View source for Spanish ship Fenix (1749)

{{Short description|Spanish ship of the line}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2016}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=FenixporRafaelBerenguermeseonavaldeMadrid.jpg
|Ship caption=Ship-of-the-line ''Fénix'' by Rafael Berenguer y Condé, [[Naval Museum of Madrid]]
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=Spain
|Ship flag=[[File:Bandera de España 1760-1785.svg|50px|Spanish Navy ensign]]
|Ship name=''Fénix''
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builder=[[Havana]] Dockyard
|Ship laid down=1 July 1747
|Ship launched=26 February 1749
|Ship acquired=
|Ship commissioned=1 December 1749
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship renamed=
|Ship struck=
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship honours=*Participated in:
* [[Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)|Battle of Cape St Vincent]]
|Ship captured=16 January 1780, by Royal Navy
|Ship fate=
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=title
|Ship country=Great Britain
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Kingdom of Great Britain|naval}}
|Ship name=HMS ''Gibraltar''
|Ship acquired=16 January 1780
|Ship commissioned=February 1780
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship renamed=
|Ship struck=
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship honours=*Participated in:
* [[Battle of Fort Royal]]
* [[Invasion of Tobago]]
* [[Battle of Cuddalore (1783)|Battle of Cuddalore]]
* [[Glorious First of June]]
* [[Battle of Hyères Islands]]
* [[Battle of the Basque Roads]]
* [[Naval General Service Medal (1847)|Naval General Service Medal]] with clasp "Egypt"
|Ship captured=
|Ship fate=[[Ship breaking|Broken up]], 1836
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=<ref name=Winfield>Winfield (2008), pp. 29–30.</ref>
|Ship class=80-gun [[third-rate]] [[ship of the line]]
|Ship tons burthen=2,184 {{small|{{Frac|25|94}}}} ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
|Ship length=*{{convert|178|ft|10+3/4|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (gundeck)
* {{convert|144|ft|5+3/4|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (keel)
|Ship beam={{convert|53|ft|3+3/4|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught=
|Ship hold depth={{convert|22|ft|4|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
|Ship sail plan=[[Full-rigged ship]]
|Ship complement=650
|Ship armament=
* Lower deck:30 × 24-pounder guns
* Upper deck:
** 1780:32 × 18-pounder guns
** 1781:32 × 24-pounder guns
* [[Quarterdeck|QD]]:
** 1780:12 × 9-pounder guns + 2 × 68-pounder [[carronade]]s
** 1810:4 × 12-pounder guns + 8 × 32-pounder carronades
* [[Forecastle|Fc]]:
** 1780:6 × 9-pounder guns
** 1810:4 × 12-pounder guns + 2 × 32-pounder carronades
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

'''''Fénix''''' was an 80-gun [[ship of the line]] (''navio'') of the [[Spanish Navy]], built by Pedro de Torres at [[Havana]] in accordance with the system laid down by Antonio Gaztaneta launched in 1749. In 1759, she was sent to bring the new king, [[Charles III of Spain|Carlos III]], from [[Naples]] to [[Barcelona]]. When Spain entered the [[American Revolutionary War]] in June 1779, ''Fénix'' set sail for the [[English Channel]] where she was to join a Franco-Spanish fleet of more than 60 ships of the line under Lieutenant General [[Luis de Córdova y Córdova]]. The [[Armada of 1779]] was an invasion force of 40,000 troops with orders to capture the British naval base at [[Portsmouth]].

As the [[flagship]] of Admiral [[Juan de Lángara]], the ship fought at the [[Battle of Cape St Vincent (1780)|Battle of Cape St Vincent]] on 16{{nbsp}}January 1780, where she was captured by the British [[Royal Navy]] and commissioned as the [[third rate]] '''HMS ''Gibraltar''''' in March of that year. She spent a short while in the [[English Channel]] before joining [[Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood|Samuel Hood]]'s squadron in the [[West Indies]] and taking part in the [[Capture of Sint Eustatius|Capture of St Eustatius]] in February 1781 and the [[Battle of Fort Royal]] the following month. ''Gibraltar'' and five other ships were sent to stop a French invasion fleet bound for [[Tobago]] in May 1781, but found the French too powerful and had to withdraw. In November, her 18-pound guns were replaced with 24-pounders, after which, in February 1782, she sailed to the [[East Indies]] and in the following year participated in the [[Battle of Cuddalore (1783)|Battle of Cuddalore]].

At the start of the [[French Revolutionary War]], ''Gibraltar'' served in the [[Channel Fleet]], fighting at the [[Glorious First of June]] in 1794 before being sent to the [[Mediterranean]] in May 1795. In June, the ship was in [[Battle of Hyères Islands|an action off Hyères]]; then, in December 1796, she was badly damaged in a storm and had to return to England for major repairs. By June ''Gibraltar'' was back in the Mediterranean, serving in the navy's Egyptian campaign, where she remained during and beyond the [[Treaty of Amiens|Peace of Amiens]], except for a short period when she was sent home for a refit.

Returning to the Channel in April 1807, ''Gibraltar'' joined the fleet under Admiral [[James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier|James Gambier]], which fought the [[Battle of the Basque Roads]] in 1809. This was her last major action; the ship was taken out of service in 1813 and converted to a powder [[Hulk (ship type)|hulk]]. She became a [[lazarette]] in 1824, then was [[Ship breaking|broken up]] in November 1836 at [[Pembroke Dock]].

==Construction and armament==
''Fénix'' was a [[Spain|Spanish]], two deck, [[ship of the line]] built in [[Havana]] from [[mahogany]].<ref name=Win1>Winfield, (2007) p. 37</ref> Launched in 1749, her dimensions were {{convert|178|ft|10.75|in|sigfig=3}} along the [[gun deck]], {{convert|144|ft|6|in|sigfig=3}} at the [[keel#structural keels|keel]], with a beam of {{convert|52|ft|11.75|in|sigfig=3}} and a depth in the hold of {{convert|22|ft|1.75|in|sigfig=2}}. This made her 2,184 {{small|{{Fraction|35|94}}}} tons burthen ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]]).<ref name=Win1/>

Classed as an 80-gun [[third rate]], ''Fénix'' was armed with thirty {{convert|24|pdr}} on her lower gun deck, thirty-two {{convert|18|pdr}} on her upper gun deck, twelve {{convert|9|pdr}} on the [[quarterdeck]], and six on the [[forecastle]]. Her [[sister ship]], {{ship|Spanish ship|Rayo|1749|2}}, was later converted to a 100-gun, three-decker. She was wrecked at [[Battle of Trafalgar|Trafalgar]] in 1805.<ref name=Win1/>

''Fénix'' was captured by the British in 1780. She was [[copper sheathing|copper sheathed]] and [[fitting out|fitted out]] for British service at [[Plymouth Dockyard]] between April and August 1780 at a cost of £16,068.5.3d. The [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] changed her armament a number of times: in November 1781 the 18-pounders on her upper deck were upgraded to 24-pounders, and the same December two {{convert|68|pdr|adj=on}} [[carronades]] were added. By 1810, the guns on her quarterdeck had been replaced with four {{convert|12|pdr|adj=on}} guns and eight {{convert|32|pdr|adj=on}} carronades, and on her forecastle with four 12-pounder guns and two 32-pounder carronades.<ref name=Win2>Winfield, (2008) p. 29</ref> Although large, two deck ships were favoured in other European navies, the British preferred to build three-deck third rates; the extra space making them better suited for [[flagship]]s. After the capture of ''Fénix'', the Admiralty began to see the advantages of a longer two-deck ship which was less prone to [[Hogging and sagging|hog]], almost as well armed as its three-decked counterparts, and relatively quick.<ref name=Win4>Winfield (2008) p. 28</ref>

==Spanish service==
''Fénix'' was part of a squadron of eleven ships-of-the-line, accompanied by two frigates and two [[tartane]]s, sent to collect the new king, [[Charles III of Spain|Carlos III]], from Naples in 1759. Under Captain [[Gutierre de Hevia|Gutierra de Hevia y Valdés]] and as the flagship of Lieutenant General [[Juan José Navarro, 1st Marquis of la Victoria|Juan Jose Navarro]], she set sail from [[Cádiz]] on 29{{nbsp}}August. The squadron passed through the Straits of Gibraltar on 2{{nbsp}}September, before stopping at [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]] on 10{{nbsp}}September to pick up supplies. On 28{{nbsp}}September it arrived at its destination, where it was reinforced with five other men-of-war. The King embarked on 7{{nbsp}}October, and the squadron arrived in Barcelona on 17{{nbsp}}October.<ref>Duro, p. 17</ref><ref>Alía Plana, p. 345</ref>

''Fénix'' was stationed in Cádiz in January 1762 and spent the next two years serving in the Mediterranean Sea, the [[Straits of Gibraltar]], and the Atlantic Ocean. ''Fénix'' underwent several large repairs at the [[Arsenal de la Carraca]] between 1764 and 1765, where she remained stripped of her armament until 1769, under the command of Francisco Cotiella. In 1778 ''Fénix'' was recommissioned under Captain Félix Ignacio de{{nbsp}}Tejada, who was superseded by Captain Francisco Javier de{{nbsp}}Melgarejo y Rojas when Spain entered the [[American Revolutionary War]] in June 1779.<ref>Losada, p. 233</ref> ''Fénix'' immediately set sail for the [[English Channel]], part of the fleet under Lieutenant General [[Luis de Córdova y Córdova]], which was supposed to meet a French fleet at the [[Geography of Galicia#Islands|Sisgaras Islands]], off the northern coast of Spain. This Franco-Spanish [[Armada of 1779]] of more than 60 ships of the line was to escort an invasion force of 40,000 troops across [[the Channel]] in a bid to capture the British naval base at [[Portsmouth]].<ref>Duro, pp. 231–236</ref> Córdova's ships were delayed by contrary winds, which forced them to keep close to the coast of Portugal. In consequence they did not arrive at the rendezvous until 22{{nbsp}}July, by which time the French, short of supplies, had left.<ref name=Duro236>Duro, p. 236</ref> Although the two fleets would eventually unite, ''Fénix'' left for the Azores on 23{{nbsp}}July with a squadron under Lieutenant General [[Antonio de Ulloa]], to protect the Spanish anchorage and to face a British force of which the Spanish had received news.<ref name=Duro236/><ref>Losada, p. 236</ref>

===The Moonlight Battle===
{{Main|Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)}}
By 1780 ''Fénix'' was 31 years old. She was neither a good sailer nor as well armed as her British counterparts, which carried {{convert|32|pdr}}.<ref name=Win1/> Nevertheless, as the largest ship in a squadron comprising eleven ships-of-the-line and two [[frigate]]s, she was serving as the flagship of [[Admiral]] Don [[Juan de Lángara|Juan Lángara]], when on 16{{nbsp}}January 1780, she was seen by a British fleet commanded by Admiral [[George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney|George Rodney]].<ref name=Mah449/>

[[File:Holman, Cape St Vincent.jpg|thumb|The moonlight ''Battle off Cape St Vincent, 16{{nbsp}}January 1780'', painting by [[Francis Holman]], 1780, shows ''Santo Domingo'' exploding, with [[George Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney|Rodney]]'s flagship {{HMS|Sandwich|1759|2}} in the foreground|alt=An oil painting depicting a sea battle. The sky has dark clouds with patches of blue, and the sea is grey. Warships are visible in the distance, some of which are exchanging cannon fire. A British warship occupies the centre foreground, obscuring an explosion behind it.]]

The faster British ships closed, and [[Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)|battle began]] around 16:00. {{ship|Spanish ship|Santo Domingo||2}}, trailing in the Spanish fleet, received [[Broadside (naval)|broadside]]s from the 74-gun ships {{HMS|Edgar|1779|6}}, {{HMS|Marlborough|1767|6}}, and {{HMS|Ajax|1767|6}} before exploding around 16:40.<ref name=Mah449>Mahan, p. 449</ref> ''Marlborough'' and ''Ajax'' then passed the 70-gun {{ship|Spanish ship|Princessa|1750|2}} to engage other Spanish ships. ''Princessa'' would eventually engage in an hour-long battle with {{HMS|Bedford|1775|6}} before [[Striking the colors|striking her colours]] around 17:30.<ref name="Syrett240">Syrett, p. 240</ref> The chase continued into the dark; at 19:30, the 74-gun {{HMS|Defence|1763|6}} came upon ''Fénix'' and engaged her in a battle that lasted over an hour. ''Fénix'' was then broadsided in passing by another seventy-four, {{HMS|Montagu|1779|6}}, and the 90-gun {{HMS|Prince George|1772|6}}, wounding Lángara in the process. ''Fénix'' finally surrendered to the 64-gun {{HMS|Bienfaisant|1758|6}}, which arrived late in the battle but shot away ''Fénix''{{'}}s mainmast. At 21:15 ''Montagu'' engaged the 68-gun {{ship|Spanish ship|Diligente|1756|2}}, which struck after her main topmast had been shot away.<ref name=Syrett240/>

[[File:Gibraltar Relieved By Sir George Rodney.jpg|thumb|Rodney's [[Great Siege of Gibraltar|relief fleet]] at [[Gibraltar]] fresh from the Battle of Cape St. Vincent with several Spanish prizes (including the ''Fenix'') by [[Dominic Serres]]. The prizes fly white ensigns with a wheel-type design, probably intended to represent the Spanish ensign.]]

Around 23:00, the 70-gun ''San Eugenio'' surrendered after having all of her masts shot away by the 74-gun {{HMS|Cumberland|1774|6}} while {{HMS|Culloden|1776|6}} of 74 guns and ''Prince George'', engaged the 70-gun ''San Julián'' and compelled her to surrender around 01:00 the next day.<ref name=Syrett240/> The last ship to surrender was the 68-gun {{ship|Spanish ship|Monarca|1756|2}}. After shooting away the topmast of the 74-gun {{HMS|Alcide|1779|6}}, she engaged in a running battle with the frigate HMS ''Apollo'' and struck when Rodney's flagship, the 98-gun {{HMS|Sandwich|1759|6}}, came upon the scene around 02:00.<ref name=Syrett241>Syrett, p. 241</ref> ''San Eugenio'' and ''San Julián'' were blown ashore and lost, but the other four were taken into the [[Royal Navy]]. Four other Spanish vessels escaped from the action.<ref name=Mah449/>

==British service==
''Fénix'' was commissioned under Captain John Carter Allen in February 1780 and renamed HMS ''Gibraltar'' on 23{{nbsp}}April.<ref name=Win1/> She joined [[George Darby]]'s fleet in the [[The Channel|English Channel]] until 29{{nbsp}}November, when she left for [[Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood|Samuel Hood's]] squadron in the [[West Indies]] under Captain [[Walter Stirling]].<ref name=Win1/> In 1781, under Captain Charles Knatchbull, ''Gibraltar'' became the [[flagship]] of Rear-Admiral [[Francis Samuel Drake]] and was present at the [[Capture of Sint Eustatius|Capture of St Eustatius]] in February.<ref name=Win1/> Following the [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War|outbreak of war]] between the [[Dutch Republic]] and Britain in December 1780, Rodney received orders from London to seize the island. A British expedition of 3,000 troops from [[Saint Lucia|St Lucia]], under the command of [[John Vaughan (British Army officer, died 1795)|Lieutenant-General Sir John Vaughan]], arrived off St Eustatius on 3{{nbsp}}February 1781. Rodney, in command of the naval forces, positioned his fleet so as to neutralise any shore batteries, but instead of disembarking the troops and launching an immediate assault, Rodney sent a message to Governor [[Johannes de Graaff]] suggesting that he surrender to avoid bloodshed. De{{nbsp}}Graaff agreed to the proposal and capitulated. The only shots fired were from ''Gibraltar'' and {{HMS|Prince William|1780|2}}, both of which, without orders, briefly engaged [[Dutch frigate Mars (1769)|''Mars'']], the only Dutch warship in the [[roadstead]].<ref>Trew, pp. 102–103</ref>

===Blockade of Martinique===
{{main|Battle of Fort Royal}}
[[File:Bataille de Fort Royal de la Martinique 29 avril 1781.jpg|thumb|left|French map showing the position of the two fleets off Martinique, at 12:30, 15:00, and 19:00]]
''Gibraltar'' was part of a 17-ship squadron, keeping four French ships-of-the-line in [[Fort-de-France|Fort Royal]], [[Martinique]], when on 29{{nbsp}}April 1781 a 20-ship fleet and a merchant convoy under [[Contre-amiral]] [[François Joseph Paul de Grasse|François de{{nbsp}}Grasse]] arrived from [[Brest, France|Brest]]. Out of sight of the British, de{{nbsp}}Grasse put a man ashore to swap information with Fort Royal's garrison, and agree on a plan of attack with the blockaded ships.<ref name=CloIII482>Clowes (Vol. III), p. 482</ref>

De Grasse ordered his fleet to prepare for action, and on the morning of April{{nbsp}}29 sailed for Fort Royal with the convoy ships hugging the coast and the armed ships in battle line. Hood's fleet was seen bearing toward them around 08:00 but de{{nbsp}}Grasse held the [[weather gage|weather gauge]]. At about 09:20, Hood was joined by ''Prince William'', a 64-gun ship that had been at [[St. Lucia]]. The two fleets continued to push for advantageous positions. Hood's leeward position prevented de{{nbsp}}Grasse from bringing the convoy to the harbour, but the four previously blockaded French ships were able to sail out and strengthen de{{nbsp}}Grasse's position.<ref name=CloIII484>Clowes (Vol. III), p. 484</ref> ''Gibraltar'', as Drake's flagship, led the British rear division.<ref name=CloIII482/>

Around 11:00, the French [[vanguard|van]] began firing at long range, with little effect. By 12:30 the two fleets were aligned, but de{{nbsp}}Grasse refused to close with Hood, despite Hood's efforts to bring the French to him. The fleets then exchanged cannonades and broadsides at a distance for the next hour.<ref name=CloIII484/> The damage incurred on either side was modest; the four British ships on the southern end of the line suffered the most damage from having been targeted and outnumbered by eight French ships. The 74-gun {{HMS|Russell|1764|6}} suffered in particular, and that night Hood sent her to [[Sint Eustatius|St{{nbsp}}Eustatius]]. Arriving on 4{{nbsp}}May, her commander was able to brief Rodney about the engagement and French numbers.<ref name=CloIII486>Clowes (Vol. III), p. 486</ref> British casualties amounted to 43 dead and 161 wounded, of which ''Gibraltar''{{'}}s share was 6 and 16, respectively.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=12214|page=5|date=7 August 1781}}</ref>

In an attempt to force an action, Hood spent most of the next day struggling to get his ships to windward, but finding two of his fleet too damaged to sail properly, he eventually broke off in a northerly direction. Rodney, who had left St{{nbsp}}Eustatius earlier that day in ''Sandwich'' with the 74-gun {{HMS|Triumph|1764|2}} and the hurriedly repaired ''Russell'', met with Hood on 11{{nbsp}}May between [[St Kitts]] and [[Antigua]]. The reunited fleet turned south, putting into [[Barbados]] on 18{{nbsp}}May.<ref name=CloIII486/>

===Invasion of St Lucia and Tobago===
{{main|Invasion of Tobago}}
[[File:Prise de Tobago 1781 par les Francais.jpg|thumb|Celebrating the capture of Tobago, French painting from 1784]]
Hood's withdrawal to Barbados had left [[St Lucia]] exposed, and on 10{{nbsp}}May, the whole French fleet, less two ships-of-the-line landed 1200 troops at [[Gros Islet]], a village at the northern end of the island. On the same day, the remaining two ships from the French fleet and 1300 troops sailed for Tobago.<ref name=Clo487>Clowes, p. 487</ref> The British were able to repel the attacks on St Lucia so de{{nbsp}}Grasse decided to reinforce his attack on Tobago, diverting his fleet there on 25{{nbsp}}May and sending 3000 more troops from Martinique.<ref name=Clo487/>

While at Barbados, Rodney received news of Tobago, and on 29{{nbsp}}May dispatched Drake in ''Gibraltar'' with five other ships. Drake intercepted the French the following day, but being hopelessly out-numbered retired to Barbados. He arrived on 3{{nbsp}}June, and Rodney immediately put to sea with the entire fleet. The British reached Tobago the following day, only to learn it had surrendered two days previously.<ref name=Clo487/>

''Gibraltar'' carried Rodney back to England in August 1781 and was refitted at [[Plymouth]] that October. On completion in January the following year, she was allocated to Captain Thomas Hicks as the flagship of [[Sir Richard Bickerton, 1st Baronet|Sir Richard Bickerton]].{{#tag:ref|Winfield's book gives the year as 1781. However, this was a printing error. In addition, it is previously mentioned that in 1781, ''Gibraltar'' was under Charles Knatchbull and serving as Francis Samuel Drake's flagship.|group=Note}} In February, she sailed for the East Indies.<ref name=Win1/>

===Cuddalore===
{{main|Battle of Cuddalore (1783)}}
[[File:Combat naval en rade de Gondelour, 20 juin 1783.jpg|thumb|left|The Battle of Cuddalore by Auguste Jugelet, 1836]]
Following the death of French ally [[Hyder Ali]] in December 1782, British commanders at [[Madras]] decided to attempt the recapture of [[Cuddalore]]. The army marched south from Madras, circling around the city and then encamping south of it. The British fleet, eighteen ships-of-the-line including ''Gibraltar'', under Admiral [[Edward Hughes (admiral)|Sir Edward Hughes]], anchored to the south to protect the army and its supply ships.<ref name=Mah561>Mahan, p. 561</ref> By early June 1783 the [[siege of Cuddalore]] was under way.<ref name=Mah562>Mahan, p. 562</ref>

French Admiral [[Pierre André de Suffren]] with a fleet of fifteen ships sailed from [[Trincomalee]] to support the besieged city on 10{{nbsp}}June. Arriving on 13{{nbsp}}June, the French found the British reluctant to fight, moving away and anchoring some five miles off. As the success of the siege would probably be decided by naval action, 1200 troops were embarked onto Suffren's ships to increase his gunnery complement. Having been frustrated by contrary winds, the French fleet was able to close with the British ships on 17{{nbsp}}June. Hughes, not wishing to be caught at anchor, weighed, and the two fleets began manoeuvring for advantage.<ref name=Mah562/>

Both fleets were at first hampered by light and changeable winds. When a consistent west wind appeared on 20{{nbsp}}June, Hughes lined up for battle and awaited Suffren's action. Lining up in a similar formation, Suffren gave the order to attack, and battle began shortly after four in the afternoon. The action lasted around three hours and resulted in no major damage to ships in either fleet, despite all ships being engaged. The British had 99 men killed and 434 wounded; French casualties amounted to 102 killed and 386 wounded.<ref>Mahan, pp. 262–263</ref>

===Spanish armament and the outbreak of war===
''Gibraltar'' returned to England in July 1784, [[paid off]], and in September was [[laid up]] [[in ordinary]]. Repairs costing £36,713.0.6d were carried out between February 1788 and August 1790. During the Great [[Spanish Armament]], when Spain laid claim to the [[Nootka Sound]], she was brought back into service under Captain Samuel Goodall in May 1790.<ref name=Win1/>

France declared [[French Revolutionary War|war on Britain]] in February 1793, and ''Gibraltar'' was recommissioned under Captain [[Thomas Mackenzie (Royal Navy officer)|Thomas Mackenzie]] in May 1793. In September she was refitted at a cost of £17,485 before joining the [[Channel Fleet]] under [[Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe|Richard Lord Howe]].<ref name=Win1/> As part of this fleet, ''Gibraltar'', on 2{{nbsp}}May 1794, accompanied the East and West India and Newfoundland convoys along the Channel as far as [[Lizard Point, Cornwall|Lizard Point]]. Howe then divided his force, sending eight ships-of-the-line and four or five frigates to escort the convoys further.<ref name=JI125>James, (Vol. I), p. 125</ref> The remaining 26 ships-of-the-line, including ''Gibraltar'', set off to search for a large Franco-American grain convoy known to be heading to France.<ref>James (Vol. I), pp. 125–126</ref>

Having had two frigates confirm that the French fleet was still at [[Brest, France|Brest]], and realising that it would leave to protect the imminent convoy, Howe attempted an interception in advance by placing his ships where he thought an encounter likely. After thirteen days of searching, the British fleet returned on 19{{nbsp}}May, to find the fleet in Brest gone.<ref name=JI126>James (Vol. I), p. 126</ref>{{#tag:ref|The French had in fact passed close by in thick fog, two days previously on 17&nbsp;May.<ref name=JI126/>|group=Note}} On the same day, Howe's fleet fell in with the fifth-rate {{HMS|Venus|1758|6}}, which had been attached to Rear-Admiral [[George Montagu (Royal Navy officer)|Sir George Montagu's]] squadron. Also searching for the convoy, Montagu had been cruising between [[Cape Ortegal|Cape Ortugal]] and [[Belle Île|Belle-Isle]], but knowing he would be hopelessly outnumbered, he had sent ''Venus'' to locate Howe and ask for reinforcements.<ref name=JI128>James (Vol. I), p. 128</ref> At 04:00 the next morning, Howe ordered all sail in an attempt to reach Montagu before the French. A Dutch convoy, bound for Lisbon, had been captured by the French on 19 May and some of these ships were intercepted by the British on 21 May. The crews were able to provide information regarding the whereabouts of the French fleet and Howe set off in pursuit, realising that Montagu was no longer in danger. Not wishing to reduce his numbers by allocating prize crews, Howe ordered the convoy destroyed.<ref name=JI129>James (Vol. I), p. 129</ref>

===First of June===
{{main|Glorious First of June}}
[[File:June 1 1794 Order of Battle Map EN.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|The British and French fleets on the morning of 1{{nbsp}}June 1794<ref name=JI147>James (Vol. I), p. 147</ref>]]
On 25 May a French ship was seen and followed, which after three days led the British to the main French fleet.<ref name=JI130>James (Vol. I), p. 130</ref> Howe gave the order to prepare for battle at 09:45 on 28{{nbsp}}May and at 10:35 to form into two columns. In an attempt to force an action, some of the fastest ships were sent to attack the French rear, which they did throughout the day, both causing and receiving some damage.<ref>James (Vol. I), pp. 130–131</ref> The two fleets came together on 29{{nbsp}}May, and a limited engagement took place that petered out and became a [[general chase]] after an attempt to cut the French line was mistimed.<ref>James (Vol. I), pp. 136–137</ref> Thick fog prevented any further action for the next two days.<ref>James (Vol. I), pp. 144–145</ref>

The weather cleared on the morning of 1 June, and both fleets were drawn up [[Line of battle|line ahead]], sailing in the same direction, ''Gibraltar'' in the centre, immediately before Hood's flagship, the [[first-rate]] {{HMS|Queen Charlotte|1790|2}} and behind the 74-gun {{HMS|Culloden|1783|2}}. At around 08:15 the order was given for each ship to bear down upon and engage her opposite number.<ref>James (Vol. I), pp. 146–147</ref> ''Gibraltar'' was one of three ships Howe signalled to put on more sail.<ref name=JI148>James (Vol. I), p. 148</ref> The tardiness of ''Gibraltar'' and the 74-gun {{HMS|Brunswick|1790|2}}, on the other side of ''Queen Charlotte'', meant that Howe found himself battling one 120-gun and two 80-gun ships simultaneously. ''Gibraltar'' was, however, able to stop a fourth enemy ship, the first-rate [[French ship Royal Louis (1780)|''Républicain'']], from joining in, by bringing down her main and mizzen masts from a distance.<ref name=JI150>James (Vol. I), p. 150</ref> By the end of the action, six French ships had been captured and another sunk. The remainder escaped.<ref name=JI152>James (Vol. I), p. 152</ref> In the three engagements, it was estimated that French casualties were between 3,000 and 7,000 dead and wounded, while British losses were recorded as 290 dead and 858 wounded.<ref>James (Vol. I), pp. 152–153</ref> Having been kept to windward for most of the battle, casualties aboard ''Gibraltar'' were light: two killed and 12 wounded.<ref name=JI159>James (Vol. I), p. 159</ref> After spending two days making repairs, the British fleet sailed for home with its prizes, having failed to stop the grain convoy that arrived in Brest on 12{{nbsp}}June.<ref>James (Vol. I), p. 169</ref><ref>James (Vol. I), p. 172</ref>

===Action of Hyères===
{{main|Battle of Hyères Islands}}
''Gibraltar'' was sent to the [[Mediterranean]] in May 1795 under Captain [[John Pakenham]], who had taken command in August the previous year.<ref name=Win1/> Joining Admiral [[William Hotham, 1st Baron Hotham|William Hotham's]] fleet on 14{{nbsp}}June, ''Gibraltar'' fought in an action off the Hyères Islands in July.<ref name=Win1/><ref name=JI267>James (Vol. I), p. 267</ref> The fleet was re-victualling in [[San Fiorenzo]] bay on 8{{nbsp}}July when a small squadron under Commodore [[Horatio Nelson]] approached, followed by the French Fleet from [[Toulon]]. The British fleet was not able to put to sea immediately due to contrary winds but was spotted by the French, who abandoned their chase. Hotham finished refitting and supplying his ships, and finally managed to set off after his quarry at 21:00; almost twelve hours later.<ref name=JI267>James (Vol. I), p. 267</ref> Following a storm, the British were carrying out repairs when they sighted the French fleet at dawn on 13{{nbsp}}July. At 03:45 Hotham gave the order to make all possible sail in pursuit of their enemy, five miles off and heading for [[Fréjus]].<ref name=JI268>James (Vol. I), p. 268</ref> The two fleets were close enough to exchange fire at 08:00 when the British [[vanguard|van]] engaged the rearmost French ships, one of which struck after six hours. However, she caught fire and exploded before the British could take possession of her. Just as ''Gibraltar'' was joining the action, Hotham signalled to disengage, believing the fleet to be running out of sea-room but being too far back to see that this was not the case.<ref name=JI269>James (Vol. I), p. 269</ref> Hotham resigned his position early the following year and was eventually replaced by Admiral [[John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent|John Jervis]].<ref>James (Vol.I), p. 308</ref>

===Caught in a storm===
The British fleet was anchored off [[Gibraltar|The Rock]] on 10{{nbsp}}December 1796 when a storm blew up. ''Culloden'' was obliged to get under way when her anchors failed to hold, narrowly missing [[Europa Point Lighthouse|Pearl Rock]] in the process, and at 21:00, ''Gibraltar'' was forced to cut her cable.<ref>James (Vol. I), pp. 316–317</ref> As she was attempting to get clear of Cabrita Point at 22:00, her fore topmast snapped and her [[foresail]], [[mainsail]], main topmast [[staysail]], and mizzen staysail tore. Having already lost her main [[topsail]], she became difficult to handle and struck the sandbank several times before being blown across it.<ref name=JI317>James (Vol. I), p. 317</ref> By midnight ''Gibraltar'' was out of danger and able to ride out the storm, and the next day at noon she anchored in [[Tangier]] Bay.<ref name=JI317/> The damage incurred during the storm necessitated her being sent to [[Plymouth]] in January 1797. During the repairs, which took until April and cost £12,818, a large piece of rock was removed from her hull.<ref name=Win1/><ref>James (Vol. I), p. 318</ref> ''Gibraltar'' returned to the Mediterranean in July 1797 under Captain [[William Hancock Kelly]].<ref name=Win1/>

===Bruix' expedition===
{{main|Croisière de Bruix}}
[[File:Amiral bruix.jpg|thumb|left|A posthumous portrait of [[Étienne Eustache Bruix]] by [[Jean-Baptiste Paulin Guérin]]]]

In May 1799 ''Gibraltar'' was one of fifteen ships of the line in a British fleet commanded by [[George Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith|George Elphinstone]] which had been blockading the port of Cádiz since the beginning of the year.{{refn|The blockaded Spanish fleet comprised 19 ships-of-the-line but only 17 were capable of going to sea at that particular time.<ref name=JII256>James (Vol. II), p. 256</ref>|group=Note}}<ref>James (Vol. II), pp. 256–257</ref> On hearing from the British frigate {{HMS|Success|1781|6}} that the French fleet had broken out of Brest and was on its way, Elphinstone immediately had all ships prepare for action, and dispatched the brig-sloop {{HMS|Childers|1778|6}} to warn Jervis at Gibraltar.<ref name=JII257>James (Vol. II), p. 257</ref><ref name=JII258>James (Vol. II), p. 258</ref> The French fleet under Vice-Admiral [[Étienne Eustache Bruix]], which had escaped on 25{{nbsp}}April, comprised 25 ships of the line and had already evaded Hood's [[Channel Fleet]], when it appeared fifteen miles off Cádiz on 4{{nbsp}}May.<ref name=JII258/><ref>James (Vol. II), pp. 254–255</ref>

Bruix's orders were to combine the French and Spanish fleets and rescue Napoleon's army, stranded in Egypt following the [[Battle of the Nile]], but the ships in Cádiz were prevented from joining their French allies by an opposing wind, and although the British offered their [[line of battle]], it was declined and the Brest fleet instead stood out for the [[Strait of Gibraltar]].<ref name=JII258/><ref name=Rodg462>Rodger, p. 462</ref> Elphinstone followed as far as [[Cape Spartel]] before first returning to check on the fleet in Cádiz, then sailing to join Jervis at Gibraltar, arriving at 09:00 on 10{{nbsp}}May.<ref>James (Vol. II), pp. 259–260</ref> Elphinstone made several further attempts to track down and bring the French to action, without success.<ref>James (Vol. II), pp. 260–265</ref> Bruix was able to amass a powerful fleet of 59 ships but failed to achieve his ultimate goal and returned to Brest on 8{{nbsp}}August.<ref name=JII267>James (Vol. II), p. 267</ref><ref name=Rodg463>Rodger, p.463</ref>

In January 1801, a British expeditionary force of 16,000 troops and more than 100 vessels was assembled in [[Malta Protectorate|Malta]] in preparation for an invasion of [[French invasion of Egypt and Syria|French-occupied Egypt]]. Elphinstone's fleet, to which ''Gibraltar'' was attached, escorted the force to Aboukir Bay, arriving on 1{{nbsp}}February 1801.<ref name="Long 112">Long, p. 112</ref> Bad weather prevented the army, under Sir [[Ralph Abercromby]], from landing for a week, and lack of water prevented ''Gibraltar'' and the larger ships from giving covering fire during [[Battle of Abukir (1801)|the debarkation]]; nevertheless, the campaign was brought to a successful conclusion when the French surrendered on 2{{nbsp}}September at [[Alexandria]] following [[Siege of Alexandria (1801)|a long siege]].<ref>Long, p. 113</ref> In 1850 a medal with the clasp "Egypt" was retrospectively awarded to the surviving members of ''Gibraltar''{{'}}s crew for their part in the campaign.<ref name="Long 112"/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=21077|pages=791–792|date=15 March 1850}}</ref>

===Ganteaume's expeditions===
{{Main|Ganteaume's expeditions of 1801}}
[[File:Ganteaume.jpg|thumb|Honoré Joseph Antoine Ganteaume]]
In March 1801 ''Gibraltar'' took part in the pursuit of Contre-amiral [[Honoré Ganteaume]], whose squadron had made a further attempt to reinforce the French troops in Egypt.<ref name=Win1/> Having sailed from Brest on 7{{nbsp}}January, the French force of three 80-gun and four 74-gun ships-of-the-line, plus two frigates,<ref name=JIII87>James (Vol. III), p. 87</ref> passed into the Mediterranean on 9{{nbsp}}February, where it captured the only British ship in the area, the 32-gun frigate, ''Success''.<ref name=JIII90>James (Vol. III), p. 90</ref> Rear-admiral Sir [[John Borlase Warren]]'s squadron, comprising ''Gibraltar'', the seventy-fours {{HMS|Renown|1798|2}}, {{HMS|Dragon|1798|2}}, {{ship|French ship|Généreux|1785|2}}, {{ship|French ship|Hector|1756|2}}, and the 64-gun ''Haerlem'', on hearing of the event, set off in pursuit.<ref name=JIII91>James (Vol. III), p. 91</ref> Forced into [[Port Mahon]] on 27{{nbsp}}February by a storm, the squadron remained there for several days while repairs were undertaken. The search continued on 4{{nbsp}}March, minus ''Généreux'', which was left to defend the island in the event of a surprise attack by French and Spanish forces. After Warren's squadron had visited Naples and Palermo, it received reinforcements on 18 and 22{{nbsp}}March in the form of the 64-gun [[HMS Athenienne (1800)|''Athénien'']] and the 74-gun {{HMS|Alexander|1778|2}}, respectively. Now, with seven ships-of-the-line, Warren turned towards Toulon, hoping to find Ganteaume there.<ref name=JIII92>James (Vol. III), p. 92</ref>

At dawn on 25 March, while crossing the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]], the French squadron was spotted, having been reduced to ten ships by a storm the previous night. Ganteaume turned his ships to the south-east and Warren gave chase. ''Gibraltar'' and ''Athenienne'' began to lag behind, and Warren, fearing his force would become fragmented, ordered his faster ships to slow down. The French were thus able to escape into the night, the British continuing on a south-east course while they quietly turned north, back to Toulon.<ref name=JIII93>James (Vol. III), p. 93</ref>

===Elba===
Warren's squadron was called upon to relieve the British garrison at [[Portoferraio|Porto Ferrajo]], which had been under siege since the beginning of May 1801.<ref name=JIII95>James (Vol. III), p. 95</ref> The arrival of the British ships on 1{{nbsp}}August caused the two French frigates blockading the port to retreat to [[Livorno|Leghorn]].<ref name=JIII96>James (Vol. III), p. 96</ref> These two frigates, {{ship|French frigate|Bravoure|1795|2}} and the recently captured ''Succès'', were later brought to action on 2{{nbsp}}September by the British frigates {{ship|French frigate|Pomone|1785|2}}, {{HMS|Phoenix|1783|2}}, and {{ship|French frigate|Minerve|1794|2}}. ''Succès'' was recaptured, and ''Bravoure'' was destroyed after she had run aground.{{#tag:ref|''Succès'' was previously HMS ''Success'', captured off Gibraltar by Ganteaume's force on 9 February 1801.<ref name=JIII97>James (Vol. III), p. 97</ref>|group=Note}}<ref>James (Vol. III), pp. 96–97</ref>

Warren's squadron, which included ''Gibraltar'', supplied nearly 700 seamen and marines for an attack on the French batteries [[Investment (military)|investing]] the town. The action took place on 14{{nbsp}}September but was only partially successful, and eight days later the British ships left Elba. Porto Ferrajo itself remained in British hands until the end of the war.{{#tag:ref|Warren's squadron at the time comprised: ''Renown'', ''Gibraltar'', ''Dragon'', ''Alexander'', ''Généreux'', {{HMS|Stately|1784|2}}, of the line, ''Pomone'', and {{HMS|Pearl|1762|2}} frigates, and the brig-sloop {{HMS|Vincejo|1799|2}}.<ref name=JIII98/>|group=Note}}<ref name=JIII98>James (Vol. III), p. 98</ref>

===Conflict renewed===
During the [[Treaty of Amiens|Peace of Amiens]], a short-lived [[mutiny]] took place aboard ''Gibraltar''. The officers and marines were quickly able to regain control, however, and the instigators were [[hanged]].<ref>Woodman, p. 147</ref> When Britain declared [[Napoleonic Wars|war]] on France in May 1803, ''Gibraltar'', commanded by Captain [[George Frederick Ryves]], was one of only ten British ships in the Mediterranean. Under [[Sir Richard Bickerton, 2nd Baronet|Sir Richard Bickerton]], the squadron was stationed off [[Naples]] before sailing for Toulon on 4{{nbsp}}June.<ref name=JIII182>James (Vol. III), p. 182</ref> Overall command passed to [[Horatio Nelson]] when he arrived in the frigate {{HMS|Amphion|1798|6}} on 8{{nbsp}}July, and when [[Thomas Masterman Hardy]] joined in the first-rate {{HMS|Victory|1765|6}} on 30{{nbsp}}July, Nelson immediately moved his flag to her.<ref>James (Vol. III), pp. 182–183</ref>

By 1804 the British fleet in the Mediterranean had been reinforced and ''Gibraltar'' was paid off in July. She was refitted in [[Portsmouth]] in July 1805 at a cost of £30,643 and re-classed as a [[second-rate]].<ref name=Win1/> She returned to the Mediterranean at the end of the year under Captain Mark Robinson, command later passing to Captain [[William Lukin]].<ref name=Win1/>

''Gibraltar'' and two 36-gun frigates, {{HMS|Penelope|1798|6}} and {{HMS|Tribune|1803|6}}, spotted the 74-gun {{ship|French ship|Vétéran|1803|2}} off [[Belle Île|Belleisle]], on 26{{nbsp}}August 1806. Commanded by [[Jérôme Bonaparte]], youngest brother of Napoleon, ''Vétéran'' was returning from the [[Bahamas]]. The British ships gave chase, but ''Vétéran'' outran them and found a safe anchorage in [[Baie de La Forêt]], [[Brittany]].<ref name=CloV195>Clowes (Vol. V), p. 195</ref>

===Basque Roads===
{{main|Battle of Basque Roads}}
[[File:Regulus under attack by British fireships August 11 1809.jpg|thumb|left|The French {{ship|French ship|Régulus|1805|2}} under attack by British fireships during the evening of 11{{nbsp}}April 1809. Portrayed by [[Louis-Philippe Crépin]].]]
When Captain John Halliday assumed command of ''Gibraltar'' in April 1807, she was serving in the Channel,<ref name=Win1/> part of a fleet under Admiral [[James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier|James Gambier]]. On 17{{nbsp}}March 1809 this fleet joined with Robert Stoppard's squadron, which was blockading the French fleet in the Basque Roads. Halliday was superseded at the beginning of April by [[Henry Lidgbird Ball]], who was ''Gibraltar''{{'}}s captain at the Battle of Basque Roads.<ref name=Win1/><ref name="James Vol V pp 103 104">James (Vol. V), pp. 103–104</ref>

The French ships had been anchored under the protection of the powerful batteries on the [[Isle d'Aix]]<ref name="James Vol V pp 103 104"/> when on 11{{nbsp}}April, [[Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald|Lord Cochrane]] attacked them with [[fireship]]s and explosive vessels.<ref name=JV105>James (Vol. V), p. 105</ref> ''Gibraltar''{{'}}s crew and officers helped man the fireships, which were limited in the damage they caused by a boom placed across the channel.<ref name=JV104>James (Vol. V), p. 104</ref> This was breached by one of the explosive vessels, however, and the French panicked, slipped their anchors, and drifted onto the shore.<ref>James (Vol. V), pp. 108–109</ref> ''Gibraltar''{{'}}s Lieutenant John Cookesley, who commanded one of the fireships, and [[Master's mate]] John Conyer were both badly burnt during the operation.<ref name=JV107>James (Vol. V), p. 107</ref><ref name=CloV262>Clowes (Vol. V) p. 262</ref>

Gambier's fleet spent the next two weeks attempting to capture or destroy the stranded French vessels, with some success. The attack came to an end on 29{{nbsp}}April when the last French ship was re-floated and taken up the river to safety at [[Rochefort, Charente-Maritime|Rochefort]].<ref name=JV122>James (Vol. V), p. 122</ref>

Command of ''Gibraltar'' passed to [[Valentine Collard]] in June 1809, then [[Robert Plampin]] in 1810 when she returned to service in the Channel. ''Gibraltar''{{'}}s last commander was Captain George Scott, who took over in January 1812.<ref name=Win1/>

==Fate==

''Gibraltar'' was paid off some time in 1813 and laid up in ordinary at [[Plymouth]]. Towards the end of the year, she was converted to a powder [[Hulk (ship type)|hulk]]. She was moved to [[Milford Haven]] in September 1824 where she was used as a [[lazarette]], then [[Ship breaking|broken up]] in November 1836 at [[Pembroke Dock]].<ref name=Win1/> Some of her timbers (of South American cedar) were used to make the partitions and doors of the cabins of {{HMS|Gorgon|1837}}, which was being built at Pembroke at the time.<ref>{{cite journal
 |journal=The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle
 |year=1838
 |title=The "Gorgon" Steam Frigate
 |volume=7
 |page=563
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koMEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA563}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=Note|1}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |title=Historia de los uniformes de la Armada española: 1717–1814|last=Alía Plana|first=Miguel|author2=Alía Plana, Jesús|year=1996|publisher=Ministerio de Defensa, Secretaría General Técnica|location=Spain |isbn=84-7823-479-9}}
* {{cite book|last = Clowes|first = William Laird|author-link = William Laird Clowes|year = 1996|orig-year= 1900|title = The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume III|publisher = Chatham Publishing|location = London|isbn = 1-86176-012-4}}
* {{cite book|last = Clowes|first = William Laird|year = 1997|orig-year= 1900|title = The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume V|publisher = Chatham Publishing|location = London|isbn = 1-86176-014-0}}
* {{cite book |title=Armada Española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y de Léon|last=Duro|first=Cesareo Fernandez|year=1901|volume=VII|publisher=Impressores de la Real Casa|location=Madrid |isbn=978-5-87569-203-1}}
* {{cite book |last = James |first = William |author-link = William James (naval historian) |year = 1837 |orig-year= 1827 |title = The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume I, 1793–1796 |publisher = Richard Bentley |location = London | oclc=634321885}}
* {{cite book |last = James |first = William |year = 2002 |orig-year= 1827 |title = The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume II, 1797–1799 |publisher = Conway Maritime Press |location = London |isbn = 0-85177-906-9}}
* {{cite book| last = James| first = William| year = 2002| orig-year= 1827| title = The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume III, 1800–1805| publisher = Conway Maritime Press| location = London| isbn = 0-85177-907-7}} 0811700232
* {{cite book |last = James |first = William |year = 2002 |orig-year= 1827 |title = The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume V, 1808–1811 |publisher = Conway Maritime Press |location = London |isbn = 0-85177-909-3 }}
* [[Brian Lavery|Lavery, Brian]] (2003) ''The Ship of the Line – Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650–1850.'' Conway Maritime Press. {{ISBN|0-85177-252-8}}.
* {{cite book |title=Actas Del II Centenario de Don Antonio de Ulloa|last=Losada|first=M.|author2=Varela, C.|year=1995|publisher=Escuela de Estudios Hispanoamericanos – CSIC|location=Spain |isbn=84-00-07523-4}}
* {{cite book |first1=W. H. |last1=Long |title= Medals of the British Navy and How They Were Won |publisher= Lancer Publishers |location=United Kingdom |year= 2010|isbn= 978-1-935501-27-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Mahan|first=Alfred T|author-link=Alfred Thayer Mahan|url=https://archive.org/details/majoroperationso00maha|page=[https://archive.org/details/majoroperationso00maha/page/449 449]|quote=langara.|title=Major Operations of the Royal Navy, 1762–1783|publisher=Little, Brown|year=1898|location=Boston|oclc=46778589}}
* {{cite book |first1=N.A.M |last1=Rodger|author-link = Nicholas A. M. Rodger |title=The Command of the Ocean |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London |year=2005 |isbn=0-14-028896-1 }}
* {{cite book|last=Syrett|first=David|author-link = David Syrett |year=2007|title=The Rodney Papers: Selections From the Correspondence of Admiral Lord Rodney|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=978-0-7546-6007-1|oclc=506119281|location=Burlington, VT}}
* {{cite book|last=Trew|first=Peter|title=Rodney and the Breaking of the Line|publisher=Pen and Sword Publishing|isbn=978-1-84415-143-1|location=Barnsley|year=2006}}
* {{cite book |first1=Rif |last1=Winfield |title=British Warships in the Age of Sail 1714–1792: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates |publisher=Seaforth Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84415-700-6 }}
* {{cite book |first=Rif|last=Winfield|title=British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates|publisher=Seaforth|year=2008|isbn=978-1-86176-246-7}}
* {{cite book| last = Woodman| first = Richard| author-link = Richard Woodman| year = 2005| title = A Brief History of Mutiny| publisher = Constable and Robinson| location = London| isbn = 978-1-84119-737-1| url-access = registration| url = https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofmu0000wood}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fenix (1749)}}
[[Category:Ships of the line of the Spanish Navy]]
[[Category:Captured ships]]
[[Category:Ships of the line of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Ships built in Spain]]
[[Category:1749 ships]]