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== Thought experiments that cannot be performed ==
Some thought experiments cannot be performed at all. Einstein's famous "What would I see if I looked at a mirror while riding on a light beam?" provided crucial insights for relativity yet are expressly impossible under the theory it was responsible for generating. 
[[User:Two16]]

== Intuition Pump ==
Intuition pump auto-redirects here which, while not 100% accurate, is fine. But, the mention of intuition pump within the article is inaccurate. Although Dennet's first mention of the term is derogatory (contra Searle's "Chinese Room"), he also applauds their use:

" I coined the term "intuition pump," and its first use was derogatory. I applied it to John Searle's "Chinese room," which I said was not a proper argument but just an intuition pump. I went on to say that intuition pumps are fine if they're used correctly, but they can also be misused. They're not arguments, they're stories. Instead of having a conclusion, they pump an intuition. They get you to say "Aha! Oh, I get it!"

The idea of consciousness as a virtual machine is a nice intuition pump. It takes a while to set up, because a lot of the jargon of artificial intelligence and computer science is unfamiliar to philosophers or other people. But if you have the patience to set some of these ideas up, then you can say, "Hey! Try thinking about the idea that what we have in our heads is software. It's a virtual machine, in the same way that a word processor is a virtual machine." Suddenly, bells start ringing, and people start seeing things from a slightly different perspective."

== Plato's cave? ==

Isn't Plato's cave a metaphor rather than a thought experiment?

:I'd agree with you.  Plato's cave is simply stating that our explanations of the world are like that of the man who ventures out of the cave.  In other words, his questions are not framed in the same way as a thought experiment at all; therefore, I'm removing it.  If anyone diagrees feel free to state it here and/or revert. [[User:Laurascudder|Laura Scudder]] 00:37, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

::I guess I'll add something more in defense of removing [[Plato's allegory of the cave]].  The phrase thought experiment to me means that the proposed situation needs to have a testable prediction - just like an experiment.  For example, [[Maxwell's demon]] is a thought experiment because were someone to create a Maxwell's demon, they would see that the temperature in one side of the box gets hotter.
::In contrast, Plato's allegory is a metaphor because although it posits a question about people raised chained in a darkened cave, we are meant to interpret the story as saying that we are in a cave and wouldn't be able to understand what someone who travelled outside told us about the "real world".  Since we can't get to this "real world" there is no testable prediction to the hypothetical situation, thus it's an allegory rather than a thought experiment.
::This is a bit nitpicky, but in this interpretation of the meaning of thought experiment, were the story meant to only say something about people raised in caves with only shadows  (similar to [[Mary's room]] where a girl is raised without colors) it would qualify, but because it is an allegory about our world it does not.  Feel free to disagree.  [[User:Laurascudder|Laura Scudder]] 01:00, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

== einstein ==

what about einstein????

:Indeed, what about Einstein? 

:In fact, three of Einstein's most famous thought experiments, the [[EPR paradox]], [[galileo's ship]] and the [[twin paradox]] are in the list.  There are many many more relativity-related thought experiments (riding in a relativistic elevator with a flashlight and a mirror for instance), and you should feel free to write those up and include them if you think they're noteworthy enough. --[[User:Laurascudder|Laura Scudder]] | [[User talk:Laurascudder|Talk]] 20:24, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

:[[Einstein]] was probably the greatest thought experimenter of all time. Aside from the three noted above, he pioneered a lot more, such as a train being hit by lightning, flying ladders and so on. I'm actually kind of surprised that the [[Twin paradox]] isn't listed as a thought experiment.
[[Special:Contributions/67.201.192.140|67.201.192.140]] ([[User talk:67.201.192.140|talk]]) 18:44, 4 March 2008 (UTC)[[Ai52487963]]

==Wikipedia and Vandalopedia==

See the entry on the latter in BJAODN ([[Wikipedia:"Bad Jokes? We ain't got no stinking Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense!"]]), and Wikigovernment ([[Wikipedia:Whose Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense is it Anyway?]]).

How would Vandalopedia/Wikigovernment actually look like/work?

== Needs a link ==

This is just crying out for a link "but others pre-date Socrates." If you know this to be a fact then you should know enough to create another page informing readers what these other old thought experiments were and link to it.

One reference is:
Rescher, N., "Thought Experiment in Pre-Socratic Philosophy", pp.31-41 in Horowitz, T. & Massey, G.J. (eds.), Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy, Rowman & Littlefield, (Savage), 1991.[[User:Lindsay658|cogtrue]] 22:05, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

== definition of thought experiment ==

Warning.  At present, the definition of thought experiment is sorely lacking.  It currently says the following:

"In philosophy, physics, and other fields, a thought experiment (from the German term Gedankenexperiment, coined by Ernst Mach) is an attempt to solve a problem by using an analogy. These experiments are used to understand something practical through comparison with a hypothetical example. Thought experiments design a hypothetical situation in which our intuitive response is contrary to our actual responses in a similar real situation. Thought experiments create dissonance with the known and accepted, which with time have led to the reformulation or precision of theories."

This is vague and inaccurate.  A thought experiment is not in any way an analogy or "comparison".  They are not used to "solve problems."  They are not used to understand something "practical", whatever that means.  In a typical philosophical thought experiment, one reflects on a hypothetical example and has an intuitive assessment of what is morally right, what the reference of a term is, etc, in that situation.  This reflection is supposed to show us something that is true ''in general'' of that concept (i.e., morality, reference), not what is true in the imaginary example as opposed to reality.  It is not generally thought that the response is "contrary to our actual response in a similar real situation."  Thought experiments may "create dissonance with the known and accepted", whatever that means, but if they do, that is inessential to what they are as a conceptual tool.

Hopefully, a more useful definition can be crafted. Until then, keep the grain of salt nearby.

--[[User:Rldoan|Rldoan]] 08:53, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

I proposed the following first piece:

"Thought experiments are well-structured and well-defined (rather than ill-defined) hypothetical questions that employ subjunctive reasoning ([[irrealis moods]]). Thought experiments often introduce interesting, important and valuable new perspectives on old mysteries and old questions; yet, although they may make old questions irrelevant, they may also create new questions that are not be easy to answer."

And I placed them within the Wikipedia, along with a very long piece elborating on thought experiments -- all of which have been derived from some two year's deep academic study of thought experiments -- and, as well a considerable number of additional, relevant references.

Now, I am not being "precious"; but I simply can not understand how -- or even why -- the original paragraph re-appeared.

The original paragraph is:

"A thought experiment (from the German term Gedankenexperiment, coined by Ernst Mach) in the broadest sense is the use of an imagined scenario to help us understand the way things really are. The understanding comes through reflection on the scenario. Thought experiment methodology is a priori, rather than empirical, in that it does not proceed by observation or experiment."

This contains a number of serious and extremely nmisleading errors that are perpetuated in the literature:

(1) Mach did not "coin" the term Gedankenexperiment. It was, possibly, "coined" by Ørsted; but, according to modern scholarship (see Wittt-Hanson), it was certainly -- as far as the remaining extant literature goes --  was first used by by Ørsted.

(2) Again, I am not being "precious"; but, in the realm of "thought experimentation" the imaginary situations are not '''''scenarios''''' because (a) the term scenario has a very precise meaning when used by Kahn, (b) any usage of the term "scenario", within an article dealing with any process involving the imagination, is very dangerously equivocal, (c) given that some (in the literature) make the mistake of using the term "scenario" as if it were a synonym for "thought experiment", whilst others use the term as if it means "the set of physical (i.e., physical only)  circumstances which I would like you to imagine, whilst others use the term to denote all of the circumstances (including any of the protagonists' actions), whillst others, yet again, only use the term "scenario" to describe circumstances in which the least acceptable circumstances would arise -- e.g., speaking about a "worst-case scenarion. For all these reasons and more, the term "scenario" must be avoided, except where it is intentionally referring to the specific usage of Kahn.

I moved the section (slightly adapted) "The understanding comes through reflection on the scenario. Thought experiment methodology is a priori, rather than empirical, in that it does not proceed by observation or experiment" into the part "Thought Experiments in General".


As I am new to all of this, I really don't knw what to do about this sabotage and active mmisinformation.

Can anyone guide me as to what I should do -- or is it something that "just goes with the Wikiterritory" that I must simply accept as an implied condition of being a contributor?

[[User:Lindsay658|cogtrue]] 04:32, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

:I've made further changes in response to some of your comments.  The motivation for restoring the original text is that it allows the article to lead with a clear definition and attribution, rather than a very indirect characterization.
:Let me remind you to [[WP:AGF|assume good faith]] instead of claiming "sabotage and active mmisinformation <nowiki>[sic]</nowiki>" . [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Alienus Al] 04:59, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

(1) Thank you for removing the error; and 
(2) I can see how your re-arragment has made it much more readable.
(3) I now recognize that "assuming good faith" means precisely that!
Thanks for your promptness
[[User:Lindsay658|cogtrue]] 05:15, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

:I'm glad we'll be able to work together to improve this article. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Alienus Al] 05:55, 6 May 2006 (UTC)


Very interesting content added to the entry lately!  I contributed much (but not all) of the previous content, but it was from a merely general familiarity with thought experiments in philosophy.  Currently, the header effectively has two definitions of "thought experiment."  I have some thoughts about one of them:

"Thought experiments are well-structured and well-defined (rather than ill-defined) hypothetical questions that employ subjunctive reasoning ([[irrealis moods]]). Thought experiments often introduce interesting, important and valuable new perspectives on old mysteries and old questions; yet, although they may make old questions irrelevant, they may also create new questions that are not be easy to answer."

(1) I wonder, why the paranthetical "rather than ill-defined"?  This seems to anticipate some reader objection.  I would think that anticipating and responding to potential objections would be belong in the more detailed discussions.  (2) The first sentence seems a bit inaccessible for an encyclopedia ideally targeted (I presume) at the average reader.  There is some unexplicated technical language ("subjunctive reasoning"), and it is fairly abrubt.  (3) The second sentence seems vague to me and not very informative.  Can it be removed without loss?

I second the above comment about leading with a clear definition (and, I would also add, a relatively accessible one).  I think the techical point about subjunctive reasoning is valuable, but might that be better placed in a more detailed following discussion?  I'm happy to concede the point about use of the term "scenario" (again my familairity is not that of an expert).  But if alternate language must be used, I think it ought to be non-technical vocab accessible to the average reader (which is what I was going for).

([[User:Rldoan|Rldoan]] 07:45, 11 May 2006 (UTC))

Rldoan, Thanks for your useful comments.

(1) I have moved:

: Thought experiments often introduce interesting, important and valuable new perspectives on old mysteries and old questions; yet, although they may make old questions irrelevant, they may also create new questions that are not be easy to answer.

To the start of the Practical Application of Thought Experimentation, because it seems to fit better there.

(2) In relation to the definition,

:"Thought experiments are well-structured and well-defined (rather than ill-defined) hypothetical questions that employ [[subjunctive]] reasoning ([[irrealis moods]]). 

I agree.
I have altered it to read:

:"Thought experiments are well-structured hypothetical questions that employ “What if? reasoning“ (see ([[irrealis moods]]).

It seems far simpler, much less complex, and far more informative.
[[User:Lindsay658|cogtrue]] 05:45, 13 May 2006 (UTC)


It is clearly not possible to consider thought experiments as purely 'a priori' process. I can quote Einstein's criticism:

"For one will always be able to say that critical philosophers have until now erred in the establishment of the a priori elements, and one will always be able to establish a system of a priori elements that does not contradict a given physical system. Let me briefly indicate why I do not find this standpoint natural. A physical theory consists of the parts (elements) A, B, C, D, that together constitute a logical whole which correctly connects the pertinent experiments (sense experiences). Then it tends to be the case that the aggregate of fewer than all four elements, e.g., A, B, D, without C, no longer says anything about these experiences, and just as well A, B, C without D. One is then free to regard the aggregate of three of these elements, e.g., A, B, C as a priori, and only D as empirically conditioned. But what remains unsatisfactory in this is always the arbitrariness in the choice of those elements that one designates as a priori, entirely apart from the fact that the theory could one day be replaced by another that replaces certain of these elements (or all four) by others. (Einstein 1924, 1688–1689)"

Einstein's point seems to be that while one can always choose to designate selected elements as a priori and, hence, non-empirical, no principle determines which elements can be so designated, and our ability thus to designate them derives from the fact that it is only the totality of the elements that possesses empirical content. Relativity theory is conceptually brilliant, yet visually basic enough, that any typical adult can imagine. While a priority may be the medium of thought experiments, it cannot account for the selection and arrangement of elements , into a coherent whole. Zadeh79 (talk) 02:04, 2 September 2014 (UTC)

Also , from Elke Brendal's "Intuition pumps and the proper use of thought experiments": "Second, we have shown that this intuitive leap cannot be construed as a specific a priori method of gaining insight into the realm of a Platonic world, a world in which the laws of nature somehow exist independently of us. Instead, the intuitions that lead to the deduction that all bodies fall at the same speed have to be justified in an a posteriori way by appealing to our former knowledge about falling bodies. Therefore, we should reject the view that we gain new information from thought experiments by a special epistemic capacity for intuitively perceiving the laws of nature in a Platonic realm. Instead, in thought experiments we gain new information by rearranging or reorganizing already known empirical data in a new way and drawing new inferences from them or by looking at these data from a different and unusual perspective. In Galileo’s thought experiment, for example, the rearrangement of empirical experience consists in the original idea of combining bodies of different weight. In order to explain the informativeness of thought experiments, no mysterious access to the Platonic realm needs to be postulated." Zadeh79 (talk) 16:54, 2 September 2014 (UTC)


And finally, Brown's account (included in this article) of the a priori and though experiment is not well supported by other experts: From Joerg Fehige's, Two sides of generating experimental knowledge? On the cognitive efficacy of thought experiments: A pragmatic account of a moot epistemic device (open debate):

"Everyone assessing Browns account of thought experiments finds fault with it and tends to an empiricist account while (implicitly) rejecting Norton’s (1996, p. 336) contention that empiricism entails the view that thought experiments are arguments. As much as the majority of participants is opposed to Brown’s a priorism as much do they protest against Norton’s empiricism based commitment to (AV). Mach’s account plays, as pointed out already above, beside Kuhn’s account of all the classical accounts the most important role in defending the majority position: '''Scientific thought''' '''experiments are experiments and have to be explained within an empiricist framework.'''
However, the author notes that most participants in the debate on thought experiments, do not suggest a priori doesn't play a role in though experiment - but they tend to agree it doesn't play a primary role. 

Given all of this, it's only fair the part on a priority of thought experiments be modified. Zadeh79 (talk) 20:00, 2 September 2014 (UTC)

== function and goal of thought experiments ==

There are two interesting lists of the functions and goals of thought experiments.  Here are some thoughts.  (1) I don't know what the difference is between functions and goals.  I think they are essentially the same teleological concepts, and the items on the lists seem to have the same "function."  (2) The list seems a bit long for a general encyclopedia entry.  Can some be sacrificed or consolidated?

([[User:Rldoan|Rldoan]] 07:57, 11 May 2006 (UTC))


Ridoan, Thanks for your comment.

I now recognize that these should be two separate sections beneath the (altered) title ''Thought experimentation in general'', namely (a) ''The Theoretical Consequences of Thought Experimentation'' and (b) ''The Practical Application of Thought Experimentation'' (perhaps somebody can suggest a better title?). Here (and I may add something later to elaborate on this point) I am trying to distinguish between what I see are two very separate notions: (a) thought experiments as a tool in general, and (b) the specific use for which a specific thought experiment has been created (with the stress on the created) by a specific individual, in a specific and particular case, to serve a specific and particular need.

In relation to your comment on the length of the list: based on a wide study of the literature, I feel it is essential that Wikipedia supply this sort of description to ''newcomers'' to the topic, so that they will immediately have a reasonable understanding of the entire field. Otherwise, in my view, in the absence of such direction, one is left with only the philosophy-oriented descriptions of thought experiments that appear in philosophical encyclopedias, or the descriptions within specialist books on, say, quantum physics.

Also, a major driving force of Wikipedia seems to be to foster the interactive aggregation of knowledge, especially through cross-referencing. So, it seems that such lists, wherever they are appropriate -- and in this case, given the overall looseness of the term "thought experiment" itself, and the wide range of applications to which the term thought experiment" is used, I think that it is very appropriate to describe the wide range of applications of "thought experimentation" -- seem to be an essential part of disseminating these sorts of far-less-than-well-known inter-relationships and far-less-than-well-understood facts (that are very well known and very well understood by the experts) to those who are newcomers. 

May I suggest the following way to resolve this matter of the length of the list: if it was to be held that the length of the list was detrimental to the article itself (and I would accept such a view 100%) the solution would be for the heading to remain, and beneath that heading a single sentence – i.e., List of ''Practical Applications of Thought Experimentation'' – with a link to a separate Wikipedia page (I have noticed that this move is often used in Wikipedia articles).
[[User:Lindsay658|cogtrue]] 05:04, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

afterthought: It may, also, be much better for the article in its emerging form to have the other lists that appear under Famous thought experiments to be also placed eslewhere in Wikipedia, but linked to this page?   [[User:Lindsay658|cogtrue]] 06:10, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

== types of hypothetical question ==

A gratuitious comment.  This is great stuff!  Very useful information!

([[User:Rldoan|Rldoan]] 08:06, 11 May 2006 (UTC))

Here's something nongratuitous.  It is not clear to me how the typical thought experiments in philosophy match up to the list of hypothetical questions here.  In philosophy, thought experiments are not typically used for causal reasoning, as the hypothetical questions here seem to be used.  In philosophy, we (typically) imagine a scenario which (we will assume) is nomologically possible and decide how to *describe* or *characterize* the scenario.  That is, philosophers are not interested in the causal consequences (or antecedents), but what that situation represents, so to speak.  Is this a different type of hypothetical question?

([[User:Rldoan|Rldoan]] 08:17, 11 May 2006 (UTC))


Again, Rldoan, Thanks. The "stuff" that you remark upon was placed in the article specifically because, according to my experience, this sort of thing is entirely well-understood (but is ''never'' expressed) by the all of the "experts"; and it is really quite clear from the way they speak and write about things, that these sorts of views are very deeply embedded within their all of their thoughts about "thought experimentation".

In relation to the offered list of hypothetical questions and its relationship to the work of philosophers: I believe that some of this is due to a confusion in relation to the application of the term thought experiment by philosophers to their activities.

Firstly, it is certain that philosophers have been asking hypothetical questions for a couple of thousand years.

Second, Ørsted and Mach, with their '''gendankenexperimenten''' and '''gedankenversuchen''' were, very specifically, referring to an (otherwise real, physical) experiment that was conducted mentally, and it was conducted as a "proxy" for that real experiment. The term "thought experiment" came into English specifically to precisely denote such a "proxy" mental activity. However, the utility of having such a term was not lost on philosophers, who soon took on the term as an exclusive label for their own pursuits. This is borne out by the fact that, say, Einstein’s physics-oriented ''imaginary speculations'' were generally referred to as '''gendankenexperiments''' in the English language literature (i.e., rather than as "thought experiments"), and it was not at all unusual to see these sorts of physics-oriented imaginary speculations, when conducted by other than Einstein, referred to as as '''gedanken''' experiments (i.e., one word of German, one word of English).
Thus, the immediate problem may well be due to the fact that the metaphorical extension of the term "thought experiment" to these sorts of sets of circumstance  no longer really demonstrate any coherent sort of source-to-target mapping from Ørsted and Mach’s '''gendankenexperiments'''.

In philosophy, many of the questions seem to be of the form “If this was to be the case, what would happen”, or “If this were to exist, what it look like” (both prefactual), with the answer being that there is no way that it could ever be the case. Others, such as the violinist problem are asking a question of the form “if this were to happen, in these circumstances, how would you respond?”.

Perhaps, too, the whole situation is complicated by the use of thought experiments in quantum physics – where it seems that the thought experiment itself is all that we know about the concept, theory, or position (but physics is not my specialty). 

Not certain that I have completely answered your question; however, I am certain that we both agree that the philosopher is speculating on a hypothetical situation and that their speculation is entirely within their imagination.[[User:Lindsay658|cogtrue]] 06:30, 13 May 2006 (UTC)


==What are these?==
I came looking for some ideas (which I thought were thought-experiments?) whose names I didn't know.  What is the multiple mansions mind-trick (where you try to imagine as much detail in each room until they are as real as a memory)?  What's the Door to December or the Cannibalistic Cat (Door to December where you look out the window and it's summer and go out the door within the same room and it's snowing?  or the cat who eats his body starting with his tail... and as he gets closer and closer to his own head the mind has more trouble imagining it?).  If these aren't thought experiments, what are they? [[User:82.93.133.130|82.93.133.130]] 11:15, 11 February 2007 (UTC)
:I can't really tell what you are describing.  The mansions mind-trick as you describe it sounds like a kind of mental exercise, in which you try to improve your memory.  The Door to December sounds like it's just supposed to some kind of mind f*ck (probably intense if you are on drugs, I guess).  The Cannibalistic Cat sounds like its supposed to be a sort of paradox.  These are not thought experiments.  In a thought experiment, you imagine a scenario for the purpose of drawing a conclusion about the world.  It's part of an argument.  It's not just a difficult or perplexing thing to do with your mind.  There are different kinds of thought experiments.  To get an idea of what thought experiments are, I would suggest just clicking on the links to particular thought experiments to see how these hypothetical situations are used.  These are the kinds of things that have come to be called "thought experiment." [[User:Rldoan|Rldoan]] 09:49, 16 February 2007 (UTC)
::In my understanding, none of the sorts of things you have described are amongst those sorts of thing that might be labelled with the term "thought experiment" by a philosopher (and they would most certainly not be called "thought experiments" by any scientist).
::Yet, '''''if''''' these sorts of mental adventure are not "thought experiments", the question then rises "What should we call them?".
::My view is that it would be best to follow the lead of the Australian philosopher [[J. L. Mackie]] and employ the term  he used to label the sort of intellectual challenge provoked by [[John Locke|Locke’s]] account of the '''prince''' and the '''cobbler''' (see [[Self-awareness#The basis of personal identity|here]] for Locke's text).
::Mackie, very deliberately, and in my view very sensibly, called them "'''puzzle cases'''".
::I believe that the things you speak of are "puzzle cases". For more on "puzzle cases" see Mackie, J.L., ''Problems from Locke'', Oxford University Press, (Oxford), 1976, p.175. [[User:Lindsay658|Lindsay658]] 20:37, 16 February 2007 (UTC)
:::The prince and the cobbler is actually a thought experiment, in the sense in which philosophers talk about thought experiments.    Locke adhered to a memory, or consciousness, theory of personal identity.  The prince and the cobbler case is used to support that theory.  It's a perfectly good philosophical thought experiment.  It's argumentative.  (I haven't read the Mackie.  But thought experiments that philosophers propose and think about really are "puzzle cases".  They are cases to reflect on and draw a conclusion about the state of things.  They can be hard to figure out and are typically matters of dispute among philosophers.  Calling something a puzzle case does not mean it's not a thought experiment.  It is, however, probably a cavalier and slightly dismissive way of referring to thought experiments, but they are still thought experiments.)
:::The funny things described by the user above are not philosophical thought experiments and they are not scientific thought experiments (which are different things).  I've suggested above what they really are, at least based on the minimal description given -- memory exercises, mind f***'s, and paradoxes.  They are not argumentative.  They are fun things to do that are not intended to show anything. [[User:Rldoan|Rldoan]] 09:02, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
== Thought experiments involving causal reasoning ==



The section that lists seven types of thought experiments had said that these are the seven types of thought experiments in general.  This is simply not true.  The seven types of thought experiments listed concern causal reasoning.  Thought experiments in philosophy (typically) are not concerned with causal reasoning.  I changed the category title and discussion to reflect this limitation.  If someone with a physics orientation wants to change some of the language to better reflect conventional vocabulary, that's fine.  But the seven types are not inclusive of all thought experiments (as the term "thought experiment" is currently used). <small>—The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Rldoan|Rldoan]] ([[User talk:Rldoan|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rldoan|contribs]]) 09:10, 15 February 2007 (UTC).</small><!-- HagermanBot Auto-Unsigned -->

----------------------------

It is worth adding to the bibliography a note that Horowitz and Massey's book can be downloaded as a PDF:

http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/archive/00003190/

[[User:Rosa Lichtenstein|Rosa Lichtenstein]] ([[User talk:Rosa Lichtenstein|talk]]) 22:36, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

== Merge with [[Hypotheticals]] ==

It has been over a year now since the [[Hypotheticals]] article was created, and it still an uncited stub.  As it currently exists, it does not present sufficient information to stand on its own, and its topic is barely differentiable from the idea of a thought experiment, if at all.  [[Hypotheticals]] should be merged into this article. [[User:Neelix|Neelix]] ([[User talk:Neelix|talk]]) 16:22, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

:'''How though?''' a thought experiment could be considered a type of hypothetical, but not all hypotheticals would necessarily be considered as thought experiments; hypothetically speaking of course (couldn't resist).  thought experiments could perhaps be considered as a sub-category of hypotheticals, or as a derived concept, but it doesn't really work the other way around.  so how do we merge them?  add thought experiment to hypotheticals?  when i've given it some more though, i'll see about adding material on the page there; could do a sub-section on thought experiments maybe? [[User:Lx 121|Lx 121]] ([[User talk:Lx 121|talk]]) 12:20, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

:'''Opposed.''' But there is a difference between the two, as stated above. Further, I can't see why [[Hypotheticals]] is not self-sufficient, and any similarity is properly addressed by a simple 'see also' link. [[User:Martinor|Martinor]] ([[User talk:Martinor|talk]]) 21:59, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

:'''Opposed.''' Thought experiments are significant enough to warrant their own article, rather than merely a section in hypotheticals.  And making hypotheticals a section of thought experiments wouldn't make sense either, since hypotheticals is a broader category.  Thought experiments are hypothetical ''experiments'', which is more specific.  "What would the world be like if Germany won World War II?" is a hypothetical, but it would be quite odd to call it a thought experiment. -- [[User:Tim314|Tim314]] ([[User talk:Tim314|talk]]) 07:19, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

::I agree that it would be odd to characterize the hypothetical question, "What would the world be like if Germany won World War II?" as a thought experiment. But I would feel perfectly comfortable calling Philip Dick's novel "The Man in the High Tower" a thought experiment, perhaps because the novel is not a mere restatement of the hypothetical, but is a result of the novelist's work within the hypothetical; which causes me to ask, aren't all thought experiments tools that measure the boundaries of the hypothetical? (a question I don't feel qualified to answer). Perhaps this artistic application of the term has a somewhat different, less scientific (more casual) definition, which perhaps falls outside the scope of the term as here defined, but I do feel its a valid application. 
::The "thought experiment" in speculative fiction (perhaps the most classic example is [[Flatland]]) therefore may deserve some acknowledgement in an encyclopedic article. [[User:Bustter|Bustter]] ([[User talk:Bustter|talk]]) 01:41, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

== Philosophical possibility  ==

There is still much debate whether Chalmers experiment should be seen as metaphysically possible. However, I think an addition should be made to address the difference between metaphysically possible and logically possible. The paragraph suggests that Chalmers experiment is also debated as logically possible. Please add some references for this claim or make a clear distinction between metaphysically possible and logically possible.

[[Special:Contributions/62.177.201.147|62.177.201.147]] ([[User talk:62.177.201.147|talk]]) 12:50, 2 February 2009 (UTC) Remko, student philosophy at the Erasmus University of Rotterdam

== hoax? ==

Casimir cones listed here as a thought experiment is probably a hoax. Any thoughts? [[User:Dauto|Dauto]] ([[User talk:Dauto|talk]]) 20:19, 27 January 2009 (UTC)
:Since the wikilink links to an article that is AfD I would concur. I will remove it. --[[User:Saddhiyama|Saddhiyama]] ([[User talk:Saddhiyama|talk]]) 20:59, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

== Gedankenexperiment ==

… is written as ''one'' word, even in English. See http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gedankenexperiment --[[Special:Contributions/77.186.138.131|77.186.138.131]] ([[User talk:77.186.138.131|talk]]) 09:54, 25 September 2009 (UTC)

== Zeno ==

Whya are zeno's paradoxes in the philisophical cat they seem more physical to me.  [[User:Stupidstudent|Stupidstudent]] ([[User talk:Stupidstudent|talk]]) 06:12, 22 October 2010 (UTC)

== EPR ==

There is a longish section on EPR with stuff like ''Bohr won the argument by strength of personality...''. This reads very oddly, like someone's anti-Bohr tirade. I don't think it really belongs. Bohr was indeed right, and Einstein wrong, and the thought experiment itself was valuable. But all the authority-people stuff should go [[User:William M. Connolley|William M. Connolley]] ([[User talk:William M. Connolley|talk]]) 21:10, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

:Objectionable material removed.[[User:Chjoaygame|Chjoaygame]] ([[User talk:Chjoaygame|talk]]) 23:38, 11 January 2011 (UTC)
::Yes that is how it was sourced. "Bohr won the argument by strength of personality".  Sounds familiar to me here. Opinions removing sourced material. [[User:ZuluPapa5|Zulu Papa 5 *]] ([[User talk:ZuluPapa5|talk]]) 05:20, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

== Undo ==

Undid this one [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thought_experiment&diff=407355316&oldid=407354854], the remover opinions don't match the relevant and verified text. [[User:ZuluPapa5|Zulu Papa 5 *]] ([[User talk:ZuluPapa5|talk]]) 05:16, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

: Thought experiments are valuable, but we do not help anybody by privileging the incorrect views of one philosopher. It is not true that TE underlie all modern physics, or at least it isn't true that this is unquestionably true. You could equally well assert that careful observation underlies all modern physics. The quote I removed is simply unhelpful [[User:William M. Connolley|William M. Connolley]] ([[User talk:William M. Connolley|talk]]) 08:29, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

::Agree. Even if we would include this view, we certainly cannot say: "'''As''' the contemporary philosopher Martin Cohen '''puts it''', ...". We should rather say: "The contemporary philosopher Martin Cohen '''puts that''' ...". The ''as-phrase'' suggests that Wikipedia endorses this view. [[User:DVdm|DVdm]] ([[User talk:DVdm|talk]]) 08:54, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

:Is there a source for this statement [[WP:TRUTH|"It is not true"]] it's a compelling issue for inclusion that is fairly attributed and could be balanced with additional sources. [[User:ZuluPapa5|Zulu Papa 5 *]] ([[User talk:ZuluPapa5|talk]]) 14:18, 12 January 2011 (UTC)
:: See [[WP:UNDUE]] [[User:William M. Connolley|William M. Connolley]] ([[User talk:William M. Connolley|talk]]) 15:20, 12 January 2011 (UTC)
::: Ok again, where (what source) is the counter weight originating from? [[User:ZuluPapa5|Zulu Papa 5 *]] ([[User talk:ZuluPapa5|talk]]) 15:38, 12 January 2011 (UTC)
::::Any physics text. [[User:Joshua P. Schroeder|jps]] ([[User talk:Joshua P. Schroeder|talk]]) 00:28, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

== Deiknymi ==

I removed mention of the Ancient Greek term ''deiknymi'' from the first sentence, and along with it the reference 
*Szábo, À. (1958) " 'Deiknymi' als Mathematischer Terminus fur 'Beweisen' ", ''Maia'' N.S. '''10''' pp.1-26 as cited by [[Imre Lakatos]] (1976) in ''Proofs and Refutations'' p.9. (John Worrall and Elie Zahar, eds.) Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|0 521 21078 x}}
It's not clear that the word for "thought experiment" in ancient Greek is sufficiently relevant to appear in the crucial first sentence of the article. If the Ancient Greek word is relevant, I suggest discussing it in the section [[Thought experiment#Origins and use of the literal term]], rather than in the introduction. By [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary|policy]], Wikipedia articles are about things, not about the words that describe them. --[[User:Srleffler|Srleffler]] ([[User talk:Srleffler|talk]]) 04:05, 13 May 2011 (UTC)

:Since a talk entry was duplicate I removed it. Lakatos identified the importance of deiknymi (that is, thought-experiment) in his ''Proofs and Refutations'' and showed how the Greeks treated theorem / proof as quasi-experiment. This fits in neatly with the Aristotelian habit of letting imagination trump experience. Thus Galileo's actual experiments showed their superiority over Aristotle's deiknymi.  --[[User:Ancheta Wis|Ancheta Wis]] ([[User talk:Ancheta Wis|talk]]) 04:25, 26 May 2011 (UTC)

::Ancheta Wis, you can safely sneer at Aristotle; he isn't about to reply.[[User:Chjoaygame|Chjoaygame]] ([[User talk:Chjoaygame|talk]]) 05:01, 26 May 2011 (UTC)
:::You can thank Galileo for the critique: Salviati speaks: "I greatly doubt that Aristotle ever tested by experiment whether it be true that two stones, one weighing ten times as much as the other, if allowed to fall, at the same instant, from a height of, say, 100 cubits, would so differ in speed that when the heavier had reached the ground, the other would not have fallen more than 10 cubits." [http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/109N/tns61.htm Two New Sciences (1638)] —{{harvnb|Galileo|1638|pp=61–62}}. --[[User:Ancheta Wis|Ancheta Wis]] ([[User talk:Ancheta Wis|talk]]) 11:14, 26 May 2011 (UTC)

::::Ah, yes, you can safely pass on the blame for the sneer onto Galileo, or perhaps even onto Salviati.[[User:Chjoaygame|Chjoaygame]] ([[User talk:Chjoaygame|talk]]) 19:37, 26 May 2011 (UTC)

: As far as δείκνυμι goes, the translation as 'thought experiment' itself doesn't seem obvious to me. In general contexts, the word means 'to show' or 'to point': maybe 'demonstration' would be a less question-begging way to translate the word here. I dont have ''[[Proofs and Refutations]]'' to hand, though, or know anything myself about the ways in which the word was used in ancient Greek argument. [[User:Dsp13|Dsp13]] ([[User talk:Dsp13|talk]]) 02:56, 17 November 2011 (UTC)
::Lakatos cites Szábo, so you might also want to access Szábo's thoughts on this. [http://cimm.ucr.ac.cr/ciaem/articulos/historia/filo/%C3%81rpad%20zs%C3%A1bo%20and%20imre%20lakatos,%20or%20the%20relation%20between%20history%20and%20philosophy%20of%20mathematics.*M%C3%A1t%C3%A9,%20Andr%C3%A1s.*Lakatos.pdf Here is an article about this], by András Máté, whom I quote: "8. Deiknymi(Gr.): the first and basic meaning of this word in everyday language is to show, but it has also the following meanings: to point out, explain, prove, to make the truth/falsity of a mathematical statement visible in some way, to reflect on it, and draw the correct conclusion from it. Szabó summarizes the core of the early Greek notion of proof on this way : “It is reflection which transforms what we see, into visible, empirical evidence” (Szabó 1969, p. 251/1978, p. 190)" --[[User:Ancheta Wis|Ancheta Wis]] ([[User talk:Ancheta Wis|talk]]) 09:55, 17 November 2011 (UTC)
::: Shouldn't the article at least point out that δείκνυμι is a verb, not a noun? As a verb, it can't possible mean "thought experiment." [[User:Julianpetri|Julianpetri]] ([[User talk:Julianpetri|talk]]) 03:40, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
::::It must have the sense of a [[non-finite verb]], or [[gerund]], in that case. 'Proof', 'reflection', and 'experiment' are all non-finite verbs, which can be used as another part of speech.That is definitely the sense as it is taken by Szábo. I encourage you to look at András Máté's article, which is linked above. --[[User:Ancheta Wis|Ancheta Wis]] ([[User talk:Ancheta Wis|talk]]) 05:05, 3 January 2012 (UTC)

==Misuse of sources==
This article has been edited by a user who is known to have misused sources to unduly promote certain views (see [[WP:Jagged 85 cleanup]]). Examination of the sources used by this editor often reveals that the sources have been selectively interpreted or blatantly misrepresented, going beyond any reasonable interpretation of the authors' intent.

Please help by viewing the entry for this article shown at the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Requests_for_comment/Jagged_85/Cleanup7 page], and check the edits to ensure that any claims are valid, and that any references do in fact verify what is claimed. 

I searched the page history, and found 8 edits by Jagged 85 (for example, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=&diff=prev&oldid=178662449 this edit]). [[User:Tobby72|Tobby72]] ([[User talk:Tobby72|talk]]) 16:05, 19 January 2012 (UTC)
:Thank you for your note. The [http://books.google.com/books?id=779JPlxYtGoC&pg=PA178&lpg=PA178&dq=avicenna+floating+man+experiment&source=bl&ots=zUUVFc1H1A&sig=Uff-2Oq5jGJOTAmtp2woonRp_a0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=znoYT5yTHcrPiALOqoC5CA&ved=0CFsQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=avicenna%20floating%20man%20experiment&f=false Avicenna example you contributed] is independently corroborated. --[[User:Ancheta Wis|Ancheta Wis]] ([[User talk:Ancheta Wis|talk]]) 21:44, 19 January 2012 (UTC)

==Lack of sources==
This is an important and valuable article but regrettably at present it seems to be itself in parts a thought experiment - ie what if the [[WP:NOR]] rule did not exist ...

And where's Descartes' evil demon, or Newton's apple tree? [[User:Straw Cat|Straw Cat]] ([[User talk:Straw Cat|talk]]) 12:16, 23 March 2013 (UTC)

== Please indent new contributions when replying ==

Please separate your contributions when replying to other editors.  It is customary to indent your replies to others. Otherwise, please append your contribution to the end of the pertinent section of the talk page. That way, others can read the section in chronological order. You can add your signature and a timestamp, with <nowiki>4 tildes, thus: ~~~~</nowiki>. Otherwise, you may be mixing your contributions with others. If you are replying, you can address the other editor by their signature. Thank you, --[[User:Ancheta Wis|Ancheta Wis]] [[User talk:Ancheta Wis| &nbsp; (talk]] [[Special:Contributions/Ancheta Wis| &#124; contribs)]] 17:55, 2 September 2014 (UTC)

== Tesla's thought experiments with his inventions ==

If you read the biography of Nikola Tesla, you will find the description of his method of work.

<blockquote>"My method is different. I do not rush into actual work. When I get an idea I start at once building it up in my imagination. I change the construction, make improvements and operate the device in my mind. It is absolutely immaterial to me whether I run my turbine in thought or test it in my shop. I even note if it is out of balance. There is no difference whatever, the results are the same. In this way I am able to rapidly develop and perfect a conception without touching anything. When I have gone so far as to embody in the invention every possible improvement I can think of and see no fault anywhere, I put into concrete form this final product of my brain. Invariably my device works as I conceived that it should, and the experiment comes out exactly as I planned it. In 20 years there has not been a single exception." -- Nikola Tesla, My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla<ref>{{Cite web|title=My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla|url=https://www.kevinsworkbench.com/teslasautobiography/my_early_life.html|last=Tesla|first=Nikola|date=|website=kevinsworkbench|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> </blockquote>

Does this text indicates that Tesla was also performing thought experiments? Only this time, the subject of thinking and/or contemplation is not some materiel phenomenon (such as light) but electro-mechanical apparatus.

{{reflist-talk}}

== "people had no way"? ==

I can't tell for sure whether {{Tq|people had no way of categorizing it or speaking about it}} is meant as [[linguistic determinism]] or a weaker form of [[Linguistic relativity|linguistic relativity]]. If the former as I'm leaning toward, I think it should go, as few if any recent linguists believe in it. If the latter, then I would change <nowiki>{{dubious}}</nowiki> to <nowiki>{{citation needed}}</nowiki> instead. Opinions? [[User:PauAmma|The Crab Who Played With The Sea]] ([[User talk:PauAmma|talk]]) 19:35, 17 April 2022 (UTC)
:{{anchor|Asmis}}See Elizabeth Asmis (1984) Cornell Univ. Press: ''Epicurus' Scientific Method''{{rp|pp258-259}} (a commentary on [[Epicurus]]' Canon), and his followers, such as Lucretius ''[[On the Nature of Things]]''. Asmis applies Epicurus' method to the [[atomic theory]] of Democritus. The key point from Epicurus was that [https://archive.org/details/epicurusscientif0000asmi/page/n7/mode/2up there is an infinity of time]{{rp|pp258-259}} in which to realize 'it'. So it's not just linguistic; there also need to be observers, commentators, instrumentation, and a long-enough-lived audience to heed the phenomenon. For example, the proof of the correctness of the atomic theory took 2000 years. --[[User:Ancheta Wis|Ancheta Wis]] [[User talk:Ancheta Wis| &nbsp; (talk]] [[Special:Contributions/Ancheta Wis| &#124; contribs)]] 01:35, 18 April 2022 (UTC)
::I have no idea how to connect your answer to my question. I expected answers such as "linguistic determinism", "weaker linguistic relativity", "don't know". Can you clarify? [[User:PauAmma|The Crab Who Played With The Sea]] ([[User talk:PauAmma|talk]]) 16:17, 18 April 2022 (UTC)
:::See [[History of scientific method#Epicurus]] for a summary of his scientific method. It is possible to [https://archive.org/details/epicurusscientif00asmi/page/n6/mode/2up?view=theater&q=infinite+time read and search Asmis]' book using Archive.org. In it, (p.25) "Epicurus demands that before we investigate a problem, we must have acquired [[concept]]s corresponding to the words used to state the problem, in order to have standards by which to judge the problem. In Epicurus’ terminology, we must have “grasped” what is “subordinate to the utterances” before we undertake the investigation". --[[User:Ancheta Wis|Ancheta Wis]] [[User talk:Ancheta Wis| &nbsp; (talk]] [[Special:Contributions/Ancheta Wis| &#124; contribs)]] 05:46, 19 April 2022 (UTC)
::::Could you just answer my question plainly ''as I asked it''? That would be less frustrating (I think for both of us). If you're unsure what I'm asking and why, let me know and I'll try to clarify. Thanks. [[User:PauAmma|The Crab Who Played With The Sea]] ([[User talk:PauAmma|talk]]) 08:38, 19 April 2022 (UTC)
:::::'''Please clarify''' <small>how the linguistic theory you are framing proves that its concepts explain the problem, paraphrasing Asmis. How do 'its concepts correspond to the words used to state the problem, in order to have standards by which to judge the problem?', as Asmis puts it ([https://archive.org/details/epicurusscientif00asmi/page/10/mode/2up?view=theater&q=gods pages 10-11]). The concepts as currently posed appear to lie in a frame that is '[https://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/wordpress/?p=12775 not even wrong]', as the mathematicians and physicists say. The choices ([[linguistic determinism]], linguistic relativism, or 'please clarify') might be dubious [[false alternative]]s, as currently posed. 
:::::I am a great fan of subjunctive mood (upon which science is properly based) and scientific method. Sorry if Epicurus' scientific method isn't useful to you.</small> 
:::::I am curious why this topic is important to you; it appears minor to me. I would be happy to rewrite it for the encyclopedia. Or better, we might collaborate on the edit. --[[User:Ancheta Wis|Ancheta Wis]] [[User talk:Ancheta Wis| &nbsp; (talk]] [[Special:Contributions/Ancheta Wis| &#124; contribs)]] 14:00, 19 April 2022 (UTC)
::::::Never mind. Anyone with the time and energy to figure out what you mean and how it relates to my initial question is welcome to, but I can't be that person. (If someone can go back and answer my initial question clearly and plainly, I would appreciate that too. Maybe something useful for the entry will emerge then.) [[User:PauAmma|The Crab Who Played With The Sea]] ([[User talk:PauAmma|talk]]) 03:36, 22 April 2022 (UTC)

== History ==

Surprisingly, the {{alink|Overview}} section scarcely touches on the history of the _idea_ of the topic.  Nor is there a separate section ''History'' following the (scarcely adequate and somewhat opinionated) "Overview".  I think the inclusion of such a section would help give readers a better orientation to the origins and uses of the idea. [[User:Yahya Abdal-Aziz|yoyo]] ([[User talk:Yahya Abdal-Aziz|talk]]) 00:32, 7 July 2022 (UTC)
:See [[#Asmis|§ Elizabeth Asmis (1984) ''Epicurus' Scientific Method'']], above. I spent a year on this book before I had to return it. Fortunately, Internet Archive now has the book. Epicurus wrote in answer to Aristotle, so there is plenty of history in the Overview, already, including the Stoics. Since [[Subjunctive (Ancient Greek)|Ancient Greek]] already has the [[subjunctive mood]] in its linguistic apparatus, the use of the thought experiment has had a history dating back 2300 years, already.
:The rise of a [[Slavery in ancient Greece#Economic role|leisured class]] (especially those households who used slaves as farm laborers) in Ancient Greece ([[Slavery in ancient Greece|even Socrates' daughter had slaves]]) is also a factor in the use of thought experiments. The [[Socratic method]] has many live examples (see ''[[Apology of Socrates]]''). --[[User:Ancheta Wis|Ancheta Wis]] [[User talk:Ancheta Wis| &nbsp; (talk]] [[Special:Contributions/Ancheta Wis| &#124; contribs)]] 01:55, 7 July 2022 (UTC)