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{{Short description|Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)}}
{{Drugbox
{{Drugbox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Verifiedfields = changed
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| legal_UK = POM
| legal_UK = POM
| legal_US = Rx-only
| legal_US = Rx-only
| routes_of_administration = Oral
| routes_of_administration = [[Oral administration|By mouth]]
<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->
<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->
| bioavailability = Approximately 90% (Oral)
| bioavailability = Approximately 90% (Oral)
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<!--Chemical data-->
<!--Chemical data-->
| C=20 | H=17 | F=1 | O=3 | S=1
| C=20 | H=17 | F=1 | O=3 | S=1
| molecular_weight = 356.412 g/mol
| smiles = O=S(c1ccc(cc1)\C=C3/c2ccc(F)cc2\C(=C3C)CC(=O)O)C
| smiles = O=S(c1ccc(cc1)\C=C3/c2ccc(F)cc2\C(=C3C)CC(=O)O)C
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
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| melting_notes = (decomp.)
| melting_notes = (decomp.)
}}
}}
<!-- Definition and medical uses -->
⚫
'''Sulindac''' is a [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]] (NSAID) of the arylalkanoic acid class that is marketed as '''Clinoril'''. Imbaral (not to be confused with [[mebaral]]) is another name for this drug. Its name is derived from sul(finyl)+ ind(ene)+ ac(etic acid)
<!-- Society and culture -->
It was patented in 1969 and approved for medical use in 1976.<ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book | vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title= Analogue-based Drug Discovery |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9783527607495 |page=517 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA517 |language=en}}</ref>


==Medical uses==
⚫
'''Sulindac''' is a [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]] (NSAID) of the arylalkanoic acid class that is marketed in the UK & U.S. by [[Merck & Co.|Merck]] as '''Clinoril'''. Imbaral (not to be confused with [[mebaral]]) is another name for this drug.
⚫
Like other NSAIDs, it is useful in the treatment of [[Acute (medical)|acute]] or [[Chronic (medicine)|chronic]] [[inflammation|inflammatory]] conditions. Sulindac is a [[prodrug]], derived from [[sulfinylindene]], that is converted in the body to the active NSAID. More specifically, the agent is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide that is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This is thought to help maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects. Some studies have shown sulindac to be relatively less irritating to the stomach than other NSAIDs except for drugs of the [[COX-2 inhibitor]] class.<ref>{{Cite book | chapter = Sulindac | title = LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. | location = Bethesda (MD) | publisher = National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases | date = 2012 | pmid = 31643638 | chapter-url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31643638/ }}</ref> The exact mechanism of its NSAID properties is unknown, but it is thought to act on enzymes COX-1 and COX-2, inhibiting [[prostaglandin]] synthesis.

==Uses==
⚫
Like other NSAIDs, it is useful in the treatment of [[Acute (medical)|acute]] or [[Chronic (medicine)|chronic]] [[inflammation|inflammatory]] conditions. Sulindac is a [[prodrug]], derived from [[sulfinylindene]], that is converted in the body to the active NSAID. More specifically, the agent is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide that is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This is thought to help maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects. Some studies have shown sulindac to be relatively less irritating to the stomach than other NSAIDs except for drugs of the [[COX-2 inhibitor]] class {{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}. The exact mechanism of its NSAID properties is unknown, but it is thought to act on enzymes COX-1 and COX-2, inhibiting [[prostaglandin]] synthesis.


Its usual [[dose (biochemistry)|dosage]] is 150-200 [[milligram]]s twice per day, with food. It should not be used by persons with a history of major allergic reactions ([[urticaria]] or [[anaphylaxis]]) to [[aspirin]] or other NSAIDs, and should be used with caution by persons having pre-existing [[peptic ulcer]] disease. Sulindac is much more likely than other NSAIDs to cause damage to the liver or pancreas, though it is less likely to cause kidney damage than other NSAIDs.
Its usual [[dose (biochemistry)|dosage]] is 150-200 [[milligram]]s twice per day, with food. It should not be used by persons with a history of major allergic reactions ([[urticaria]] or [[anaphylaxis]]) to [[aspirin]] or other NSAIDs, and should be used with caution by persons having pre-existing [[peptic ulcer]] disease. Sulindac is much more likely than other NSAIDs to cause damage to the liver or pancreas, though it is less likely to cause kidney damage than other NSAIDs.


Sulindac seems to have a property, independent of COX-inhibition, of reducing the growth of polyps and precancerous lesions in the colon, especially in association with [[familial adenomatous polyposis]], and may have other anti-cancer properties.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Scheper MA, Nikitakis NG, Chaisuparat R, Montaner S, Sauk JJ |title=Sulindac induces apoptosis and inhibits tumor growth in vivo in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma |journal=Neoplasia |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=192–9 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17401459 |pmc=1838577 |url=http://www.neoplasia.com/abstract.php?msid=1062 |doi=10.1593/neo.06781}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Shiff SJ, Qiao L, Tsai LL, Rigas B |title=Sulindac sulfide, an aspirin-like compound, inhibits proliferation, causes cell cycle quiescence, and induces apoptosis in HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=491–503 |date=July 1995 |pmid=7615821 |pmc=185223 |doi=10.1172/JCI118060 }}</ref>
Sulindac seems to have a property, independent of COX-inhibition, of reducing the growth of polyps and precancerous lesions in the colon, especially in association with [[familial adenomatous polyposis]], and may have other anti-cancer properties.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Scheper MA, Nikitakis NG, Chaisuparat R, Montaner S, Sauk JJ | title = Sulindac induces apoptosis and inhibits tumor growth in vivo in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | journal = Neoplasia | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 192–199 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17401459 | pmc = 1838577 | doi = 10.1593/neo.06781 | url = http://www.neoplasia.com/abstract.php?msid=1062 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120905174725/http://www.neoplasia.com/abstract.php?msid=1062 | archive-date = 2012-09-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shiff SJ, Qiao L, Tsai LL, Rigas B | title = Sulindac sulfide, an aspirin-like compound, inhibits proliferation, causes cell cycle quiescence, and induces apoptosis in HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells | journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation | volume = 96 | issue = 1 | pages = 491–503 | date = July 1995 | pmid = 7615821 | pmc = 185223 | doi = 10.1172/JCI118060 }}</ref>

Sulindac is an effective [[tocolytic]] and may be used in the treatment of [[preterm labor]]. In common with other NSAIDs, sulindac is currently being investigated for its role in the treatment of [[Alzheimer's disease]].


== Adverse effects ==
Since it was found that the sulfoxide functional group can be reduced by [[MSRA (gene)|methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA)]], a possible anti-oxidative capability is being discussed.{{Citation needed|date=August 2016}}
In October 2020, the U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) required the [[Drug labelling|drug label]] to be updated for all nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications to describe the risk of kidney problems in unborn babies that result in low amniotic fluid.<ref name="FDA PR 20201015" /><ref name="FDA safety 20201015" /> They recommend avoiding NSAIDs in pregnant women at 20 weeks or later in pregnancy.<ref name="FDA PR 20201015">{{cite press release | title=FDA Warns that Using a Type of Pain and Fever Medication in Second Half of Pregnancy Could Lead to Complications | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=15 October 2020 | url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-warns-using-type-pain-and-fever-medication-second-half-pregnancy-could-lead-complications | access-date=15 October 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="FDA safety 20201015">{{cite web | title=NSAIDs may cause rare kidney problems in unborn babies | website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration | date=21 July 2017 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-recommends-avoiding-use-nsaids-pregnancy-20-weeks-or-later-because-they-can-result-low-amniotic | access-date=15 October 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>


==Society and culture==
==Litigation==
===Litigation===
In September 2010 a federal jury in New Hampshire awarded $21 million to Karen Bartlett, a woman who developed [[Stevens–Johnson syndrome]]/[[Toxic epidermal necrolysis]] as a result of taking a generic brand of sulindac manufactured by Mutual Pharmaceuticals for her shoulder pain. Ms. Bartlett suffered severe injuries including the loss of over 60% of her surface skin and permanent near-blindness. The case had been appealed to the United States Supreme Court, where the main issue was whether federal law preempts Ms. Bartlett's claim.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thomas|first=Katie|title=Justices to Take Up Case on Generic Drug Markers' Liability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/05/business/justices-to-take-up-case-on-generic-drug-makers-liability.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=4 March 2013}}</ref> On June 24, 2013, the Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favor of Mutual Pharmaceuticals, throwing out the earlier $21 million jury verdict.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kendall|first=Brent|title=Supreme Court Again Limits Product-Liability Suits on Generic Drugs|url=https://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130624-706631.html?mod=googlenews_wsj|publisher=Wall Street Journal|accessdate=24 June 2013}}</ref><!-- ORIGINALLY WAS: "Bartlett v. Mut. Pharm. Co., Inc., 678 F.3d 30, 34 (1st Cir. 2012)." -->
In September 2010 a federal jury in New Hampshire awarded $21 million to Karen Bartlett, a woman who developed [[Stevens–Johnson syndrome]]/[[Toxic epidermal necrolysis]] as a result of taking a generic brand of sulindac manufactured by Mutual Pharmaceuticals for her shoulder pain. Ms. Bartlett sustained severe injuries including the loss of over 60% of her surface skin and permanent near-blindness. The case had been appealed to the United States Supreme Court, where the main issue was whether federal law preempts Ms. Bartlett's claim.<ref>{{cite news| vauthors = Thomas K |title=Justices to Take Up Case on Generic Drug Markers' Liability|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/05/business/justices-to-take-up-case-on-generic-drug-makers-liability.html|newspaper=New York Times|access-date=4 March 2013|date=2013-03-04}}</ref> On June 24, 2013, the Supreme Court ruled 5–4 in favor of Mutual Pharmaceuticals, throwing out the earlier $21 million jury verdict.<ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Kendall B |title=Supreme Court Again Limits Product-Liability Suits on Generic Drugs|url=https://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130624-706631.html?mod=googlenews_wsj|publisher=Wall Street Journal|access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref><!-- ORIGINALLY WAS: "Bartlett v. Mut. Pharm. Co., Inc., 678 F.3d 30, 34 (1st Cir. 2012)." -->
<ref>{{cite court
<ref>{{cite court
|litigants= Bartlett v. Mut. Pharm. Co., Inc.
|litigants= Bartlett v. Mut. Pharm. Co., Inc.
Line 73: Line 75:
|reporter=F.3d
|reporter=F.3d
|opinion=30
|opinion=30
|pinpoint=
|court=D.C. Cir.
|court=D.C. Cir.
|date=March 19, 2013
|date=March 19, 2013
|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/cert/12-142
|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/cert/12-142
|accessdate=Sept 3, 2017
|access-date=September 3, 2017
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


==Synthesis==
===Synthesis===
[[Image:Sulindac synthesis.svg|700px|thumb|center|Sulindac synthesis:<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1021/jo00431a019| title = A sterically efficient synthesis of (Z)-5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-(p-methylthiobenzylidene)-3-indenylacetic acid and its S-oxide, sulindac| journal = The Journal of Organic Chemistry| volume = 42| issue = 11| pages = 1914| year = 1977| last1 = Shuman | first1 = R. F. | last2 = Pines | first2 = S. H. | last3 = Shearin | first3 = W. E. | last4 = Czaja | first4 = R. F. | last5 = Abramson | first5 = N. L. | last6 = Tull | first6 = R. }}</ref><ref>R.B. Greenwald, E.B. Witzel, {{Cite patent|DE|2039426}} (1971).</ref><ref>J.B. Conn, D.F. Hinkley,{{US Patent|3647858}} (1972).</ref><ref>R.B. Greenwald, H. Jones, {{US Patent|3654349}} (1972).</ref>]]
[[Image:Sulindac synthesis.svg|400px|thumb|left|Sulindac synthesis:<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1021/jo00431a019| title = A sterically efficient synthesis of (Z)-5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-(p-methylthiobenzylidene)-3-indenylacetic acid and its S-oxide, sulindac| journal = The Journal of Organic Chemistry| volume = 42| issue = 11| pages = 1914–1919| year = 1977| vauthors = Shuman RF, Pines SH, Shearin WE, Czaja RF, Abramson NL, Tull R }}</ref><ref>{{cite patent | inventor = Greenwald RB, Witzel EB | title = Indenyl acetic acid and process for its preparation | assign1 = Merck and Co Inc | country = DE | number = 2039426 | gdate = 20 February 1975 | postscript = . }}</ref><ref>{{cite patent | inventor = Conn JB, Hinkley DF | assign1 = Merck and Co Inc | title = Process for preparing 1-benzylidene-3-indenyl acetic acids | country = US | number = 3647858 | gdate = 7 March 1972 | postscript = . }}</ref><ref>{{cite patent | inventor = Greenwald RB, Jones H | assign1 = Merck and Co Inc | title = Substituted indenyl acetic acids | country = US | number = 3654349 | gdate = 4 April 1972 | postscript = . }}</ref>]]


Rxn of ''p''-fluorobenzyl chloride ('''1''') with the anion of diethylmethyl malonate ('''2''') gives intermediate diester ('''3'''), saponification of which and subsequent decarboxylation leads to '''4'''. {Alternatively it can be formed by [[Perkin reaction]] between p-[[fluorobenzaldehyde]] and [[propionic anhydride]] in the presence of [[NaOAc]], followed by [[catalytic hydrogenation]] of the olefinic bond using a palladium on carbon catalyst.}
Rxn of ''p''-fluorobenzyl chloride ('''1''') with the anion of diethylmethyl malonate ('''2''') gives intermediate diester ('''3'''), saponification of which and subsequent decarboxylation leads to '''4'''. {Alternatively it can be formed by [[Perkin reaction]] between p-[[fluorobenzaldehyde]] and [[propionic anhydride]] in the presence of [[NaOAc]], followed by [[catalytic hydrogenation]] of the olefinic bond using a palladium on carbon catalyst.}


[[Polyphosphoric acid]] (PPA) cyclization leads to 5-fluoro-2-methyl-3-[[indanone]] ('''4'''). A [[Reformatsky reaction]] with [[zinc]] [[Amalgam (chemistry)|amalgam]] and bromoacetic ester leads to carbinol ('''5'''), which is then dehydrated with [[tosic acid]] to indene '''6'''. {Alternatively ths step can be performed in a [[Knoevenagel condensation]] with [[cyanoacetic acid]], which is then further decarboxylated.}
[[Polyphosphoric acid]] (PPA) cyclization leads to 5-fluoro-2-methyl-3-[[indanone]] ('''4'''). A [[Reformatsky reaction]] with [[zinc]] [[Amalgam (chemistry)|amalgam]] and bromoacetic ester leads to carbinol ('''5'''), which is then dehydrated with [[tosic acid]] to indene '''6'''. {Alternatively, this step can be performed in a [[Knoevenagel condensation]] with [[cyanoacetic acid]], which is then further decarboxylated.}


The active methylene group is condensed with ''p''-[[methylthiobenzaldehyde]], using [[sodium methoxide]] as catalyst, and then saponified to give [[E-Z notation|Z]] ('''7''') which in turn oxidized with [[sodium metaperiodate]] to sulfoxide '''8''', the [[antiinflammatory]] agent sulindac.
The active methylene group is condensed with ''p''-[[methylthiobenzaldehyde]], using [[sodium methoxide]] as catalyst, and then saponified to give [[E-Z notation|Z]] ('''7''') which in turn oxidized with [[sodium metaperiodate]] to sulfoxide '''8''', the [[antiinflammatory]] agent sulindac.


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
== External links ==
*[http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/sulindac.htm RxList information on Sulindac]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060424093414/http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/sulindac.htm RxList information on Sulindac]
*[http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/rxdrugprofiles/drugs/cli1087.shtml Drug Profile]
*[http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/rxdrugprofiles/drugs/cli1087.shtml Drug Profile]
*[http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9I0J7HO0.htm Jury Awards $21 Million]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100909143829/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9I0J7HO0.htm Jury Awards $21 Million]


{{Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products}}
{{Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products}}

Latest revision as of 07:55, 17 June 2023

Sulindac
Clinical data
Trade namesClinoril
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa681037
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: C
Routes of
administration		By mouth
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
  • UK: POM (Prescription only)
  • US: ℞-only
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityApproximately 90% (Oral)
Metabolism?
Elimination half-life7.8 hours, metabolites up to 16.4 hours
ExcretionRenal (50%) and fecal (25%)
Identifiers
  • {(1Z)-5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-[4-(methylsulfinyl)benzylidene]-1H-indene-3-yl}acetic acid
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
PDB ligand
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.048.909 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC20H17FO3S
Molar mass356.41 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point182 to 185 °C (360 to 365 °F) (decomp.)
  • O=S(c1ccc(cc1)\C=C3/c2ccc(F)cc2\C(=C3C)CC(=O)O)C
  • InChI=1S/C20H17FO3S/c1-12-17(9-13-3-6-15(7-4-13)25(2)24)16-8-5-14(21)10-19(16)18(12)11-20(22)23/h3-10H,11H2,1-2H3,(H,22,23)/b17-9- checkY
  • Key:MLKXDPUZXIRXEP-MFOYZWKCSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Sulindac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the arylalkanoic acid class that is marketed as Clinoril. Imbaral (not to be confused with mebaral) is another name for this drug. Its name is derived from sul(finyl)+ ind(ene)+ ac(etic acid) It was patented in 1969 and approved for medical use in 1976.[1]

Medical uses

[edit]

Like other NSAIDs, it is useful in the treatment of acute or chronic inflammatory conditions. Sulindac is a prodrug, derived from sulfinylindene, that is converted in the body to the active NSAID. More specifically, the agent is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide that is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This is thought to help maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects. Some studies have shown sulindac to be relatively less irritating to the stomach than other NSAIDs except for drugs of the COX-2 inhibitor class.[2] The exact mechanism of its NSAID properties is unknown, but it is thought to act on enzymes COX-1 and COX-2, inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.

Its usual dosage is 150-200 milligrams twice per day, with food. It should not be used by persons with a history of major allergic reactions (urticaria or anaphylaxis) to aspirin or other NSAIDs, and should be used with caution by persons having pre-existing peptic ulcer disease. Sulindac is much more likely than other NSAIDs to cause damage to the liver or pancreas, though it is less likely to cause kidney damage than other NSAIDs.

Sulindac seems to have a property, independent of COX-inhibition, of reducing the growth of polyps and precancerous lesions in the colon, especially in association with familial adenomatous polyposis, and may have other anti-cancer properties.[3][4]

Adverse effects

[edit]

In October 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required the drug label to be updated for all nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications to describe the risk of kidney problems in unborn babies that result in low amniotic fluid.[5][6] They recommend avoiding NSAIDs in pregnant women at 20 weeks or later in pregnancy.[5][6]

Society and culture

[edit]

Litigation

[edit]

In September 2010 a federal jury in New Hampshire awarded $21 million to Karen Bartlett, a woman who developed Stevens–Johnson syndrome/Toxic epidermal necrolysis as a result of taking a generic brand of sulindac manufactured by Mutual Pharmaceuticals for her shoulder pain. Ms. Bartlett sustained severe injuries including the loss of over 60% of her surface skin and permanent near-blindness. The case had been appealed to the United States Supreme Court, where the main issue was whether federal law preempts Ms. Bartlett's claim.[7] On June 24, 2013, the Supreme Court ruled 5–4 in favor of Mutual Pharmaceuticals, throwing out the earlier $21 million jury verdict.[8] [9]

Synthesis

[edit]
Sulindac synthesis:[10][11][12][13]

Rxn of p-fluorobenzyl chloride (1) with the anion of diethylmethyl malonate (2) gives intermediate diester (3), saponification of which and subsequent decarboxylation leads to 4. {Alternatively it can be formed by Perkin reaction between p-fluorobenzaldehyde and propionic anhydride in the presence of NaOAc, followed by catalytic hydrogenation of the olefinic bond using a palladium on carbon catalyst.}

Polyphosphoric acid (PPA) cyclization leads to 5-fluoro-2-methyl-3-indanone (4). A Reformatsky reaction with zinc amalgam and bromoacetic ester leads to carbinol (5), which is then dehydrated with tosic acid to indene 6. {Alternatively, this step can be performed in a Knoevenagel condensation with cyanoacetic acid, which is then further decarboxylated.}

The active methylene group is condensed with p-methylthiobenzaldehyde, using sodium methoxide as catalyst, and then saponified to give Z (7) which in turn oxidized with sodium metaperiodate to sulfoxide 8, the antiinflammatory agent sulindac.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 517. ISBN 9783527607495.
  2. ^ "Sulindac". LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 2012. PMID 31643638.
  3. ^ Scheper MA, Nikitakis NG, Chaisuparat R, Montaner S, Sauk JJ (March 2007). "Sulindac induces apoptosis and inhibits tumor growth in vivo in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma". Neoplasia. 9 (3): 192–199. doi:10.1593/neo.06781. PMC 1838577. PMID 17401459. Archived from the original on 2012-09-05.
  4. ^ Shiff SJ, Qiao L, Tsai LL, Rigas B (July 1995). "Sulindac sulfide, an aspirin-like compound, inhibits proliferation, causes cell cycle quiescence, and induces apoptosis in HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 96 (1): 491–503. doi:10.1172/JCI118060. PMC 185223. PMID 7615821.
  5. ^ a b "FDA Warns that Using a Type of Pain and Fever Medication in Second Half of Pregnancy Could Lead to Complications". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 15 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. ^ a b "NSAIDs may cause rare kidney problems in unborn babies". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 21 July 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  7. ^ Thomas K (2013-03-04). "Justices to Take Up Case on Generic Drug Markers' Liability". New York Times. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  8. ^ Kendall B. "Supreme Court Again Limits Product-Liability Suits on Generic Drugs". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  9. ^ Bartlett v. Mut. Pharm. Co., Inc., 678 F.3d 30 (D.C. Cir. March 19, 2013).
  10. ^ Shuman RF, Pines SH, Shearin WE, Czaja RF, Abramson NL, Tull R (1977). "A sterically efficient synthesis of (Z)-5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-(p-methylthiobenzylidene)-3-indenylacetic acid and its S-oxide, sulindac". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 42 (11): 1914–1919. doi:10.1021/jo00431a019.
  11. ^ DE 2039426, Greenwald RB, Witzel EB, "Indenyl acetic acid and process for its preparation", issued 20 February 1975, assigned to Merck and Co Inc. 
  12. ^ US 3647858, Conn JB, Hinkley DF, "Process for preparing 1-benzylidene-3-indenyl acetic acids", issued 7 March 1972, assigned to Merck and Co Inc. 
  13. ^ US 3654349, Greenwald RB, Jones H, "Substituted indenyl acetic acids", issued 4 April 1972, assigned to Merck and Co Inc. 
[edit]
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