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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
{{taxobox
| name = ''Chamaedaphne calyculata''
| image = Chamaedaphne cal 060926a.jpg
| image = Chamaedaphne cal 060926a.jpg
| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref =
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| display_parents = 3
| divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
| classis = [[Eudicots]]
| genus = Chamaedaphne
⚫
| parent_authority = [[Conrad Moench|Moench]]
| ordo = [[Ericales]]
⚫
| species = calyculata
| familia = [[Ericaceae]]
⚫
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) Moench
| genus = '''''Chamaedaphne'''''
|synonyms_ref=<ref name="1058520-2" >{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1058520-2 |title=''Chamaedaphne calyculata'' (L.) Moench |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=8 April 2021 }}</ref>
⚫
| genus_authority = [[Conrad Moench|Moench]]
|synonyms={{Collapsible list|
⚫
| species = '''''C. calyculata'''''
*''Andromeda angustifolia'' <small>(Aiton) Pursh</small>
| binomial = ''Chamaedaphne calyculata''
*''Andromeda calyculata'' <small>L.</small>
⚫
| binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) Moench
| synonyms = ''Andromeda calyculata'' L.<ref>{{GRIN | ''Andromeda calyculata'' | 3123 | accessdate = 21 December 2017}}</ref>
*''Andromeda calyculata'' var. ''angustifolia'' <small>Aiton</small>
*''Andromeda calyculata'' var. ''anomala'' <small>Vent.</small>
⚫
}}
*''Andromeda calyculata'' var. ''latifolia'' <small>Aiton</small>
*''Andromeda calyculata'' var. ''nana'' <small>G.Lodd.</small>
*''Andromeda crispa'' <small>Poir.</small>
*''Cassandra angustifolia'' <small>(Aiton) D.Don</small>
*''Cassandra angustifolia'' var. ''anomala'' <small>(Vent.) DC.</small>
*''Cassandra calyculata'' <small>(L.) D.Don</small>
*''Cassandra calyculata'' var. ''angustifolia'' <small>(Aiton) A.Gray</small>
*''Cassandra calyculata'' var. ''latifolia'' <small>(Aiton) F.Seym.</small>
*''Cassandra calyculata'' var. ''nana'' <small>(G.Lodd.) Bean</small>
*''Chamaedaphne calyculata'' var. ''angustifolia'' <small>(Aiton) Rehder</small>
*''Chamaedaphne calyculata'' var. ''latifolia'' <small>(Aiton) Fernald</small>
*''Chamaedaphne calyculata'' subsp. ''nana'' <small>(G.Lodd.) A.P.Khokhr.</small>
*''Chamaedaphne calyculata'' var. ''nana'' <small>(G.Lodd.) Rehder</small>
*''Chamaedaphne crispa'' <small>(Poir.) Spach</small>
*''Exolepta calyculata'' <small>(L.) Raf.</small>
*''Hydragonum calyculatum'' <small>(L.) Kuntze</small>
*''Lyonia calyculata'' <small>(L.) Rchb.</small>
*''Lyonia calyculata'' f. ''crispa'' <small>(Poir.) Zabel</small>
⚫
}}}}


'''''Chamaedaphne calyculata''''', known commonly as '''leatherleaf''' or '''cassandra''', is a perennial dwarf [[shrub]] in the plant family [[Ericaceae]] and the only species in the genus '''''Chamaedaphne'''''. It is commonly seen in cold, acidic bogs and forms large, spreading colonies.
'''''Chamaedaphne calyculata''''', known commonly as '''leatherleaf''' or '''cassandra''', is a perennial dwarf [[shrub]] in the plant family [[Ericaceae]] and the only species in the genus '''''Chamaedaphne'''''. It is commonly seen in cold, acidic bogs and forms large, spreading colonies.


==Description==
==Description==
''Chamaedaphne calyculata'' is a low-growing, upright dwarf [[shrub]] up to 1.5 m tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are alternately arranged on the branch and elliptical to oblong shaped, 1–4&nbsp;cm long and 0.5-1.5&nbsp;cm wide. The leaves are thick and leathery, dull green above with minute, silvery scales, and paler green or brownish beneath. The margins of the leaves are entire or slightly and irregularly toothed, with short [[Petiole (botany)|petioles]]. The plant is [[evergreen]] but leaves often turn red-brown in winter. <ref>Barnes, Burton Verne, et al. Michigan Shrubs & Vines: a Guide to Species of the Great Lakes Region. University of Michigan Press, 2016.</ref> The lower stems extend into sphagnum, peat moss, or other substrate, and may persist even after fire or mild drought. <ref>Reznicek, A.A., E. G. Voss, & B. S. Walters. MICHIGAN FLORA ONLINE. February 2011. University of Michigan. Web. April 9, 2018. http://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1210.</ref>
''Chamaedaphne calyculata'' is a low-growing, upright dwarf [[shrub]] up to 1.5 m tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are alternately arranged on the branch and elliptical to oblong shaped, 1–4&nbsp;cm long and 0.5-1.5&nbsp;cm wide. The leaves are thick and leathery, dull green above with minute, silvery scales, and paler green or brownish beneath. The margins of the leaves are entire or slightly and irregularly toothed, with short [[Petiole (botany)|petioles]]. The plant is [[evergreen]] but leaves often turn red-brown in winter.<ref>Barnes, Burton Verne, et al. Michigan Shrubs & Vines: a Guide to Species of the Great Lakes Region. University of Michigan Press, 2016.</ref> The lower stems extend into sphagnum, peat moss, or other substrate, and may persist even after fire or mild drought.<ref>Reznicek, A.A., E. G. Voss, & B. S. Walters. MICHIGAN FLORA ONLINE. February 2011. University of Michigan. Web. April 9, 2018. http://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1210.</ref>


The plant [[flower]]s in April to June, and is insect-pollinated. Flowers are small (5–6&nbsp;mm long), white, and bell-like, produced in terminal [[raceme]]s up to 12&nbsp;cm long, with flowers emerging from the axils (between leaf and stem) of small leaves on the raceme. The flowers have fused petals with 5 short lobes. The fruit is a [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] <ref>Haines, Arthur, and Gordon Morrison. Flora Novae Angliae: a Manual for the Identification of Native and Naturalized Vascular Plants of New England. New England Wild Flower Society, 2011.</ref>, a dry fruit that splits open to release seeds.
The plant flowers in April to June, and is insect-pollinated. Flowers are small (5–6&nbsp;mm long), white, and bell-like, produced in terminal [[raceme]]s up to 12&nbsp;cm long, with flowers emerging from the axils (between leaf and stem) of small leaves on the raceme. The flowers have fused petals with 5 short lobes. The fruit is a [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]],<ref>Haines, Arthur, and Gordon Morrison. Flora Novae Angliae: a Manual for the Identification of Native and Naturalized Vascular Plants of New England. New England Wild Flower Society, 2011.</ref> a dry fruit that splits open to release seeds.


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
The name ''Chamaedaphne'' comes from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] word ''chamae'' for "on the ground," and ''daphne,'' meaning "laurel." The common name refers to its tough, leather-like leaf.
The name ''Chamaedaphne'' is said to be derived from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] word ''chamae'' for "on the ground," and ''daphne,'' meaning "laurel."{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} In ancient Greek ''chamai'' (χαμαί) expresses "on the ground".<ref name="Liddell & Scott">Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940). ''A Greek-English Lexicon. Revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie.''Oxford: Clarendon Press.</ref> The common name refers to its tough, leather-like leaf.


==Habitat==
==Habitat==
''Chamaedaphne calyculata'' has a [[Circumboreal region|circumboreal]] distribution throughout the cool temperate and subarctic regions of the [[Northern Hemisphere]] from eastern North America to bogs in Finland and Japan. The species site is mostly restricted to bogs, but also occur in shrubby fens, rock crevices, and pool margins. Leatherleaf naturally forms large [[clonal colony|clonal colonies]], but is very shade-intolerant. Nutrients are low in bogs due to low [[mineralization (soil science)|mineralization]], and plants can only acquire nutrients only from atmospheric sources. <ref>Bartsch, Ingrid. "Effects of fertilization on growth and nutrient use by ''Chamaedaphne calyculata'' in a raised bog." Canadian Journal of Botany 72.3 (1994): 323-329.</ref>
''Chamaedaphne calyculata'' has a [[Circumboreal region|circumboreal]] distribution throughout the cool temperate and subarctic regions of the [[Northern Hemisphere]] from eastern North America to bogs in Finland and Japan. The species site is mostly restricted to bogs, but also occur in shrubby fens, rock crevices, and pool margins. Leatherleaf naturally forms large [[clonal colony|clonal colonies]], but is very shade-intolerant. Nutrients are low in bogs due to low [[mineralization (soil science)|mineralization]], and plants can only acquire nutrients from atmospheric sources.<ref>Bartsch, Ingrid. "Effects of fertilization on growth and nutrient use by ''Chamaedaphne calyculata'' in a raised bog." Canadian Journal of Botany 72.3 (1994): 323-329.</ref>


==Uses==
==Uses==
Leatherleaf is used as a food plant by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including ''[[Coleophora|Coleophora ledi]]''. In ornamental usage, leatherleaf is widely used by florists as a filler green in bouquets and arrangements. Ethnobotanically, the plant has usage as "sun-tea," a drink in which dried or fresh leaves are steeped in cool water in a sunny location. This technique is used to avoid boiling it as a traditional infusion, which carries the danger of releasing [[Grayanotoxin|andromedotoxin]], a common toxin present in plants of the [[Ericaceae]] family. Leatherleaf also has limited medicinal use among some Native American tribes as a poultice of leaves for inflammation. <ref>http://wildadirondacks.org/adirondack-shrubs-leatherleaf-chamaedaphne-calyculata.html Adirondack Shrubs: Leatherleaf</ref>
Leatherleaf is used as a food plant by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including ''[[Coleophora|Coleophora ledi]]''. In ornamental usage, leatherleaf is widely used by florists as a filler green in bouquets and arrangements. Ethnobotanically, the plant has usage as "sun-tea," a drink in which dried or fresh leaves are steeped in cool water in a sunny location. This technique is used to avoid boiling it as a traditional infusion, which carries the danger of releasing [[Grayanotoxin|andromedotoxin]], a common toxin present in plants of the family [[Ericaceae]]. Leatherleaf also has limited medicinal use among some Native American tribes as a poultice of leaves for inflammation.<ref>http://wildadirondacks.org/adirondack-shrubs-leatherleaf-chamaedaphne-calyculata.html Adirondack Shrubs: Leatherleaf</ref>


==References==
==References==
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*[https://www.britannica.com/plant/leatherleaf Leatherleaf]
*[https://www.britannica.com/plant/leatherleaf Leatherleaf]
*[http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=c646 Chamaedaphne calyculata 'Verdant']
*[http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=c646 Chamaedaphne calyculata 'Verdant']
*[http://www.arkive.org/leatherleaf/chamaedaphne-calyculata/ Leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180416014527/http://www.arkive.org/leatherleaf/chamaedaphne-calyculata/ Leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata)]
*[http://wildadirondacks.org/adirondack-shrubs-leatherleaf-chamaedaphne-calyculata.html Adirondack Shrubs: Leatherleaf]
*[http://wildadirondacks.org/adirondack-shrubs-leatherleaf-chamaedaphne-calyculata.html Adirondack Shrubs: Leatherleaf]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q3502448}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q3502448|from2=Q1857489}}


[[Category:Vaccinioideae]]
[[Category:Vaccinioideae]]
[[Category:Monotypic Ericaceae genera]]
[[Category:Monotypic Ericaceae genera]]
[[Category:Flora of North America]]
[[Category:Flora of Northern America]]

Latest revision as of 07:37, 21 August 2023

Chamaedaphne
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Ericaceae
Subfamily: Vaccinioideae
Tribe: Gaultherieae
Genus: Chamaedaphne
Moench
Species:
C. calyculata
Binomial name
Chamaedaphne calyculata
(L.) Moench
Synonyms[1]
List
    • Andromeda angustifolia (Aiton) Pursh
    • Andromeda calyculata L.
    • Andromeda calyculata var. angustifolia Aiton
    • Andromeda calyculata var. anomala Vent.
    • Andromeda calyculata var. latifolia Aiton
    • Andromeda calyculata var. nana G.Lodd.
    • Andromeda crispa Poir.
    • Cassandra angustifolia (Aiton) D.Don
    • Cassandra angustifolia var. anomala (Vent.) DC.
    • Cassandra calyculata (L.) D.Don
    • Cassandra calyculata var. angustifolia (Aiton) A.Gray
    • Cassandra calyculata var. latifolia (Aiton) F.Seym.
    • Cassandra calyculata var. nana (G.Lodd.) Bean
    • Chamaedaphne calyculata var. angustifolia (Aiton) Rehder
    • Chamaedaphne calyculata var. latifolia (Aiton) Fernald
    • Chamaedaphne calyculata subsp. nana (G.Lodd.) A.P.Khokhr.
    • Chamaedaphne calyculata var. nana (G.Lodd.) Rehder
    • Chamaedaphne crispa (Poir.) Spach
    • Exolepta calyculata (L.) Raf.
    • Hydragonum calyculatum (L.) Kuntze
    • Lyonia calyculata (L.) Rchb.
    • Lyonia calyculata f. crispa (Poir.) Zabel

Chamaedaphne calyculata, known commonly as leatherleaf or cassandra, is a perennial dwarf shrub in the plant family Ericaceae and the only species in the genus Chamaedaphne. It is commonly seen in cold, acidic bogs and forms large, spreading colonies.

Description

[edit]

Chamaedaphne calyculata is a low-growing, upright dwarf shrub up to 1.5 m tall. The leaves are alternately arranged on the branch and elliptical to oblong shaped, 1–4 cm long and 0.5-1.5 cm wide. The leaves are thick and leathery, dull green above with minute, silvery scales, and paler green or brownish beneath. The margins of the leaves are entire or slightly and irregularly toothed, with short petioles. The plant is evergreen but leaves often turn red-brown in winter.[2] The lower stems extend into sphagnum, peat moss, or other substrate, and may persist even after fire or mild drought.[3]

The plant flowers in April to June, and is insect-pollinated. Flowers are small (5–6 mm long), white, and bell-like, produced in terminal racemes up to 12 cm long, with flowers emerging from the axils (between leaf and stem) of small leaves on the raceme. The flowers have fused petals with 5 short lobes. The fruit is a capsule,[4] a dry fruit that splits open to release seeds.

Etymology

[edit]

The name Chamaedaphne is said to be derived from the Greek word chamae for "on the ground," and daphne, meaning "laurel."[citation needed] In ancient Greek chamai (χαμαί) expresses "on the ground".[5] The common name refers to its tough, leather-like leaf.

Habitat

[edit]

Chamaedaphne calyculata has a circumboreal distribution throughout the cool temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere from eastern North America to bogs in Finland and Japan. The species site is mostly restricted to bogs, but also occur in shrubby fens, rock crevices, and pool margins. Leatherleaf naturally forms large clonal colonies, but is very shade-intolerant. Nutrients are low in bogs due to low mineralization, and plants can only acquire nutrients from atmospheric sources.[6]

Uses

[edit]

Leatherleaf is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Coleophora ledi. In ornamental usage, leatherleaf is widely used by florists as a filler green in bouquets and arrangements. Ethnobotanically, the plant has usage as "sun-tea," a drink in which dried or fresh leaves are steeped in cool water in a sunny location. This technique is used to avoid boiling it as a traditional infusion, which carries the danger of releasing andromedotoxin, a common toxin present in plants of the family Ericaceae. Leatherleaf also has limited medicinal use among some Native American tribes as a poultice of leaves for inflammation.[7]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  2. ^ Barnes, Burton Verne, et al. Michigan Shrubs & Vines: a Guide to Species of the Great Lakes Region. University of Michigan Press, 2016.
  3. ^ Reznicek, A.A., E. G. Voss, & B. S. Walters. MICHIGAN FLORA ONLINE. February 2011. University of Michigan. Web. April 9, 2018. http://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1210.
  4. ^ Haines, Arthur, and Gordon Morrison. Flora Novae Angliae: a Manual for the Identification of Native and Naturalized Vascular Plants of New England. New England Wild Flower Society, 2011.
  5. ^ Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. Revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie.Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  6. ^ Bartsch, Ingrid. "Effects of fertilization on growth and nutrient use by Chamaedaphne calyculata in a raised bog." Canadian Journal of Botany 72.3 (1994): 323-329.
  7. ^ http://wildadirondacks.org/adirondack-shrubs-leatherleaf-chamaedaphne-calyculata.html Adirondack Shrubs: Leatherleaf
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chamaedaphne calyculata.
Wikispecies has information related to Chamaedaphne.
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