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Spontaneous generation#Pasteur and Tyndall

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+#REDIRECT [[Spontaneous generation#Pasteur and Tyndall]]
-{{Short description|Production of new living organisms}}
-{{For|the origin of life|Abiogenesis}}
-'''Biogenesis''' is the production of new living [[organism]]s. Conceptually, biogenesis is sometimes  attributed to [[Louis Pasteur]]{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}} and encompasses the belief that complex [[life|living things]] come only from other living things, by means of [[reproduction]]. That is, life does not spontaneously arise from non-living material, which was the position held by [[spontaneous generation]].<ref>[http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cphl/history/articles/pasteur.htm Pasteur's Papers on the Germ Theory]</ref> Pasteur's claim followed Virchow's doctrine ''Omnis cellula e cellula'' (all cells from cells),<ref>{{Cite book
-  | last = Virchow
-  | first = Rudolf
-  | title = Die Cellularpathologie
-  | trans-title=Cell Pathology
-  | publisher =  August Hirschwald
-  | year = 1859
-  | location = Berlin
-  | url =https://archive.org/details/diecellularpatho00virc/
-  }}</ref> itself derived from work of Robert Remak.<ref>{{cite journal
- |last=Remak
- |first=Robert
- |date= 1852
- |title= Über extracellulare Entstehung thierischer Zellen und über Vermehrung derselben durch Theilung
- | trans-title=On the extracellular origin of animal cells, and their multiplication by division
- |journal= Arch. Anat. Physiol. Wiss. Med.
- |volume= 19
- |pages= 47–57
-}}</ref>
+{{Redirect category shell|
-== Biogenesis and abiogenesis ==
+{{R from related term}}
-The term biogenesis was coined by [[Henry Charlton Bastian]] to mean the generation of a life form from nonliving materials; however, [[Thomas Henry Huxley]] chose the term [[abiogenesis]] and redefined biogenesis for life arising from preexisting life.<ref>{{cite book |last= Strick |first= James |title= Evolution & The Spontaneous Generation |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yjKplNQv9zoC&pg=PR11 |access-date= August 28, 2012 |date=  2001 |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-85506-872-8|pages=xi–xxiv|chapter=Introduction }}</ref> The generation of life from non-living material is called [[abiogenesis]], and according to it, occurred through stepwise chemical and [[molecular evolution]] over millions of years.<ref name="PNAS-20120110">{{cite journal |last1=Spiegel |first1=David S. |last2=Turner |first2=Edwin L. |title=Bayesian analysis of the astrobiological implications of life's early emergence on Earth |date=January 10, 2012 |journal=[[PNAS]] |volume=109 |number=2 |pages=395–400 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1111694108 |pmid=22198766 |pmc=3258618 |arxiv = 1107.3835 |bibcode = 2012PNAS..109..395S |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="pmid9868373">{{cite journal| author=Orgel LE| title=The origin of life – a review of facts and speculations. | journal=Trends Biochem Sci | year= 1998 | volume= 23 | issue= 12 | pages= 491–495 | pmid=9868373 | doi= 10.1016/s0968-0004(98)01300-0| quote=Life, therefore, originated on or was transported to the earth at some point within a window of a few hundred million years that opened about four billion years ago.}}</ref><ref name="NIH-20060612">{{cite journal |last=Sharov |first=Alexei A. |title=Genome increase as a clock for the origin and evolution of life |journal=[[Biology Direct]] |volume=1 |pages=17 |date=June 12, 2006 |doi=10.1186/1745-6150-1-17 |pmc=1526419 |pmid=16768805}}</ref><ref name="SP-20110114">{{cite web |last=Vieru |first=Tudor |title=Life Is 10 Billion Years Old |url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Life-Is-10-Billion-Years-Old-178156.shtml |date=January 14, 2011 |publisher=[[Softpedia]] |access-date=March 1, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="SSR-201010">{{cite journal |last=Wesson |first=Paul S. |title=Panspermia, Past and Present: Astrophysical and Biophysical Conditions for the Dissemination of Life in Space |date=October 2010 |journal=[[Space Science Reviews]] |volume=156 |issue=1–4 |pages=239–252 |doi=10.1007/s11214-010-9671-x |arxiv = 1011.0101 |bibcode = 2010SSRv..156..239W |s2cid=119236576 }}</ref>
+{{R to section}}
+}}
+[[Category:Former evolutionary biology concepts]]
-==Spontaneous generation and its disproof==
-{{Main|Spontaneous generation}}
-The Ancient Greeks believed that living things could spontaneously come into being from nonliving matter, and that the goddess [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]] could make life arise spontaneously from stones – a process known as ''Generatio spontanea''. [[Aristotle]] disagreed, but he still believed that creatures could arise from dissimilar organisms or from soil. Variations of this concept of spontaneous generation still existed as late as the 17th century, but towards the end of the 17th century, a series of observations and arguments began that eventually discredited such ideas. This advance in scientific understanding was met with much opposition, with personal beliefs and individual prejudices often obscuring the facts.
-[[William Harvey]] (1578–1657) was an early proponent of all life beginning from an egg, ''omne vivum ex ovo''.
-[[Francesco Redi]], an Italian physician, proved as early as 1668 that higher forms of life did not originate spontaneously by demonstrating that [[maggot]]s come from eggs of [[fly|flies]].<ref name=lev>{{cite web|author= Levine R, Evers C|title= The Slow Death of Spontaneous Generation (1668-1859)|url= http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Spontaneous_Generation.php|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080426191204/http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Spontaneous_Generation.php|url-status= dead|archive-date= 2008-04-26|access-date= 2013-04-18}}</ref> But proponents of spontaneous generation claimed that this did not apply to microbes and continued to hold that these could arise spontaneously.  Attempts to disprove the spontaneous generation of life from non-life continued in the early 19th century with observations and experiments by Franz Schulze and [[Theodor Schwann]].<ref name="Jgerm">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=juuXAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 | title=Germ Theory | publisher=Twenty-First Century Books | author=Herbst, Judith | year=2013 | pages=18–20 | isbn=978-1467703710}}</ref>
-In 1745, [[John Needham]] added chicken broth to a flask and boiled it. He then let it cool and waited. Microbes grew, and he proposed it as an example of spontaneous generation. In 1768, [[Lazzaro Spallanzani]] repeated Needham's experiment but removed all the air from the flask. No growth occurred. In 1854, [[Heinrich G. F. Schröder]] (1810–1885) and [[Theodor von Dusch]], and in 1859, Schröder  alone, repeated the [[Hermann von Helmholtz|Helmholtz]] filtration experiment<ref>{{Cite book
-  | last = McKendrick
-  | first = John Gray
-  | title = Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz
-  | publisher = Fisher Unwin
-  | year = 1899
-  | location = London
-  | pages = 162
-  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=T2wPAAAAYAAJ&q=helmholtz%20cotton%20putrefaction&pg=PA29
-  | isbn = 978-1-150-66769-5}}</ref> and showed that living particles can be removed from air by filtering it through cotton-wool.
-In 1864, [[Louis Pasteur]] finally announced the results of his scientific experiments. In a series of experiments similar to those performed earlier by Needham and Spallanzani, Pasteur demonstrated that life does not arise in areas that have not been contaminated by existing life. Pasteur's empirical results were summarized in the phrase ''Omne vivum ex vivo'', Latin for "all life [is] from life".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.microbiologytext.com/index.php?module=Book&func=displayarticle&art_id=27 |title=The microbial world: a look at things small |access-date=2008-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321164450/http://www.microbiologytext.com/index.php?module=Book&func=displayarticle&art_id=27 |archive-date=2011-03-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE8/B-Ab.html Biogenesis and Abiogenesis: Critiques and Addresses]</ref>
-[[File:Pasteur's experiment testing spontaneous generation and biogenesis.gif|Pasteur's experiment testing spontaneous generation and biogenesis]]
-After obtaining his results, Pasteur stated: "''La génération spontanée est une chimère''" ("Spontaneous generation is a chimera").
-==See also==
-* [[Orthogenesis]]
-* [[Preformationism]]
-==References==
-{{Reflist}}
-{{Origin of life}}
-{{Portal bar|Evolutionary biology}}
-{{Authority control}}
-[[Category:Origin of life]]
-[[Category:Biology theories]]
-[[Category:History of biology]]