View source for Rural economics

{{short description|Study of rural economies}}
{{Economics sidebar}}
{{Rural society}}
'''Rural economics''' is the study of rural [[economy|economies]]. Rural economies  include both [[farm|agricultural]] and non-agricultural industries, so rural economics has broader concerns than [[agricultural economics]] which focus more on [[food system]]s.<ref>• [[Gustav Ranis]] and  [[Frances Stewart (economist)|Frances Stewart]] (1993). "Rural Nonagricultural Activities in Development: Theory and Application", ''Journal of Development Economics'', 40(1), pp. 75-101. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBV-45N4YJ7-N/2/b08002e942285a7b59c62097173e31f1 Abstract.]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Jean O. Lanjouwb and Peter Lanjouw (2001). "The Rural Non-farm Sector: Issues and Evidence from Developing Countries", ''Agricultural Economics'', 26(1), pp.  1-23. [https://archive.today/20130111101129/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T3V-44B2874-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=11df19951c3e421cf9fc2706935caf7f Abstract.]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Thomas Reardon et al. (2008).  "Effects of Non-Farm Employment on Rural Income Inequality in Developing Countries: An Investment Perspective", ''Journal of Agricultural Economics'',51(2), pp. 266-288. [https://archive.today/20130105063700/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120099092/abstract Abstract.]</ref> [[Rural development]]<ref>• Thomas P. Tomich, Peter Kilby, and Bruce F. Johnston (1995). ''Transforming Agrarian Economies''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2gL4nos96XAC&dq=%22rural+economics%22=&pg=PR7 Arrow-page searchable.]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Alain de Janvry, Rinku Murgai, and [[Elisabeth Sadoulet]] (2002). "Rural Development and Rural Policy", in ''Handbook of Agricultural Economics'', v. 2A [https://books.google.com/books?id=XNE68DixkLkC (scrollable preview)], ch. 31. [http://en.scientificcommons.org/33453986 Abstract.]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Bruce L. Gardner (2005). "Causes of Rural Economic Development", ''Agricultural Economics'', 32(s1), pp. 21-41. [https://archive.today/20130105121839/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118695090/abstract Abstract.]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Kiminori Matsuyama (2008). "Structural change", ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'' 2nd Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000440&q=rural&topicid=&result_number=1 Abstract.]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Steven C. Deller ''et al.'' (2001). "The Role of Amenities and Quality of Life in Rural Economic Growth", ''American Journal of Agricultural Economics'', 83(2), pp. [http://etmd.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/29686/1/IND23220343.pdf 352-365] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721070118/http://etmd.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/29686/1/IND23220343.pdf|date=2011-07-21}} (close Pages tab).</ref> and finance<ref>• Michael R. Carter (2008),  "agricultural finance", ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'',  2nd Edition.[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_A000064&q=rural&topicid=&result_number=8 Abstract.]
<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Karla Hoff and Joseph E. Stiglitz (1993). "Imperfect Information and Rural Credit Markets: Puzzles and Policy Perspectives", in Karla Hoff, [[Avishay Braverman]], and Joseph E. Stiglitz, ed.,  ''Economics of Rural Organization: Theory, Practice and Policy'', ch. 2, pp. [http://faculty.ucr.edu/~jorgea/econ261/hoff_credit.pdf 33-52] (press '''+''').<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Rodrigo A. Chaves and Claudio Gonzalez-Vega (1996). "The Design of Successful Rural Financial Intermediaries: Evidence from Indonesia",  ''World Development'', 24(1), pp. 65-78. [https://archive.today/20130111090000/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VC6-3VWPM49-J&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1090112157&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=6084e58fc28ff7c53890e82d5d060fe8 Abstract.]</ref> attempt to solve larger challenges within rural economics. These economic issues are often connected to the migration from rural areas due to lack of economic activities<ref>• James Roumasset (2008). "population and agricultural growth", ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'',  2nd Edition.
[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_A000065&q=rural&topicid=&result_number=75 Abstract.]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • David McGranahan (1999).''Natural Amenities Drive Rural Population Change''. Agricultural Economic Report No. (AER781) 32 pp, Description and chapter [http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aer781/ links.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403163335/http://www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/AER781/ |date=2009-04-03 }}</ref> and [[rural poverty]]. Some interventions have been very successful in some parts of the world, with [[rural electrification]] and [[rural tourism]] providing anchors for transforming economies in some rural areas.  These challenges often create rural-urban income disparities.<ref>• JunJie Wu, Paul W. Barkley, and Bruce A. Weber, ed. (2008). ''Frontiers in Resource and Rural Economics''. Resources for the Future. {{ISBN|978-1-933115-65-8}}.[http://www.rff.org/rff_press/pages/bookdetail.aspx?outputid=9966 Description.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031084746/http://www.rff.org/rff_press/pages/bookdetail.aspx?outputid=9966|date=2008-10-31}}<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • [[JEL classification codes#Urban, rural, and regional economics JEL: R Subcategories]]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Alain de Janvry and Elisabeth Sadoulet (2007). "Toward a Territorial Approach to Rural Development", ''Journal of Agricultural and Development'', 4(1), pp. [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/ai192e/ai192e00.pdf 66-98.]</ref>

Rural spaces add new challenges for economic analysis that require an understanding of [[economic geography]]: for example understanding of size and spatial distribution of production and household units and interregional trade,<ref>• Anthony J. Venables (2008). "New economic geography". ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition.[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_E000247&q=geography&topicid=&result_number=2 Abstract.]
<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • France Ivry (1994). ''Agricultural Household Modelling and Family Economics''. Elsevier. [http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19951803068.html;jsessionid=6B96AD6635983D86E5FEE2E41F2A8CF7 Abstract]{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> [[land use]],<ref>• Alain de Janvry and Elisabeth Sadoulet (2008). "access to land and development",  ''[[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics]]'' 2nd Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_A000212&q=rural%20land%20&topicid=&result_number=2 Abstract.]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • JunJie Wu (2008). "Land Use Changes: Economic, Social, and Environmental Impacts", ''Choices: The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resource Issues'',  23(4), pp. [http://www.choicesmagazine.org/magazine/pdf/article_49.pdf 6-10] (press '''+''').</ref> and how low population density effects  government policies as to development, investment, regulation, and transportation.<ref>• John W. Mellor (2008).  "agriculture and economic development", ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_A000068&q=rural%20economics&topicid=&result_number=2 Abstract.]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Christopher B. Barrett and Emelly Mutambatsere  (2008).  "agricultural markets in developing countries", ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_A000209&q=rural%20economics&topicid=&result_number=48 Abstract.]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Karla Hoff, [[Avishay Braverman]], and [[Joseph E. Stiglitz]], ed. (1993). ''Economics of Rural Organization: Theory, Practice and Policy''. Oxford University Press for the World Bank.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • William A. Galston and Karen Baehler (1995). ''Rural Development in the United States: Connecting Theory, Practice, and Possibilities''. Wash., D.C.: Island Press. [http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED388488&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED388488 Description] and TOC [https://www.amazon.com/Rural-Development-United-States-Possibilities/dp/1559633263#reader link.]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Alan Okagaki, Kris Palmer, and Neil S. Mayer (1998). ''Strengthening Rural Economics''. Wash., D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Housing & Urban Development. [http://www.huduser.org/publications/econdev/8731.html Description] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509153521/http://www.huduser.org/publications/econdev/8731.html |date=2009-05-09 }} and [http://www.huduser.org/Publications/PDF/ccc_rural.pdf PDF] (press '''+''').</ref>

== Issues ==

=== Rural development ===
{{Excerpt|Rural development}}

=== Electrification ===
{{Excerpt|Rural electrification}}

=== Rural flight ===
{{Excerpt|Rural flight}}

=== Rural poverty ===
{{Excerpt|rural poverty}}

== Important sectors ==

=== Agriculture ===
{{Excerpt|Agricultural economics}}

=== Peasantry ===
{{Excerpt|Peasant economics}}

=== Tourism ===
{{Excerpt|Rural tourism}}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Agricultural economics]]
* [[Agroecology]]
* [[Economic development]]
* [[Economic geography]]
* [[Electrical energy efficiency on United States farms]]
* [[Regional economics]] 
* [[RIGA Project]]
* [[Rural development]]
* [[Rural sociology]]
* [[Urban economics]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Thomas Nixon Carver]] (1911). ''Principles of Rural Economics''. Chapter links, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2FxMAAAAIAAJ&q=frontcover vii]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=2FxMAAAAIAAJ&q=frontcover x.]
* _____, ed. (1926). ''Selected Readings in Rural Economics'', Chapter links, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ruBnAAAAMAAJ&dq=ots=-1EmfOm8-H&pg=PP11 vii]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=z80XAAAAIAAJ&dq=%25ots%3Dqt3Z2yxmdH&pg=PR10 x.]
* John Ise (1920). "What is Rural Economics", ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'', 34(2), pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-cIDcThrNKoC&dq=bl&pg=PA781   300]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=-cIDcThrNKoC&dq=bl&pg=PA781 312.]
* Yves Léon (2005). "Rural Development in Europe: A Research Frontier for Agricultural Economists", ''European Review of Agricultural Economics'', 32(3), pp.&nbsp;301–317. [http://erae.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/32/3/301?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=%E3%B5es&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=HWCIT Abstract.]{{dead link|date=October 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* Ida J. Terluin and Jaap H. Post, ed. (2001). ''Employment Dynamics in Rural Europe''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4SCE8BDObXkC&q=lr= Chapter previews.]

[[Category:Rural economics| ]]