It has 44 teeth. Its eyes are covered by fur and its ears are not external.[8] Its feet and snout are pinkish, but become white in older animals.[7] Several adaptations to living primarily underground can be seen in the hairy-tailed mole. Its pelage is very dense and silky, and its feet are broad, flat, and heavy.[8] Moles rely very little on their eyesight and have very small optic nerves.[9] To accommodate its lack of vision, the hairy-tailed mole has sensitive whiskers and hairs on the tip of its nose and feet to feel its surroundings.[8]

Habitat

[edit]

It is found in forested and open areas with dry loose soils in eastern Canada and the northeastern United States.[2] Since it is a fossorial mammal, it needs moist but well-drained soil so that it can dig easily.[7] The hairy-tailed mole prefers deciduous and coniferous woods, oldfields, and roadsides.[7][2]

Behavior

[edit]

The hairy-tailed mole is cathemeral.[7] Since it lives primarily underground in shallow tunnels it can forage throughout the day and will also forage on the ground's surface at night.[7] The hairy-tailed mole is more active near the surface during warmer summer months and digs deeper underground in the cooler fall and winter months.[7]

This mole spends most of its time underground, foraging in shallow burrows for insects and their larvae and earthworms.[2] It emerges at night to feed. It is active year-round. Predators include owls, foxes and large snakes.[10]

This animal is mainly solitary except during mating in early spring.[10] The female has a litter of 4 to 5 young in a deep burrow.[7][2] This mole may live 3 to 4 years.[10]

Diet

[edit]

Hairy-tailed moles are insectivores and have been shown to starve if vegetable matter is the only food source available.[10] The hairy-tailed mole's diet is mostly grubs, earthworms, beetle larvae, slugs, and ants, particularly when other food sources are not available.[2][10]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hairy-tailed Mole.
Wikispecies has information related to Hairy-tailed Mole.
  1. ^ a b Hutterer, R. (2005). "Order Soricomorpha". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 301. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Parascalops breweri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41469A115188181. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41469A22322790.en.
  3. ^ True, Frederick W. (1894). "Diagnoses of New North American Mammals". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 17 (999): 242. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.999.241.
  4. ^ Bachman, J. (1843). "Observations on the Genus Scalops, (Shrew Moles,) with Descriptions of the Species found in North America". Boston Journal of Natural History. 4 (1): 32–34.
  5. ^ Hallett, James G. (1978). "Parascalops breweri". Mammalian Species (98): 1–4. doi:10.2307/3503954. JSTOR 3503954. S2CID 253940042.
  6. ^ Chen, Zhong-Zheng; He, Shui-Wang; Hu, Wen-Hao; Song, Wen-Yu; Onditi, Kenneth O; Li, Xue-You; Jiang, Xue-Long (2021-01-08). "Morphology and phylogeny of scalopine moles (Eulipotyphla: Talpidae: Scalopini) from the eastern Himalayas, with descriptions of a new genus and species". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 193 (2): 432–444. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa172. ISSN 0024-4082.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Reid, Fiona (2006). A field guide to mammals of North America (The Peterson field guide series) (4th ed.). New York, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 387–388. ISBN 978-0-395-93596-5.
  8. ^ a b c d "North American Mammals: Parascalops breweri : Image Information". naturalhistory.si.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-06-25. Retrieved 2016-12-08.
  9. ^ Leitch, Duncan B.; Sarko, Diana K.; Catania, Kenneth C. (2014-09-01). "Brain Mass and Cranial Nerve Size in Shrews and Moles". Scientific Reports. 4: 6241. Bibcode:2014NatSR...4E6241L. doi:10.1038/srep06241. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4150104. PMID 25174995.
  10. ^ a b c d e "Parascalops breweri (hairy-tailed mole)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2016-12-08.
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