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[[File:COA family de Landgrafen von Hessen.svg|thumb|200px|The Ludovingian coat of arms showed a lion rampant barry (variously of seven, eight, nine or ten; shown here: of eight) argent and gules, the so-called [[Coat of arms of Hesse|lion of Hesse]].]] |
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[[File:Schauenburg.jpg|thumb|Information board at the ruins of the Ludovingian family castle, the [[Schauenburg (Friedrichroda)|Schauenburg]] near Friedrichroda]] |
[[File:Schauenburg.jpg|thumb|Information board at the ruins of the Ludovingian family castle, the [[Schauenburg (Friedrichroda)|Schauenburg]] near Friedrichroda]] |
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The '''Ludovingians''' ({{lang-de|Ludowinger}}) |
The '''Ludovingians''' or '''Ludowingians''' ({{lang-de|Ludowinger}}) were the ruling dynasty of [[Landgraviate of Thuringia|Thuringia]] and [[Landgraviate of Hesse|Hesse]] during the 11th to 13th centuries. |
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Their progenitor was [[Louis the Bearded, Count of Thuringia|Louis the Bearded]] who was descended from a noble family whose genealogy cannot be precisely determined. Like the related [[Reginbodo]] family, they had a close relationship with the [[Archbishopric of Mainz]] and also had estates on the Middle [[Main (river)|Main]]. |
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The male line of Ludovingians was extinguished on the death of [[Henry Raspe, Landgrave of Thuringia|Henry Raspe]] in 1247, leading to the [[War of the Thuringian Succession]]. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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Around 1040 Louis the Bearded received a [[fief]] north of the |
Around 1040 Louis the Bearded received a [[fief]] north of the [[Thuringian Forest]] and had the (now ruined) castle of [[Schauenburg (Friedrichroda)|Schauenburg]] near [[Friedrichroda]]. However these origins are legendary and based solely on unverifiable [[Reinhardsbrunn]] sources. |
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Around 1080, |
Around 1080, Louis' sons, [[Louis the Springer]] and Beringer of [[Sangerhausen]], founded the Abbey of Kloster [[Schönrain am Main|Schönrain]] in the land of their ancestors, [[Main Franconia]]. In a deed dated 1100 the brothers are named as the counts of Schauenburg. |
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In the period that followed, the Ludovingians expanded their possessions in Thuringia, for example around Sangerhausen, the [[inheritance|estate of]] Cecilia, wife of Louis the Bearded (who died around 1080), and around estates on the [[River Unstrut]], that Adelheid, that the widow of Count Palatine [[Frederick III, Count Palatine of Saxony|Frederick III]], had left to Louis the Springer in her will. The latter built the castle of [[Wartburg]] (first mentioned in 1080) above [[Eisenach]] as his new seat of residence and in 1085 founded Reinhardsbrunn, henceforth the [[house monastery]] of the family. |
In the period that followed, the Ludovingians expanded their possessions in Thuringia, for example around Sangerhausen, the [[inheritance|estate of]] Cecilia, wife of Louis the Bearded (who died around 1080), and around estates on the [[River Unstrut]], that Adelheid, that the widow of Count Palatine [[Frederick III, Count Palatine of Saxony|Frederick III]], had left to Louis the Springer in her will. The latter built the castle of [[Wartburg]] (first mentioned in 1080) above [[Eisenach]] as his new seat of residence and in 1085 founded Reinhardsbrunn, henceforth the [[house monastery]] of the family. |
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In the stormy period of the [[Investiture Controversy]], Louis the Springer was one of the leading opponents of Emperor [[Henry V (HRR)|Henry V]]. The distinct anti-imperial stance of the Ludovingians, their prominent political position and other factors led Wolfgang Hartmann vertretene to propose that, amongst the famous benefactors portrayed in [[Naumburg Cathedral]], were the statues of the founder of the Wartburg, Louis and his wife Adelheid. |
In the stormy period of the [[Investiture Controversy]], Louis the Springer was one of the leading opponents of Emperor [[Henry V (HRR)|Henry V]]. The distinct anti-imperial stance of the Ludovingians, their prominent political position and other factors led Wolfgang Hartmann vertretene to propose that, amongst the famous benefactors portrayed in [[Naumburg Cathedral]], were the statues of the founder of the Wartburg, Louis and his wife Adelheid. |
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Even before 1122 the |
Even before 1122 the family's territory expanded under Louis' sons, Louis and Henry, acquiring estates near [[Marburg]] and [[Kassel]], especially through the marriage of [[Louis I of Thuringia|Louis I]] (d 1140) to [[Hedwig of Gudensberg]], the daughter and heiress of the Hessian [[gaugrave]] ("gau count"), [[Giso IV]], on the basis of which, after the death of [[Giso V]] in 1137, the vast inheritance of the [[House of Giso]] (''Gisonen'') and the [[House of Werner|counts of Werner]] in North Hesse was added to their domain. The link thus established between Thuringia and large parts of Hesse was not severed until the [[War of the Thuringian Succession]]. Until 1247, the Hessian estate of the Ludovingians was largely ruled by the younger brothers of the landgraves, who bore the title of Count of [[County of Maden|Gudensberg]] and of Hesse and in resided in [[Gudensberg]] and Marburg; they included [[Henry Raspe I]], [[Henry Raspe II]], [[Henry Raspe III]] and [[Conrad of Thuringia|Conrad Raspe]]. |
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In 1131, Louis was elevated by [[Lothair III (HRR)|Emperor Lothair]] (of Supplinburg) to the rank of |
In 1131, Louis was elevated by [[Lothair III (HRR)|Emperor Lothair]] (of Supplinburg) to the rank of [[landgrave]] and became Louis I. As a consequence, Thuringia, as an [[imperial immediacy|imperially immediate]] territory, left the [[Stem Duchy of Saxony|Duchy of Saxony]], and the Ludovingians took on a ducal-like status in Thuringia. Around the middle of the 12th century, the landgravial minting capital of Eisenach was established and, somewhat later, the [[Gotha Mint]] as the second mint owned by the Ludovingians.<ref>Wolfgang Streguweit: ''Geschichte der Münzstätte Gotha vom 12. bis zum 19. Jahrhundert'', Weimar, 1987, p. 24</ref> Under [[Louis II of Thuringia|Louis II]] and [[Louis III of Thuringia|Louis III]] the territory of the landgraviate was further expanded, whilst [[Hermann I of Thuringia|Hermann I]] sought to strengthen the position of his family politically, for example, through the marriages of his children. Prior to that, Hermann had to resist attempts by Emperor [[Henry VI (HRR)|Henry VI]], to turn the Landgraviate of Thuringia into a [[fiefdom]] following the death of Hermann's brother, Louis III. |
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Hermann's son, [[Louis IV of Thuringia|Louis IV]], who married the subsequently beatified [[Elizabeth von Thuringia|Elizabeth of Hungary]], hoped that, through the guardianship of his nephews, [[Henry III (Meissen)|Henry]] Margrave of Meissen and a [[minor (law)|minor]], to gain the [[Margraviate of Meissen|March of Meissen]]. In 1226 he was indeed promised the enfeoffment of the March, but died the same year before he was able to actually acquire it. |
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In 1241, following the death of Louis |
In 1241, following the death of Louis IV's son, the only 19-year-old [[Hermann II of Thuringia|Hermann II]], Louis' brother, [[Henry Raspe IV|Henry Raspe]], inherited the Landgraviate, which he had already ruled as [[regent]] during the minority of his nephew. A second brother, [[Conrad of Thuringia|Conrad Raspe]], ruled the Hessian estates of the family, but entered the [[Teutonic Order]] in 1234, soon becoming its [[Hochmeister]]. Henry Raspe, who in 1246 was elected as the German [[antiking]], died in 1247. On his death the male line of the Ludovingians died out. In 1243, Henry Raspe had already arranged for his nephew, Henry, the Margrave of Meissen, to be enfeoffed with the Landgraviate of Thuringia. In 1249, Henry was able to secure his claims in Thuringia after military operations that ended in the [[Treaty of Weißenfels]]. These were not initially recognised, however, by his cousin [[Sophia of Brabant]], the daughter of Louis IV. In 1259, she attempted, with the aid of [[Albert I of Brunswick]], ab 1259 to gain a military foothold in Thuringia. After a heavy defeat at Besenstedt near [[Wettin, Saxony-Anhalt|Wettin]] in October 1263 she finally had to give up all claims to Thuringia in 1264, was successful in securing the claims of her son, [[Henry I (Hesse)|Henry]] to the family's Hessian estate, which as the [[Landgraviate of Hesse]] became independent and, in 1291, an [[imperial principality]]. |
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== List of reigning Ludovingians counts and landgraves == |
== List of reigning Ludovingians counts and landgraves == |
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* 1031–1056 [[Louis the Bearded]] (Count of Schauenburg) |
* 1031–1056 [[:de:Ludwig der Bärtige|Louis the Bearded]] (Count of Schauenburg) |
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* 1056–1123 [[Louis the Springer]] (Count of Schauenburg) |
* 1056–1123 [[Louis the Springer]] (Count of Schauenburg) |
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* 1123–1140 [[Louis I of Thuringia|Louis I]] (1st landgrave, from 1131) |
* 1123–1140 [[Louis I of Thuringia|Louis I]] (1st landgrave, from 1131) |
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* 1140–1172 [[Louis II of Thuringia|Louis II]] ''the Iron'' |
* 1140–1172 [[Louis II of Thuringia|Louis II]] ''the Iron'' |
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* 1172–1190 [[Louis III of Thuringia|Louis III]] '' |
* 1172–1190 [[Louis III of Thuringia|Louis III]] ''the Pious'' |
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* 1190–1217 [[Hermann I of Thuringia|Hermann I]] |
* 1190–1217 [[Hermann I of Thuringia|Hermann I]] |
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* 1217–1227 [[Louis IV of Thuringia|Louis IV]] ''the |
* 1217–1227 [[Louis IV of Thuringia|Louis IV]] ''the Saint'' |
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* 1227–1241 [[Hermann II of Thuringia|Hermann II]] |
* 1227–1241 [[Hermann II of Thuringia|Hermann II]] |
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* 1241–1247 [[Henry Raspe IV|Henry Raspe]] |
* 1241–1247 [[Henry Raspe IV|Henry Raspe]] |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* {{LexMA|5|2169||Ludowinger|Karlheinz Blaschke}} |
* {{LexMA|5|2169||Ludowinger|Karlheinz Blaschke}} |
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* {{NDB|15|307|309|Ludowinger|Walter Heinemeyer|119124904}} |
* {{NDB|15|307|309|Ludowinger|Walter Heinemeyer|119124904}} |
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* Josef Heinzelmann gemeinsam mit Manuel Aicher: ''Wolf cum barba''. In: ''Archiv für Familiengeschichtsforschung''. Vol. 6, 2002, pp. |
* Josef Heinzelmann gemeinsam mit Manuel Aicher: ''Wolf cum barba''. In: ''Archiv für Familiengeschichtsforschung''. Vol. 6, 2002, pp. 19–23 (zur These von Armin Wolf, Ludwig der Bärtige stamme von Ludwig von Mousson). |
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* Josef Heinzelmann, ''Nachträge zu: Ludwig von Arnstein und seine Verwandtschaft, Zugleich ein Beitrag: Die frühen Ludowinger (Grafen in Thüringen)''. In: ''Genealogisches Jahrbuch'' Vol. 36, 1997, pp 67–73. |
* Josef Heinzelmann, ''Nachträge zu: Ludwig von Arnstein und seine Verwandtschaft, Zugleich ein Beitrag: Die frühen Ludowinger (Grafen in Thüringen)''. In: ''Genealogisches Jahrbuch'' Vol. 36, 1997, pp 67–73. |
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* Hans-Joachim Kessler, Konrad Kessler: ''Auf den Spuren der Thüringer Landgrafen''. Sutton Verlag, Erfurt, 2010, ISBN |
* Hans-Joachim Kessler, Konrad Kessler: ''Auf den Spuren der Thüringer Landgrafen''. Sutton Verlag, Erfurt, 2010, {{ISBN|978-3-86680-668-9}}. |
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* Tilo Köhn (ed.): ''Brandenburg, Anhalt und Thüringen im Mittelalter. Askanier und Ludowinger beim Aufbau fürstlicher Territorialherrschaften''. Böhlau, Cologne-Weimar-Vienna, 1997, ISBN |
* Tilo Köhn (ed.): ''Brandenburg, Anhalt und Thüringen im Mittelalter. Askanier und Ludowinger beim Aufbau fürstlicher Territorialherrschaften''. Böhlau, Cologne-Weimar-Vienna, 1997, {{ISBN|3-412-02497-X}}, pp. 241–294. |
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* |
* Hans Patze und Walter Schlesinger: ''Geschichte Thüringens''. Zweiter Band, erster Teil. Cologne, 1974, pp. 10–41, {{ISBN|3-412-02974-2}} |
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* Jürgen Petersohn: ''Die Ludowinger. Selbstverständnis und Memoria eines hochmittelalterlichen Reichsfürstengeschlechts''. In: '' |
* Jürgen Petersohn: ''Die Ludowinger. Selbstverständnis und Memoria eines hochmittelalterlichen Reichsfürstengeschlechts''. In: ''Blätter für deutsche Landesgeschichte''. Vol. 129, 1993, pp 1–39. |
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* Wilfried Warsitzka: ''Die thüringer Landgrafen.'' Verlag Dr. Bussert & Stadeler, Jena, 2003, ISBN |
* Wilfried Warsitzka: ''Die thüringer Landgrafen.'' Verlag Dr. Bussert & Stadeler, Jena, 2003, {{ISBN|978-3-932906-22-0}} |
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* |
* Reinhard Zöllner: ''Die Ludowinger und die [[Takeda clan|Takeda]]. Feudale Herrschaft in Thüringen und [[Kai Province|Kai no kuni]]'' Dieter Born, 1995, {{ISBN|3-922006-09-4}} |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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<references /> |
<references /> |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=119124904}} |
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[[Category:Ludovingians| ]] |
[[Category:Ludovingians| ]] |
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[[Category:German noble families]] |
[[Category:German noble families]] |
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[[Category:Saxon nobility]] |
[[Category:Saxon nobility]] |
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[[Category:History of Thuringia]] |
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[[Category:History of Hesse]] |
[[Category:History of Hesse]] |
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[[Category:Eisenach]] |
[[Category:Eisenach]] |
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[[Category:Thuringian Forest]] |
[[Category:Thuringian Forest]] |
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[[Category:County of Maden]] |
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[[de:Ludowinger]] |
Latest revision as of 13:28, 24 October 2022
This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2019) |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/COA_family_de_Landgrafen_von_Hessen.svg/200px-COA_family_de_Landgrafen_von_Hessen.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Schauenburg.jpg/220px-Schauenburg.jpg)
The Ludovingians or Ludowingians (German: Ludowinger) were the ruling dynasty of Thuringia and Hesse during the 11th to 13th centuries.
Their progenitor was Louis the Bearded who was descended from a noble family whose genealogy cannot be precisely determined. Like the related Reginbodo family, they had a close relationship with the Archbishopric of Mainz and also had estates on the Middle Main.
The male line of Ludovingians was extinguished on the death of Henry Raspe in 1247, leading to the War of the Thuringian Succession.
History
[edit]Around 1040 Louis the Bearded received a fief north of the Thuringian Forest and had the (now ruined) castle of Schauenburg near Friedrichroda. However these origins are legendary and based solely on unverifiable Reinhardsbrunn sources.
Around 1080, Louis' sons, Louis the Springer and Beringer of Sangerhausen, founded the Abbey of Kloster Schönrain in the land of their ancestors, Main Franconia. In a deed dated 1100 the brothers are named as the counts of Schauenburg.
In the period that followed, the Ludovingians expanded their possessions in Thuringia, for example around Sangerhausen, the estate of Cecilia, wife of Louis the Bearded (who died around 1080), and around estates on the River Unstrut, that Adelheid, that the widow of Count Palatine Frederick III, had left to Louis the Springer in her will. The latter built the castle of Wartburg (first mentioned in 1080) above Eisenach as his new seat of residence and in 1085 founded Reinhardsbrunn, henceforth the house monastery of the family.
In the stormy period of the Investiture Controversy, Louis the Springer was one of the leading opponents of Emperor Henry V. The distinct anti-imperial stance of the Ludovingians, their prominent political position and other factors led Wolfgang Hartmann vertretene to propose that, amongst the famous benefactors portrayed in Naumburg Cathedral, were the statues of the founder of the Wartburg, Louis and his wife Adelheid.
Even before 1122 the family's territory expanded under Louis' sons, Louis and Henry, acquiring estates near Marburg and Kassel, especially through the marriage of Louis I (d 1140) to Hedwig of Gudensberg, the daughter and heiress of the Hessian gaugrave ("gau count"), Giso IV, on the basis of which, after the death of Giso V in 1137, the vast inheritance of the House of Giso (Gisonen) and the counts of Werner in North Hesse was added to their domain. The link thus established between Thuringia and large parts of Hesse was not severed until the War of the Thuringian Succession. Until 1247, the Hessian estate of the Ludovingians was largely ruled by the younger brothers of the landgraves, who bore the title of Count of Gudensberg and of Hesse and in resided in Gudensberg and Marburg; they included Henry Raspe I, Henry Raspe II, Henry Raspe III and Conrad Raspe.
In 1131, Louis was elevated by Emperor Lothair (of Supplinburg) to the rank of landgrave and became Louis I. As a consequence, Thuringia, as an imperially immediate territory, left the Duchy of Saxony, and the Ludovingians took on a ducal-like status in Thuringia. Around the middle of the 12th century, the landgravial minting capital of Eisenach was established and, somewhat later, the Gotha Mint as the second mint owned by the Ludovingians.[1] Under Louis II and Louis III the territory of the landgraviate was further expanded, whilst Hermann I sought to strengthen the position of his family politically, for example, through the marriages of his children. Prior to that, Hermann had to resist attempts by Emperor Henry VI, to turn the Landgraviate of Thuringia into a fiefdom following the death of Hermann's brother, Louis III.
Hermann's son, Louis IV, who married the subsequently beatified Elizabeth of Hungary, hoped that, through the guardianship of his nephews, Henry Margrave of Meissen and a minor, to gain the March of Meissen. In 1226 he was indeed promised the enfeoffment of the March, but died the same year before he was able to actually acquire it.
In 1241, following the death of Louis IV's son, the only 19-year-old Hermann II, Louis' brother, Henry Raspe, inherited the Landgraviate, which he had already ruled as regent during the minority of his nephew. A second brother, Conrad Raspe, ruled the Hessian estates of the family, but entered the Teutonic Order in 1234, soon becoming its Hochmeister. Henry Raspe, who in 1246 was elected as the German antiking, died in 1247. On his death the male line of the Ludovingians died out. In 1243, Henry Raspe had already arranged for his nephew, Henry, the Margrave of Meissen, to be enfeoffed with the Landgraviate of Thuringia. In 1249, Henry was able to secure his claims in Thuringia after military operations that ended in the Treaty of Weißenfels. These were not initially recognised, however, by his cousin Sophia of Brabant, the daughter of Louis IV. In 1259, she attempted, with the aid of Albert I of Brunswick, ab 1259 to gain a military foothold in Thuringia. After a heavy defeat at Besenstedt near Wettin in October 1263 she finally had to give up all claims to Thuringia in 1264, was successful in securing the claims of her son, Henry to the family's Hessian estate, which as the Landgraviate of Hesse became independent and, in 1291, an imperial principality.
List of reigning Ludovingians counts and landgraves
[edit]- 1031–1056 Louis the Bearded (Count of Schauenburg)
- 1056–1123 Louis the Springer (Count of Schauenburg)
- 1123–1140 Louis I (1st landgrave, from 1131)
- 1140–1172 Louis II the Iron
- 1172–1190 Louis III the Pious
- 1190–1217 Hermann I
- 1217–1227 Louis IV the Saint
- 1227–1241 Hermann II
- 1241–1247 Henry Raspe
See also
[edit]Literature
[edit]- Karlheinz Blaschke (1991). "Ludowinger". Lexikon des Mittelalters, V: Hiera-Mittel bis Lukanien (in German). Stuttgart and Weimar: J. B. Metzler. col. 2169. ISBN 3-7608-8905-0.
- Walter Heinemeyer (1987), "Ludowinger", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 15, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 307–309; (full text online)
- Josef Heinzelmann gemeinsam mit Manuel Aicher: Wolf cum barba. In: Archiv für Familiengeschichtsforschung. Vol. 6, 2002, pp. 19–23 (zur These von Armin Wolf, Ludwig der Bärtige stamme von Ludwig von Mousson).
- Josef Heinzelmann, Nachträge zu: Ludwig von Arnstein und seine Verwandtschaft, Zugleich ein Beitrag: Die frühen Ludowinger (Grafen in Thüringen). In: Genealogisches Jahrbuch Vol. 36, 1997, pp 67–73.
- Hans-Joachim Kessler, Konrad Kessler: Auf den Spuren der Thüringer Landgrafen. Sutton Verlag, Erfurt, 2010, ISBN 978-3-86680-668-9.
- Tilo Köhn (ed.): Brandenburg, Anhalt und Thüringen im Mittelalter. Askanier und Ludowinger beim Aufbau fürstlicher Territorialherrschaften. Böhlau, Cologne-Weimar-Vienna, 1997, ISBN 3-412-02497-X, pp. 241–294.
- Hans Patze und Walter Schlesinger: Geschichte Thüringens. Zweiter Band, erster Teil. Cologne, 1974, pp. 10–41, ISBN 3-412-02974-2
- Jürgen Petersohn: Die Ludowinger. Selbstverständnis und Memoria eines hochmittelalterlichen Reichsfürstengeschlechts. In: Blätter für deutsche Landesgeschichte. Vol. 129, 1993, pp 1–39.
- Wilfried Warsitzka: Die thüringer Landgrafen. Verlag Dr. Bussert & Stadeler, Jena, 2003, ISBN 978-3-932906-22-0
- Reinhard Zöllner: Die Ludowinger und die Takeda. Feudale Herrschaft in Thüringen und Kai no kuni Dieter Born, 1995, ISBN 3-922006-09-4
External links
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Wolfgang Streguweit: Geschichte der Münzstätte Gotha vom 12. bis zum 19. Jahrhundert, Weimar, 1987, p. 24