Mauritius fody: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of bird}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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{{Speciesbox |
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| name = Mauritius Fody |
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| image = |
| image = Mauritius fody (Foudia rubra) male 2.jpg |
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| image_caption = Male |
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| image2 = Mauritius fody (Foudia rubra) female.jpg |
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| image_alt = |
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| image2_caption = Female<br>both on [[Île aux Aigrettes]] |
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| status = EN |
| status = EN |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Foudia rubra'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22719149A94614044 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22719149A94614044.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> |
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| status_ref = <ref>[http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/149300/0 IUCN Red List]</ref> |
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| genus = Foudia |
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| species = rubra |
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| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] |
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| classis = [[Bird|Aves]] |
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| ordo = [[Passeriformes]] |
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| familia = [[Ploceidae]] |
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| genus = ''[[Foudia]]'' |
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| species = '''''F. rubra''''' |
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| binomial = ''Foudia rubra'' |
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}} |
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The '''Mauritius |
The '''Mauritius fody''' ('''''Foudia rubra''''') is a rare species of bird in the [[Ploceidae|weaver family]]. It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the island of [[Mauritius]]. It is classified by [[BirdLife International]] as being [[endangered species|endangered]].<ref name=birdlife>[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=8576&m=0 BirdLife International Species Fact Sheet]</ref> It is also on the United States' Endangered Species List with an endangered status.<ref name=fws>USFWS. [http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/federal_register/fr2771.pdf Addition of 30 African birds to list of endangered and threatened wildlife.] ''Federal Register'' January 12, 1995.</ref> |
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==Taxonomy== |
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The Mauritius fody was [[Species description|formally described]] in 1789 by the German naturalist [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin]] in his revised and expanded edition of [[Carl Linnaeus]]'s ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. He placed it with the buntings in the [[genus]] ''[[Emberiza]]'' and coined the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Emberiza rubra''. Gmelin specified the [[type location (biology)|location]] as the French colony of the [[Isle de France (Mauritius)|Isle de France]], now [[Mauritius]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gmelin | first=Johann Friedrich | author-link=Johann Friedrich Gmelin| year=1789 | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=13th | volume=1, Part 1 | language=Latin | location=Lipsiae [Leipzig] | publisher=Georg. Emanuel. Beer | page=877 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2656372 }}</ref> The specific epithet is from [[Latin]] ''ruber'' meaning "red".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n340/mode/1up 340] }}</ref> Gmelin based his account on a hand-colour engraving by [[François-Nicolas Martinet]] that depicted both the male and female birds.<ref>{{ cite book | last1=Buffon | first1=Georges-Louis Leclerc de | author1-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | last2=Martinet | first2=François-Nicolas | author2-link=François-Nicolas Martinet | last3=Daubenton | first3=Edme-Louis | author3-link=Edme-Louis Daubenton | last4=Daubenton | first4=Louis-Jean-Marie | author4-link=Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton | year=1765–1783 | chapter=Moineau de l'Isle de France | title=Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle | volume=7 | location=Paris | publisher=De L'Imprimerie Royale | at=Plate 665, Fig. 1, 2 | chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35219155 }}</ref> The Mauritius fody is now one of eight species placed in the genus ''[[Foudia]]'' that was introduced in 1850 by the German naturalist [[Ludwig Reichenbach]]. The species is [[monotypic]]: no [[subspecies]] are recognised.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2023 | title=Old World sparrows, snowfinches, weavers | work=IOC World Bird List Version 13.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/weavers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=20 August 2023 }}</ref> |
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{{reflist}} |
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* * {{IUCN2010|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2009|id=149300|title=Foudia rubra|version=2010.1|downloaded=9 April 2010}} |
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* "Mauritits Fody." Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust. 11 Feb. 2009 <http:/www.durrell.org/Animals/Birds/Mauritius-fody/ - 27k>. |
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==Description== |
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This bird is 14 centimeters long. Breeding males are olive brown with a red head, breast and rump patch and black [[lore (anatomy)|lores]].<ref name=birdlife/> While females, non-breeding males and juveniles are olive brown with white wing bars and a brown bill. |
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*[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=8576&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet] |
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==Distribution and habitat== |
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The bird lives in several types of forest, including degraded areas, as well as [[plantation]]s. Stands of [[Cryptomeria japonica|Japanese cedar]] (''Cryptomeria japonica'') have replaced native vegetation and now provide protection against predators.<ref name=garr>Garrett, L. (2009). [http://www.africanbirdclub.org/countries/MauritiusandRodrigues/documents/MauritiusFodyAnnualReport2008-09Sept2009.pdf Mauritian Wildlife Foundation Mauritius Fody Recovery Programme Annual Report 2008-09.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527114003/http://www.africanbirdclub.org/countries/MauritiusandRodrigues/documents/MauritiusFodyAnnualReport2008-09Sept2009.pdf |date=2012-05-27 }}</ref> It feeds on insects like grasshoppers, beetle larvae, caterpillars, and also spiders. Berries are eaten regularly by some individuals. It feeds on [[nectar]] regularly, using its specialised brush-tipped tongue.<ref>[http://weavers.adu.org.za/sp.php?spp=1048 Mauritius fody on ''Weaver Watch'']</ref> |
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The bird is a weaver, the male and female cooperating to weave each nest, from material like grass, moss and small twigs.<ref name=garr/> |
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==Status== |
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The Mauritius fody is threatened by the loss of its habitat and predation from introduced predators. Beginning in the 1970s much of its habitat was lost when the land was cleared for plantations.<ref name=birdlife/> By 2001 there were perhaps no more than about 100 breeding pairs.<ref name=durr>[http://www.durrell.org/Animals/Birds/Mauritius-fody/ Mauritius Fody.] Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust. September 12, 2011.</ref> Nests are raided by predators, especially the [[black rat]] (''Rattus rattus'') and the [[crab-eating macaque]] (''Macaca fascicularis''). This is currently the main cause of the bird's decline. Some areas of intact habitat have high nest predation, but areas of low nest predation may be poor habitat.<ref name=birdlife/> The [[common myna]] has also been observed preying on nests. Nest failure may occur when it is infested with tropical nest fly. The larvae of the fly attack the chicks, latching on and feeding on their blood, causing dehydration and [[anemia]] in the chicks.<ref name=garr/> |
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Conservation efforts include the control of rats and macaques. A [[captive breeding]] program carried out by the Mauritan Wildlife Foundation has produced many chicks.<ref name=birdlife/> Eggs are removed from nests in the wild and hatched in captivity as the wild pairs produce and rear another clutch simultaneously.<ref name=durr/> Nests are treated for tropical nest fly. Supplemental food and water are given.<ref name=garr/> The population has increased recently due to conservation programs establishing sub-populations on offshore islands.<ref name=birdlife/> Due to these conservation efforts the species was downlisted from critically endangered to endangered in 2009. |
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[[Île aux Aigrettes]], an islet off the main island of Mauritius, is now home to a number of Mauritius fodies and other threatened species that have been translocated there.<ref name=garr/> |
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==References== |
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[[de:Mauritiusweber]] |
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{{Reflist}} |
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[[fr:Foudi de Maurice]] |
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[[hu:Mauritiusi fodi]] |
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==External links== |
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[[pt:Foudia rubra]] |
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{{Commons category|Foudia_rubra|Mauritius Fody}} |
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[[fi:Mauritiuksenkutoja]] |
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*[http://weavers.adu.org.za/sp.php?spp=1048 Mauritius fody species text] on Weaver Watch |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110921031428/http://www.wildlifepreservation.ca/wildlife/fody.php Mauritius fody breeding photos.] Wildlife Preservation Canada. |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q967513}} |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin]] |
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Latest revision as of 13:01, 20 August 2023
| Mauritius fody | |
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_male_2.jpg)
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| Male | |
_female.jpg)
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| Female both on Île aux Aigrettes | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Ploceidae |
| Genus: | Foudia |
| Species: | F. rubra
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| Binomial name | |
| Foudia rubra (Gmelin, JF, 1789)
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The Mauritius fody (Foudia rubra) is a rare species of bird in the weaver family. It is endemic to the island of Mauritius. It is classified by BirdLife International as being endangered.[2] It is also on the United States' Endangered Species List with an endangered status.[3]
Taxonomy
[edit]The Mauritius fody was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the buntings in the genus Emberiza and coined the binomial name Emberiza rubra. Gmelin specified the location as the French colony of the Isle de France, now Mauritius.[4] The specific epithet is from Latin ruber meaning "red".[5] Gmelin based his account on a hand-colour engraving by François-Nicolas Martinet that depicted both the male and female birds.[6] The Mauritius fody is now one of eight species placed in the genus Foudia that was introduced in 1850 by the German naturalist Ludwig Reichenbach. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[7]
Description
[edit]This bird is 14 centimeters long. Breeding males are olive brown with a red head, breast and rump patch and black lores.[2] While females, non-breeding males and juveniles are olive brown with white wing bars and a brown bill.
Distribution and habitat
[edit]The bird lives in several types of forest, including degraded areas, as well as plantations. Stands of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) have replaced native vegetation and now provide protection against predators.[8] It feeds on insects like grasshoppers, beetle larvae, caterpillars, and also spiders. Berries are eaten regularly by some individuals. It feeds on nectar regularly, using its specialised brush-tipped tongue.[9]
The bird is a weaver, the male and female cooperating to weave each nest, from material like grass, moss and small twigs.[8]
Status
[edit]The Mauritius fody is threatened by the loss of its habitat and predation from introduced predators. Beginning in the 1970s much of its habitat was lost when the land was cleared for plantations.[2] By 2001 there were perhaps no more than about 100 breeding pairs.[10] Nests are raided by predators, especially the black rat (Rattus rattus) and the crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis). This is currently the main cause of the bird's decline. Some areas of intact habitat have high nest predation, but areas of low nest predation may be poor habitat.[2] The common myna has also been observed preying on nests. Nest failure may occur when it is infested with tropical nest fly. The larvae of the fly attack the chicks, latching on and feeding on their blood, causing dehydration and anemia in the chicks.[8]
Conservation efforts include the control of rats and macaques. A captive breeding program carried out by the Mauritan Wildlife Foundation has produced many chicks.[2] Eggs are removed from nests in the wild and hatched in captivity as the wild pairs produce and rear another clutch simultaneously.[10] Nests are treated for tropical nest fly. Supplemental food and water are given.[8] The population has increased recently due to conservation programs establishing sub-populations on offshore islands.[2] Due to these conservation efforts the species was downlisted from critically endangered to endangered in 2009.
Île aux Aigrettes, an islet off the main island of Mauritius, is now home to a number of Mauritius fodies and other threatened species that have been translocated there.[8]
References
[edit]- ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Foudia rubra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22719149A94614044. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22719149A94614044.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f BirdLife International Species Fact Sheet
- ^ USFWS. Addition of 30 African birds to list of endangered and threatened wildlife. Federal Register January 12, 1995.
- ^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1789). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 877.
- ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 340. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de; Martinet, François-Nicolas; Daubenton, Edme-Louis; Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie (1765–1783). "Moineau de l'Isle de France". Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle. Vol. 7. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 665, Fig. 1, 2.
- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Old World sparrows, snowfinches, weavers". IOC World Bird List Version 13.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Garrett, L. (2009). Mauritian Wildlife Foundation Mauritius Fody Recovery Programme Annual Report 2008-09. Archived 2012-05-27 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Mauritius fody on Weaver Watch
- ^ a b Mauritius Fody. Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust. September 12, 2011.
External links
[edit]
- images and movies of the Mauritius fody (Foudia rubra). ARKive.
- Mauritius fody species text on Weaver Watch
- Mauritius fody breeding photos. Wildlife Preservation Canada.