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{{short description|cities recognized by the European Union as culturally significant for Europe}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

A '''European Capital of Culture''' is a city designated by the [[European Union]] (EU) for a period of one calendar year during which it organises a series of cultural events with a strong pan-European dimension. Being a European Capital of Culture can be an opportunity for a city to generate considerable cultural, social and economic benefits and it can help foster [[urban renewal|urban regeneration]], change the city's image and raise its visibility and profile on an international scale. Multiple cities can be a European Capital of Culture simultaneously.

In 1985, [[Melina Mercouri]], [[Greece]]’s [[Ministry of Culture and Sports (Greece)|Minister of Culture]], and her [[France|French]] [[Ministry of Culture (France)|counterpart]] [[Jack Lang (French politician)|Jack Lang]] came up with the idea of designating an annual City of Culture to bring Europeans closer together by highlighting the richness and diversity of European cultures and raising awareness of their common history and values.
It is strongly believed that the ECoC significantly maximises social and economic benefits, especially when the events are embedded as a part of a long–term culture-based development strategy of the [[city]] and the surrounding region.<ref>Burkšienė, V., Dvorak, J., Burbulytė-Tsiskarishvili, G. (2018). Sustainability and Sustainability Marketing in Competing for the Title of European Capital of Culture. Organizacija, Vol. 51 (1), p. 66-78 https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/orga/51/1/article-p66.xml</ref>

The [[European Commission|Commission of the European Union]] manages the title and each year the [[Council of the European Union|Council of Ministers of the European Union]] formally designates European Capitals of Culture: more than 40 cities have been designated so far. The current European Capitals of Culture are [[Galway]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] and [[Rijeka]], [[Croatia]]. Initially, [[Novi Sad]], [[Serbia]] was selected to be the 2021 European Capital of Culture. However, on 23 December 2020, the [[European Parliament]] adopted a proposal by the [[European Commission]] to postpone its term until 2022 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. As a result, Galway and Rijeka, the 2020 Capitals of Culture, were allowed to prolong their title until April 2021.<ref name="Rijeka&Galway">{{cite web|title=European Capitals of Culture|url=https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/creative-europe/actions/capitals-culture_en|access-date=7 February 2021|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref>

== Selection process ==
[[File:Melina Mercouri (1985).jpg|thumb|150px|[[Melina Mercouri]]]]
An international panel of cultural experts is in charge of assessing the proposals of cities for the title according to criteria specified by the European Union.

For two of the capitals each year, eligibility is open to cities in EU member states only. From 2021 and every three years thereafter, a third capital will be chosen from cities in countries that are candidates or potential candidates for membership, or in countries that are part of the [[European Economic Area]] (EEA)<ref>{{cite web |title=Decision No 445/2014/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014D0445&from=EN |date=3 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/creative-europe/sites/creative-europe/files/capitals-culture-candidates-guide_en.pdf |title=European Capitals of Culture 2020 to 2033 — A guide for cities preparing to bid |publisher=European Commission}}</ref>– an example of the latter being [[Stavanger]], [[Norway]], which was a European Capital of Culture in 2008.

A 2004 study conducted for the Commission, known as the "Palmer report", demonstrated that the choice of European Capital of Culture served as a catalyst for cultural development and the transformation of the city.<ref>Palmer, Robert (2004) "European Cities and Capitals of Culture" [http://ec.europa.eu/programmes/creative-europe/actions/documents/ecoc/cap-part1_en.pdf Part I.] [http://ec.europa.eu/programmes/creative-europe/actions/documents/ecoc/cap-part2_en.pdf Part II.] Study prepared for the European Commission</ref> Consequently, the beneficial socio-economic development and impact for the chosen city are now also considered in determining the chosen cities.

Bids from five [[United Kingdom]] cities to be the 2023 Capital of Culture were disqualified in November 2017, because the UK was planning to [[Brexit|leave the EU]] before 2023.<ref name="BBC-42095477">{{cite web|title=Brexit blow to UK 2023 culture crown bids|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-42095477|website=[[BBC News]]|access-date=23 November 2017|date=23 November 2017}}</ref>

== History ==
The European Capital of Culture programme was initially called the European City of Culture and was conceived in 1983, by [[Melina Mercouri]], then serving as minister of culture in [[Greece]]. Mercouri believed that at the time, culture was not given the same attention as politics and economics and a project for promoting European cultures within the member states should be pursued. The European City of Culture programme was launched in the summer of 1985 with [[Athens]] being the first title-holder.<ref>Kiran Klaus Patel, ed., The Cultural Politics of Europe: European Capitals of Culture and European Union since the 1980s (London: Routledge, 2013)</ref> In 1999, the European City of Culture program was renamed to European Capital of Culture.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History – UNeECC|url=https://uneecc.org/european-capitals-of-culture/history/|access-date=2021-02-25|language=en-US}}</ref>

== List of European Capitals of Culture ==
[[File:Capuchin church palace Ploche Rijeka Croatia.jpg|right|thumb|[[Rijeka]] (Croatia), the European Capital of Culture for 2020]]
[[File:Galwaycitycollage.jpg|right|thumb|[[Galway]] (Ireland) is the European Capital of Culture for 2020]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+European Capitals of Culture
! Year !! # !! City !! Country !! Notes/Links
|-
| 1985 || || [[Athens]] || {{Flag|Greece}} ||
|-
| 1986 || || [[Florence]] || {{Flag|Italy}} ||
|-
| 1987 || || [[Amsterdam]] || {{Flag|Netherlands}} ||
|-
| 1988 || || [[West Berlin]] || {{Flag|West Berlin}}  ||
|-
| 1989 || || [[Paris]] || {{Flag|France}} ||
|-
| 1990 || || [[Glasgow]] || {{nowrap|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}}} ||
|-
| 1991 || || [[Dublin]] || {{Flag|Ireland}} ||
|-
| 1992 || || [[Madrid]] || {{Flag|Spain}} ||
|-
| 1993 || || [[Antwerp (city)|Antwerp]] || {{Flag|Belgium}}||
|-
| 1994 || || [[Lisbon]] || {{Flag|Portugal}} ||
|-
| 1995 || || [[Luxembourg (city)|Luxembourg]] || {{Flag|Luxembourg}} ||
|-
| 1996 || || [[Copenhagen]] || {{Flag|Denmark}} ||
|-
| 1997 || || [[Thessaloniki]] || {{Flag|Greece}} ||
|-
| 1998 || || [[Stockholm]] || {{Flag|Sweden}}||
|-
| 1999 || || [[Weimar]] || {{Flag|Germany}} ||
|-
| rowspan=9| 2000 || || [[Avignon]] || {{Flag|France}}|| rowspan=9| The year 2000 was called the millennium year and treated in a special way, in order to emphasize the enduring heritage and contribution of European cities to world culture and civilization. Because of that, nine locations were chosen, including two cities of states that were to join the EU on 1 May 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Association of European Cities of Culture of the Year 2000 - KRAKOW THE OPEN CITY|url=https://www.krakow.pl/krakow_open_city/international_organisations/8370,artykul,association_of_european_cities_of_culture_of_the_year_2000.html|access-date=2021-02-25|website=www.krakow.pl}}</ref>
|-
| || [[Bergen, Norway|Bergen]] || {{Flag|Norway}}
|-
| || [[Bologna]] || {{Flag|Italy}}
|-
| || [[Brussels]] || {{Flag|Belgium}}
|-
| || [[Helsinki]] || {{Flag|Finland}}
|-
| || [[Kraków]] || {{Flag|Poland}}
|-
| || [[Prague]] || {{Flag|Czech Republic}}
|-
| || [[Reykjavík]] || {{Flag|Iceland}}
|-
| || [[Santiago de Compostela]] || {{Flag|Spain}}
|-
| rowspan=2|2001 || || [[Rotterdam]] || {{Flag|Netherlands}} ||
|-
| || [[Porto]] || {{Flag|Portugal}}||
|-
| rowspan=2|2002 || || [[Bruges]] || {{Flag|Belgium}}||
|-
| || [[Salamanca]] || {{Flag|Spain}} ||
|-
| 2003 || || [[Graz]] || {{Flag|Austria}} ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2004 || || [[Genoa, Italy|Genoa]] || {{Flag|Italy}}||
|-
| || [[Lille]] || {{Flag|France}}||
|-
| 2005 || || [[Cork (city)|Cork]] || {{Flag|Ireland}}||
|-
| 2006 || || [[Patras]] || {{Flag|Greece}}||
|-
| rowspan=2|2007 || || [[Sibiu]] || {{Flag|Romania}} ||
|-
| || [[Luxembourg (city)|Luxembourg]] || {{Flag|Luxembourg}} ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2008 || || [[Liverpool]] || {{Flag|United Kingdom}}||
|-
| || [[Stavanger]] || {{Flag|Norway}}||
|-
| rowspan=2|2009 || || [[Vilnius]] || {{Flag|Lithuania}}||
|-
| || [[Linz]] || {{Flag|Austria}}||
|-
| rowspan=3|2010 || || [[Essen]] || {{Flag|Germany}} || Essen was representing the whole [[Ruhr]] as [[Ruhr.2010]]. In addition to Essen, one Ruhr town or city was designated the "local hero" each week.
|-
| || [[Istanbul]] || {{Flag|Turkey}} ||
|-
| || [[Pécs]] || {{Flag|Hungary}} ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2011 || || [[Turku]] || {{Flag|Finland}}||
|-
| || [[Tallinn]] || {{Flag|Estonia}} ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2012 || || [[Guimarães]] || {{Flag|Portugal}}||
|-
| || [[Maribor]] || {{Flag|Slovenia}} ||
|-||
| rowspan=2|2013 || || [[Marseille]] || {{Flag|France}} || [[Marseille-Provence 2013]], 
|-
| || [[Košice]] || {{Flag|Slovakia}} ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2014 || || [[Riga]] || {{Flag|Latvia}} ||
|-
| || [[Umeå]] || {{Flag|Sweden}} ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2015 || || [[Mons]] || {{Flag|Belgium}} ||
|-
| || [[Plzeň]] || {{Flag|Czech Republic}} ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2016 || || [[San Sebastián]] || {{Flag|Spain}} ||
|-
| || [[Wrocław]] || {{Flag|Poland}} || [http://wroclaw2016.pl/ Wrocław 2016]
|-
| rowspan=2|2017 || || [[Aarhus]] || {{Flag|Denmark}} || [http://www.aarhus2017.dk/ Aarhus 2017]
|-
| || [[Paphos]] || {{Flag|Cyprus}} || [http://www.pafos2017.eu/ Pafos 2017]
|-
| rowspan=2|2018 || || [[Leeuwarden]] || {{Flag|Netherlands}} ||
|-
| || [[Valletta]] || {{Flag|Malta}}  || [http://valletta2018.org/ Valletta 2018]
|-
| rowspan=2|2019 || || [[Matera]] || {{ITA}} || [http://www.matera-basilicata2019.it/en/ Matera 2019]
|-
| || [[Plovdiv]] || {{BGR}} || [http://www.plovdiv2019.eu/ Plovdiv 2019]
|-
| rowspan=2|2020-April 2021<ref name="Rijeka&Galway"/> || || [[Rijeka]] || {{HRV}} || [http://www.rijeka2020.eu/ Rijeka 2020]
|-
|  || [[Galway]] || {{IRL}} || [http://www.galway2020.ie/ Galway 2020]
|-
| rowspan=3|2022 || || [[Kaunas]] || {{LTU}} || [http://kaunas2022.eu/en/ Kaunas 2022]
|-
| || [[Esch-sur-Alzette]] || {{LUX}} || [http://esch2022.lu/ Esch-sur-Alzette 2022]
|-
| || [[Novi Sad]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Novi Sad to be a European Capital of Culture in 2022 |url=https://novisad2021.rs/en/european-capital-of-culture-2022/ |website=novisad2021.rs |access-date=7 February 2021}}</ref> || {{SRB}} || [http://novisad2021.rs/en/ Novi Sad 2021]
|-
| rowspan=3|2023<sup>1</sup> || || [[Veszprém]] || {{HUN}} || [https://veszprembalaton2023.hu/en Veszprém 2023]
|-
| || [[Timișoara]] || {{Flag|Romania}} ||  [https://timisoara2021.ro/ Timisoara 2023] ([https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/creative-europe/content/coronavirus-commission-proposes-extension-2020-european-capitals-culture-and-postponement_en Coronavirus postponement])
|- 
| || [[Eleusis]] || {{Flag|Greece}} || [https://eleusis2021.eu/ Eleusis 2023] ([https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/creative-europe/content/coronavirus-commission-proposes-extension-2020-european-capitals-culture-and-postponement_en Coronavirus postponement])
|-||
| rowspan=3|2024 || 1 || [[Tartu]] ||{{EST}} ||[http://www.tartu2024.ee/en Tartu 2024]
|-
| 2 || [[Bad Ischl]] ||{{AUT}} || [https://www.salzkammergut-2024.at/ Salzkammergut 2024]
|-
| 3<sup>2</sup> || [[Bodø]] ||{{NOR}}|| [https://bodo2024.no/en/ Bodø 2024]
|-
| rowspan=2|2025 || || [[Nova Gorica]]|| {{SVN}} || [https://www.go2025.eu/en/ GO! 2025]
|-
| || [[Chemnitz]] || {{DEU}} || [http://www.chemnitz2025.de/ Chemnitz 2025]
|-
| rowspan=2 |2026 || || TBA || {{SVK}} ||  TBA winter 2021<ref name="EU website">{{cite web|last=|first=|date=6 Feb 2021|title=European Capitals of Culture|url=https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/creative-europe/content/european-capitals-culture-2026-slovakia_en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=6 Feb 2021|work=European Union}}</ref><br />shortlisted cities: [https://www.nitra2026.eu/en/ Nitra], [https://www.trencin2026.sk/ Trenčín],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trenčín sa chce stať Európskym hlavným mestom kultúry|url=https://mytrencin.sme.sk/c/22416223/trencin-sa-chce-stat-europskym-hlavnym-mestom-kultury.html|date=2020-06-01|website=mytrencin.sme.sk|language=sk|trans-title=Trenčín wants to be the European Capital of Culture}}</ref>[https://zilina2026.eu/ Žilina]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Žilina sa chce uchádzať o Európske hlavné mesto kultúry 2026|url=https://www.teraz.sk/regiony/zilina-sa-chce-uchadzat-o-europske-h/447550-clanok.html|date=2020-02-20|website=teraz.sk|language=sk|trans-title=Žilina wants to apply for the European Capital of Culture 2026|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref>
|-
| || TBA || {{FIN}} || TBA spring 2021<ref name="preselection Finland 2026">{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/creative-europe/content/three-cities-short-listed-european-capital-culture-2026-finland_en| title=Three cities short-listed for European Capital of Culture 2026 in Finland| work=European Commission| date=July 2020| access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref><br />shortlisted cities:<ref name="preselection Finland 2026"/><ref name="bidding cities Finland 2026">{{cite web|url=https://minedu.fi/en/artikkeli/-/asset_publisher/kolme-kaupunkia-ehdolla-vuoden-2026-euroopan-kulttuuripaakaupungiksi| title=Three cities in Finland bidding for title of the 2026 European Capital of Culture| work=Ministry of Education and Culture| access-date=21 June 2020}}</ref>[https://www.oulu2026.eu/en/ Oulu], [https://www.saimaailmio2026.fi/gb Savonlinna], [https://tampereregion2026.fi/en/ Tampere]
|-
| rowspan=3|2027 || 1 || TBA || {{LVA}} ||potential candidate cities: [[Kuldīga|Kuldiga]], [[Cēsis|Cesis]], [[Daugavpils]], [[Jurmala]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travelnews.lv/?m_id=18254&i_id=5&pub_id=125164&i_ctr=24&Jurmala-startes-titula-%E2%80%9CEiropas-kulturas-galvaspilseta-2027-iegusanai |title=Jūrmala startēs titula “Eiropas kultūras galvaspilsēta 2027” iegūšanai |publisher=Travelnews.lv |access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref>[[Liepāja]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baltic-course.com/eng/good_for_business/?doc=159419 |title=Liepaja to put its name to become European Capital of Culture in 2027 |publisher=The Baltic Course |access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || TBA || {{POR}} ||potential candidate cities: [https://www.aveiro2027.pt/ Aveiro], [[Braga]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rum.pt/news/braga-quer-ser-capital-europeia-da-cultura-em |title=RUM |publisher=Rum.pt |access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref> [[Coimbra]], [http://www.evora2027.com/ Évora], [https://www.faro2027.eu/ Faro], [https://www.guarda2027.pt/ Guarda], [https://www.redecultura2027.pt/pt Leiria], [[Oeiras, Portugal|Oeiras]], [[Ponta Delgada]]
|-
| 3<sup>2</sup> || [[Future enlargement of the European Union|TBA]] || [[Future enlargement of the European Union|TBA]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2028 || || TBA || {{CZE}} ||potential candidate cities: [[Brno]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brnodaily.cz/2019/03/14/news/brno-steps-up-preparations-for-2028-european-capital-of-culture-bid/| title=Brno Steps Up Preparations For 2028 European Capital of Culture Bid| work=brnodaily.cz| access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
| || TBA || {{FRA}}||potential candidate cities: [[Clermont-Ferrand]], [[Rouen]], [[Bourges]]
|-
| rowspan=2|2029 || || TBA || {{POL}} ||
|-
| || TBA || {{SWE}} ||
|-
| rowspan=3|2030 || 1 || TBA || {{CYP}} ||
|-
| 2 || TBA || {{BEL}} || potential candidate cities: [[Leuven]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.demorgen.be/cultuur/leuven-stelt-zich-kandidaat-als-europese-culturele-hoofdstad-2030-bd3a93cc/| title=Leuven stelt zich kandidaat als Europese Culturele Hoofdstad 2030| work=demorgen.be| access-date=17 December 2017}}</ref> [[Liège]], [[Kortrijk]], [[Ghent]]
|-
| 3<sup>2</sup> || [[Future enlargement of the European Union|TBA]] || [[Future enlargement of the European Union|TBA]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2031 || || TBA || {{MLT}} ||potential candidate cities: [[Tarxien]], [[Cottonera]], [[Sliema]], & [[Gozo]] 
|-
| || TBA || {{ESP}} || potential candidate cities: [[Cáceres, Spain|Cáceres]], [[Granada]], [[Jerez de la Frontera]]
|-
| rowspan=2|2032 || || TBA || {{BGR}} ||
|-
| || TBA || {{DEN}} ||
|-
| rowspan=3|2033 || 1 || TBA || {{NED}} ||
|-
| 2 || TBA || {{ITA}} ||
|-
| 3<sup>2</sup> || [[Future enlargement of the European Union|TBA]] || [[Future enlargement of the European Union|TBA]] ||
|}

<sup>1</sup> The European Capital of Culture was due to be in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] in 2023. However, due to [[Brexit|its decision to leave the European Union in 2016]], UK cities would no longer be eligible to hold the title after 2019. The European Commission's Scotland office confirmed that this would be the case on 23 November 2017, only one week before the UK was due to announce which city would be put forward.<ref>{{cite news |last=Brady |first=Jon |url=https://www.eveningtelegraph.co.uk/fp/brexit-destroys-dundees-hopes-european-capital-culture-2023/ |title=Brexit destroys Dundee's hopes of being European Capital of Culture in 2023 |work=Evening Telegraph |date=23 November 2017 |access-date=23 November 2017}}</ref> The candidate cities were [[Dundee]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Lorimer |first=Scott |url=http://www.eveningtelegraph.co.uk/news/local/dundee/dundee-sets-sights-on-european-capital-of-culture-bid-1.884745 |title=The latest news and sport from Dundee, Tayside and Fife |work=Evening Telegraph |access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref> [[Leeds]], [[Milton Keynes]],<ref>{{cite web |title=European Capital of Culture |publisher=Milton Keynes Council |url= http://www.milton-keynes.gov.uk/leisure-tourism-and-culture/european-capital-of-culture |website=www.milton-keynes.gov.uk |access-date=12 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606182941/http://www.milton-keynes.gov.uk/leisure-tourism-and-culture/european-capital-of-culture |archive-date=2017-06-06}}</ref> [[Nottingham]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Nottingham 2023 |url=https://www.nottingham2023.co.uk/}}</ref> and a joint bid from [[Northern Ireland|Northern Irish]] cities [[Belfast]], [[Derry]] and [[Strabane]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Meredith |first1=Robbie |title=NI councils make bid for European Capital of Culture title |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-40499143 |website=[[BBC News]] |access-date=5 July 2017 |date=5 July 2017}}</ref> This caused anger amongst the UK candidate cities' bidding teams due to the short notice of the decision, and because of the amount of money they had already spent preparing their bids.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

<sup>2</sup> A new framework makes it possible for cities in candidate countries ([[Albania]], [[Montenegro]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Serbia]], [[Turkey]]), potential candidates for EU membership ([[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Kosovo]]) or [[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]] member states ([[Iceland]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Norway]], [[Switzerland]]) to hold the title every third year as of 2021. This will be selected through an open competition, meaning that cities from various countries may compete with each other.<ref name="EU website"/>

{{location map+ |European Union |float=center |width=1000 |caption=Locations of European Capitals of Culture.
Green designates current cities; red is for past cities; and blue for future cities. |places=
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=37.966667 |long=23.716667 |label_size=75 |label=[[Athens]] |position=right}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=43.783333 |long=11.250000 |label_size=75 |label=[[Florence]]|position=right}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=52.373056 |long= 4.892222 |label_size=75 |label=[[Amsterdam]]|position=left}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=52.516667 |long=13.383333 |label_size=75 |label=[[Berlin]] |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=48.856700 |long= 2.350800 |label_size=75 |label=[[Paris]]|position=bottom}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=55.858000 |long=-4.259000 |label_size=75 |label=[[Glasgow]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=53.347778 |long=-6.259722 |label_size=75 |label=[[Dublin]] |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=40.400000 |long=-3.683333 |label_size=75 |label=[[Madrid]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=51.216667 |long= 4.400000 |label_size=75 |label=[[Antwerp]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=38.713811 |long=-9.139386 |label_size=75 |label=[[Lisbon]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=49.611667 |long= 6.130000 |label_size=75 |label=[[Luxembourg (city)|Luxembourg]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=55.676111 |long=12.568333 |label_size=75 |label=[[Copenhagen]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=40.650000 |long=22.900000 |label_size=75 |label=[[Thessaloniki]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=59.329444 |long=18.068611 |label_size=75 |label=[[Stockholm]] |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=50.983333 |long=11.316667 |label_size=75 |label=[[Weimar]] |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=43.95     |long= 4.81     |label_size=75 |label=[[Avignon]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=60.389444 |long= 5.33     |label_size=75 |label=[[Bergen]] |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=44.5075   |long=11.351389 |label_size=75 |label=[[Bologna]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=50.85     |long= 4.35     |label_size=75 |label=[[Brussels]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=60.170833 |long=24.9375   |label_size=75 |label=[[Helsinki]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=50.061389 |long=19.938333 |label_size=75 |label=[[Kraków]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=50.083333 |long=14.416667 |label_size=75 |label=[[Prague]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=64.133333 |long=-21.933333|label_size=75 |label=[[Reykjavík]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=42.880447 |long=-8.546303 |label_size=75 |label=[[Santiago de Compostela]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=51.916667 |long= 4.5      |label_size=75 |label=[[Rotterdam]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=41.162142 |long=-8.621953 |label_size=75 |label=[[Porto]] |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=51.216667 |long= 3.233333 |label_size=75 |label=[[Bruges]] |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=40.961612 |long=-5.667607 |label_size=75 |label=[[Salamanca]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=47.066667 |long=15.433333 |label_size=75 |label=[[Graz]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=44.411111 |long= 8.932778 |label_size=75 |label=[[Genoa]] |position=top}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=50.6372   |long= 3.0633   |label_size=75 |label=[[Lille]] |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=51.897222 |long=-8.47     |label_size=75 |label=[[Cork (city)|Cork]]|position=left}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=38.25     |long=21.733333 |label_size=75 |label=[[Patras]]|position=left}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=45.792784 |long=24.152069 |label_size=75 |label=[[Sibiu]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=53.4      |long=-2.983333 |label_size=75 |label=[[Liverpool]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=58.963333 |long=5.718889  |label_size=75 |label=[[Stavanger]] |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=54.683333 |long=25.283333 |label_size=75 |label=[[Vilnius]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=48.303056 |long=14.290556 |label_size=75 |label=[[Linz]] |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=51.450833 |long= 7.013056 |label_size=75 |label=[[Essen]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=41.013611 |long=28.955    |label_size=75 |label=[[Istanbul]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=46.071111 |long=18.233056 |label_size=75 |label=[[Pécs]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=60.45     |long=22.266667 |label_size=75 |label=[[Turku]] |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=59.437222 |long=24.745278 |label_size=75 |label=[[Tallinn]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=41.45     |long=-8.3      |label_size=75 |label=[[Guimarães]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=46.55     |long=15.65     |label_size=75 |label=[[Maribor]] |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=48.716667 |long=21.25     |label_size=75 |label=[[Košice]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=43.2964   |long=5.37      |label_size=75 |label=[[Marseille]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=56.948889 |long=24.106389 |label_size=75 |label=[[Riga]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=63.825    |long=20.263889 |label_size=75 |label=[[Umeå]] |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=50.45     |long=3.95      |label_size=75 |label=[[Mons]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=49.7475   |long=13.3775   |label_size=75 |label=[[Plzeň]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=43.321389 |long=-1.985556 |label_size=75 |label=[[San Sebastián]]}} 
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=51.116667 |long=17.033333 |label_size=75 |label=[[Wrocław]]}} 
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=56.1572   |long=10.2107   |label_size=75 |label=[[Aarhus]] |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=34.766667 |long=32.416667 |label_size=75 |label=[[Paphos]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=35.897778 |long=14.5125   |label_size=75 |label=[[Valletta]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=53.2      |long= 5.783333 |label_size=75 |label=[[Leeuwarden]]}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=42.09     |long=24.45     |label_size=75 |label=[[Plovdiv]] |mark=Red pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=40.666667 |long=16.60     |label_size=75 |label=[[Matera]] |mark=Red pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=45.316667 |long=14.416667 |label_size=75 |label=[[Rijeka]] |mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=53.2707   |long=-9.0568   |label_size=75 |label=[[Galway]] |mark=Green pog.svg|position=top}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=45.25     |long=19.85     |label_size=75 |label=[[Novi Sad]] |mark=Blue pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=38.033333 |long=23.533333 |label_size=75 |label=[[Eleusis]] |mark=Blue pog.svg |position=bottom}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=45.749444 |long=21.227222 |label_size=75 |label=[[Timișoara]] |mark=Blue pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=54.897222 |long=23.886111 |label_size=75 |label=[[Kaunas]] |mark=Blue pog.svg|position=left}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=49.4969   |long=5.9806    |label_size=75 |label=[[Esch-sur-Alzette]] |mark=Blue pog.svg|position=left}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=47.09296   |long=17.91377    |label_size=75 |label=[[Veszprém]] |mark=Blue pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=58.383333 |long=26.716667 |label_size=75 |label=[[Tartu]] |mark=Blue pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=47.720278 |long=13.633333 |label_size=75 |label=[[Bad Ischl]] |mark=Blue pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=67.2827 |long=14.3751 |label_size=75 |label=[[Bodø]] |mark=Blue pog.svg|position=left}}
{{location map~ |Europe |lat=50.833333 |long=12.916667 |label_size=75 |label=[[Chemnitz]] |mark=Blue pog.svg |position=top}}
}}


==See also==
* [[American Capital of Culture]]
* [[Arab Capital of Culture]]
* [[European Green Capital Award]]
* [[European Capitals and Cities of Sport Federation]]
* [[European Youth Capital]]
* [[European Region of Gastronomy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|European Capital of Culture}}
* [http://ec.europa.eu/programmes/creative-europe/actions/capitals-culture_en.htm European Capitals of Culture]
* [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32006D1622 Decision No 1622/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 2006 establishing a Community action for the European Capital of Culture event for the years 2007 to 2019]
* [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:02014D0445-20171005 Decision No 445/2014/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 establishing a Union action for the European Capitals of Culture for the years 2020 to 2033 and repealing Decision No 1622/2006/EC]
{{European Capital of Culture}}

{{Authority control}}