View source for Pinus elliottii

{{Short description|Species of conifer tree}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Pinus elliottii(1).jpg
| image_caption = 
| status = LC 
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Farjon, A. |date=2013 |title=''Pinus elliottii'' |volume=2013 |page=e.T42361A2975203 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42361A2975203.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| display_parents = 3
| genus = Pinus
| parent = Pinus subsect. Australes
| species = elliottii
| authority = [[George Engelmann|Engelm.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Varieties
| subdivision = ''Pinus elliottii'' var. ''elliottii''<br>
''Pinus elliottii'' var. ''densa''
| range_map = Pinus elliottii range map.png
| range_map_caption = {{leftlegend|#90ee90|generalized natural range of ''Pinus elliottii''}}
}}

'''''Pinus elliottii''''', commonly known as '''slash pine''',<ref name="fna2">{{eFloras|1|200005333|Pinus elliottii|family=Pinaceae|first=Robert|last=Kral}}</ref><ref name=":33">Family, P. P. (1990). Pinus elliottii Engelm. slash pine. ''Silvics of North America: Conifers'', (654), 338.</ref> is a [[Pinophyta|conifer]] tree native to the [[Southeastern United States]]. Slash pine is named after the "slashes" – swampy ground overgrown with trees and bushes – that constitute its habitat. Other common names include swamp pine, yellow slash pine, and southern Florida pine.<ref name=":33"/> Slash pine has two different varieties: ''P. e.'' var. ''elliottii'' and ''P. e.'' var. ''densa''. Historically, slash pine has been an important economic timber for naval stores, [[turpentine]], and [[resin]].<ref name=":33"/> The wood of slash pine is known for its unusually high strength, especially for a pine. It exceeds many hardwoods and is even comparable to very dense woods such as [[Krugiodendron|black ironwood]].

== Description and taxonomy ==
[[File:Starr-031108-2114-Pinus_elliottii-needles-Deering_Park-Florida_(24048216083).jpg|thumb|Slash pine needles]]
This tree is fast-growing, but not very long-lived by pine standards (to 200 years). It reaches heights of {{convert|18|-|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} with a trunk diameter of {{convert|0.6|-|0.8|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The [[leaf|leaves]] are needle-like, very slender, in clusters of two or three, and {{convert|18|-|24|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. The [[conifer cone|cones]] are glossy red-brown, {{convert|5|-|15|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length, with a short ({{convert|2|-|3|mm|in|abbr=on|disp=or}}), thick prickle on each scale. It is known for its conical shape and unusually high strength, especially for a pine. Its wood has an average crush strength of 8,140 lb/in<sup>2</sup> (56.1 MPa), which exceeds many hardwoods such as white ash (7,410 lb/in<sup>2</sup>) and black maple (6,680 lb/in<sup>2</sup>). It is not as strong as black ironwood (9,940 lb/in<sup>2</sup>), but because its average density is less than half that of ironwood, slash pine has a far greater strength-to-weight ratio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wood-database.com/slash-pine/|title = Slash Pine &#124; the Wood Database - Lumber Identification (Softwood)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wood-database.com/white-ash/|title = White Ash &#124; the Wood Database - Lumber Identification (Hardwood)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wood-database.com/black-maple/|title=Black maple &#124; the Wood Database - Lumber Identification (Hardwood)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wood-database.com/black-ironwood/|title=Black Ironwood &#124; the Wood Database - Lumber Identification (Hardwood)}}</ref>

It may be distinguished from the related [[loblolly pine]] (''P. taeda'') by the somewhat longer, glossier needles and larger red-brown cones, and from [[longleaf pine]] (''P. palustris'') by the shorter, more slender needles and smaller cones with less broad scales.

Two varieties of ''P. elliotii'' are described, but recent genetic studies have indicated that the varieties may not be more closely related to each other than they are to other pines in the Southeast. If this is the case, reclassifying these varieties as separate species would be warranted.<ref name="Weakley3">{{cite web|url=http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm|title=Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States}}</ref> ''P. elliottii'' can [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridize]] with ''P. taeda'', sand pine (''[[Pinus clausa]]''), and ''P. palustris''.<ref name=":10">Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus elliottii. In: Fire Effects Information System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinell/all.html</ref>
[[File:Pinus_elliottii_cones_Georgia.jpg|thumb|''Pinus elliottii'' cones]]
The two commonly accepted varieties are the following:

* ''P. e.'' var. ''elliottii'' (typical slash pine) ranges from [[South Carolina]] to [[Louisiana]], and south to central [[Florida]]. Its leaves occur in bundles, [[Fascicle sheath|fascicles]] of twos and threes, mostly threes, and the cones are larger, {{convert|7|-|15|cm|in|abbr=on}}.
* '''''P. e.'' var. ''densa''''' (South Florida slash pine, Dade County pine) is found in the [[South Florida rocklands#Pine rockland|pine rocklands]] of southern Florida and the [[Florida Keys]], including the [[Everglades]].<ref name="fws2">{{cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/southeast/pdf/recovery-plan/pine-rocklands.pdf|title=Pine Rocklands|publisher=[[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]]|access-date=September 18, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/st463|title=''Pinus elliottii'': Slash Pine|last=Gilman|first=Edward F.|author2=Dennis G. Watson|year=2006|publisher=University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|access-date=12 April 2011}}</ref>  Leaves are nearly all in bundles of two, with longer needles. The cones are smaller, {{convert|5|-|12|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the wood is denser, and the tree has a thicker taproot.<ref name=":10" /> Unlike the typical variety of slash pine, seedlings of ''P. e.'' var. ''densa'' has a "grass stage" similar to longleaf pine. ''P. e.'' var. ''densa'' is not frost tolerant, which limits its range to South Florida.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Schmidt|first=Robert A.|date=August 2003|title=Fusiform Rust of Southern Pines: A Major Success for Forest Disease Management|journal=Phytopathology|volume=93|issue=8|pages=1048–1051|doi=10.1094/phyto.2003.93.8.1048|pmid=18943875|issn=0031-949X|doi-access=}}</ref>

==Range and habitat==
Communities dominated by slash pine are termed "slash pine forests". Slash pine is predominately found in Florida and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], and extends from South Carolina west to southeastern [[Louisiana]], and south to the Florida Keys.<ref name="Moore20082">{{cite book|title=National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America|author1=Moore, Gerry|author2=Kershner, Bruce|author2-link=Bruce Kershner|author3=Craig Tufts|author4=Daniel Mathews|author5-link=Gil Nelson|author5=Gil Nelson|author6=Spellenberg, Richard|author7=Thieret, John W.|author8=Terry Purinton|author9=Block, Andrew|publisher=Sterling|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4027-3875-3|location=New York|page=74}}</ref> It is common in [[East Texas]], where it was first planted at the [[E.O. Siecke State Forest]] in 1926.<ref name="FTT1990">{{cite book |last1=Mattoon |first1=W.R. |last2=Webster |first2=C.B. |title=Forest Trees of Texas |date=1990 |publisher=Texas Forest Service |location=College Station, Texas |edition=8 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/52651/52651-0.txt}}</ref> The natural habitat is sandy subtropical maritime forests and wet [[flatwoods]].<ref name="Weakley3"/> Slash pine generally grows better in warm, humid areas where the average annual temperature is above {{convert|17|C|F}}, with extreme ranges from {{convert|-18|to|41|C|F}}.<ref name=":33"/> Factors such as competition, fire, and precipitation may limit the natural distribution of these trees. Slash pines are able to grow in an array of soils, but pine stands that are close to bodies of water such as swamps and ponds grow better because of higher soil moisture and seedling protection from wildfire.<ref name=":33"/> These forests have been managed through [[Controlled burn|controlled fires]] since the beginning of the 20th century.<ref name=":9"/> Within the first year, ''P. elliottii'' is particularly susceptible to seedling mortality caused by fire. ''P. e.'' var. ''densa'' is more fire resistant than ''P. e.'' var.'' elliottii'' because it has thicker bark.<ref name=":33"/>

== Fire ecology ==

=== History ===
Fire has long been an important element in Southeastern forests. Native Americans burned land to improve grass growth for grazing and visibility for hunting.<ref name=":9">Johnson, A. S., & Hale, P. E. (2000, September). The Historical Foundations of Prescribed Burning for Wildlife: a Southeastern Perspective. In ''The Role of Fire in Nongame Wildlife Management and Community Restoration: Traditional Uses and New Directions Proceedings of a Special Workshop''(p. 11).</ref> When European settlers arrived in the New World, they brought new diseases that severely diminished the Native American populations. Over time, with the lack of consistent burning, much of the open land of the South reverted to forest land.<ref name=":9" /> Logging began to increase in the Southeast, which created some tension between the loggers and local farmers. The loggers wanted to continue to burn the forest, but the local farmers were concerned about how burning would affect cattle grazing and [[turpentine]] production.<ref name=":9" /> Fire maintenance has long been a controversial issue. In the 1940s, the [[Smokey Bear]] campaign to prevent wildfires promoted a shift toward fire suppression. Subsequently, many of these fire-dependent ecosystems became increasingly dominated by more shade-tolerant tree species (hardwoods).<ref>Stanturf, J, and D. Wade, T. Waldrop, D. Kennard and G. Achtemeier. [https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/sustain/report/pdf/chapter_25e.pdf Chapter 25, Background Paper: Fire in Southern Forest Landscapes] ''Southern forest resource assessment''. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-53. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2002, p. 612.</ref> Despite many reports from the U.S. Forest Service about the benefits fire has on forage production, pine regeneration, control of tree pathogens, and reducing risks of wildfires, controlled burning did not begin to regain traction until the 1950s and 1960s.
[[File:Palmetto_slashpine_(5142785230).jpg|thumb|334x334px|Controlled burn in a slash pine forest]]

===Uses===
Without regular fire intervals in slash pine forests, the ecosystem can change over time. For example, in the northern range for slash pine, forests can convert from mesic [[flatwoods]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Horn|first1=Sally P.|last2=Grissino-Mayer|first2=Henri D.|last3=Harley|first3=Grant L.|date=2013-06-03|title=Fire history and forest structure of an endangered subtropical ecosystem in the Florida Keys, USA|journal=International Journal of Wildland Fire|volume=22|issue=3|pages=394–404|doi=10.1071/WF12071|s2cid=17371128|issn=1448-5516}}</ref> to denser mixed-hardwood canopies with trees such as [[oak]]s, [[hickory]], and southern magnolia.<ref name="Snyder 2005">{{Cite journal |last1=Snyder |first1=James R. |last2=Ross |first2=Michael S. |last3=Koptur |first3=Suzanne |last4=Sah |first4=Jay P. |date=2005 |title=Developing ecological criteria for prescribed fire in South Florida pine rockland ecosystems |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061062 |journal=Open-File Report |doi=10.3133/ofr20061062 |issn=2331-1258}}</ref> In South Florida, the [[South Florida rocklands|pine rocklands]] can convert to a rockland hammock dominated by woody shrubs and invasive plants. Invasive species are a major management issue in the South. Many pine trees and native plants are adapted to fire, meaning they require fire disturbance to open their pine cones, germinate seeds, and cue other metabolic processes. Fire can be a good management strategy for invasive species because many invasive plants are not adapted to fire. Therefore, fire can eliminate the parental plant or reduce seed viability. Controlled burning is also used to help reduce pathogen load in an ecosystem. For example, fire can eliminate pest populations or resting fungal spores that could infect new seedlings. Low-intensity burns can also clear space in the understory and provide nutrient pulses<ref>Lavoie, M., Starr, G., Mack, M. C., Martin, T. A., & Gholz, H. L. (2010). Effects of a prescribed fire on understory vegetation, carbon pools, and soil nutrients in a longleaf pine-slash pine forest in Florida. ''Natural Areas Journal'', ''30''(1), 82-95.</ref> that benefit the understory vegetation.

Fire is also used to prevent "fuel" buildup, the highly flammable plants such as grasses and scrub under the canopy that could burn easily in a wildfire. Most prescribed burn intervals are about every 2–5 years, which allows the ecosystem to regenerate after the burn.<ref>Wade, D.D, Lunsford, J.D. (1988). A guide for prescribed fire in southern forests. Technical Publication R8-TP 11. https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr292/1989_wade.pdf</ref> Much of the South Florida pine rockland ecosystem is highly fragmented and has not been burned because of the proximity to buildings.<ref name="Snyder 2005"/> Risks such as smoke, air quality, and residual particulate matter in the environment pose safety issues for controlled burns near homes and businesses.

== Diseases and pests ==

=== Fusiform rust ===
Starting in the late 1950s, the emergence of [[fusiform rust]] on Southeastern pine trees including slash pine, loblolly pine, and longleaf pine led to massive tree mortality within the pine industry.<ref name=":02"/> This obligate parasitic pathogen is notorious for infecting young trees in newly planted areas within the first few years of growing. The pine industry was still rather new at the time of this initial outbreak, so many newly planted forests had large-scale mortality because the trees were not yet old enough to be resilient to the disease or harvested.<ref name=":02"/> Florida’s pine industry in particular was booming with an increase in plantation acreage from {{convert|291000|acre|ha}} in 1952 to upwards of {{convert|5.59|e6acre|ha}} in 1990. Because of the complicated lifecycle of ''Cronaritum quercuum'' f. sp. ''fusiforme'', the fungal causal agent of fusiform rust, the management strategies of pruning diseased stems, reducing fertilization, and discarding infected seed were not sufficient to prevent million-dollar annual loses.<ref name=":02"/><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Lundquist|first=J. E.|date=1982|title=Early Symptomatology of Fusiform Rust on Pine Seedlings|journal=Phytopathology|volume=72|issue=1|pages=54|doi=10.1094/phyto-72-54|issn=0031-949X}}</ref>
[[File:Insect_and_disease_conditions_in_the_United_States,_1979-83_-_what_else_is_growing_in_our_forests%3F_(1985)_(19950795404).jpg|thumb|Example of fusiform rust symptoms on pine tree bark]]
[[Rust (fungus)|Rust]] pathogens are difficult to manage because of their complicated reproductive lifecycles. ''C. querecuum'' f. sp. ''fusiforme'' is [[heteroecious]], requiring two different plant hosts for reproduction, and is macrocyclic, meaning it contains all five spore stages typical for rust infections: [[basidiospore]]s, [[teliospore]]s, [[urediniospore]]s, [[aeciospore]]s, and spermatia. Oak trees are the secondary host for this pathogen.<ref>Gilman, E. F., & Watson, D. G. (1994). Pinus elliottii: Slash Pine. ''USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet ST-463 Google Scholar''.</ref> The primary inocula on pine are [[basidiospore]]s, which infect the pine needles between March and May.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book|title=Diseases of trees and shrubs|author=Sinclair, Wayne A.|date=2005|publisher=Comstock Pub. Associates|isbn=0801443717|oclc=60188468}}</ref> The basidiospores germinate and grow into the stems of the tree where the fungus can overwinter for 4–6 months in the wood. In the fall, the spermatia form and fertilize the aceiospores in the following spring. The aceiospores are released from the pine and are the primary inocula that infect the oak trees in the following growing season. Aceiospores grow through the oak leaves producing urediniospores on the underside of the oak leaves. These [[urediniospore]]s can reproduce clonally, asexually, and can continue to infect oak plants as a secondary inoculum. Within two weeks of the primary [[urediniospore]] inoculation on the [[Oak|oak tree]], [[teliospore]]s are formed which germinate into [[basidiospore]]s that infect the pine trees and complete the life rust cycle. Symptoms on the pine include gall formation, stem swelling, cankers, bushiness, and dieback.<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":23"/> The cankers in the stem allow secondary fungal infections or other pests to enter the trees easily.<ref name=":23"/>

Understanding the climate conditions that can lead to rust outbreaks is an important component for management strategies, but this was not well understood in the early decades of this epidemic.<ref name=":02"/> More recent information has shown that certain weather patterns such as high humidity, wet pine needles, and temperatures around {{convert|15|-|29|C|F}} for about 18 days can increase the spread of basiodiospores, so increase disease severity.<ref name=":23"/>

=== Managing Fusiform Rust ===
There are many ways to go about reducing high-hazard areas for fusiform rust, but it starts with understanding why fusiform rust occurs more often during certain instances than others. Even though we have seen newer genetic work from seedling nurseries that has helped loblolly and slash pine become more resilient to fusiform rust,<ref name=":02" /> it is not always the case that landowners want to or can afford to buy the genetically modified seedlings so there are a couple of ways to help reduce the possibility of fusiform rust infected trees. The first initial step to take to reduce fusiform rust infection is to reduce the amount of site preparation used to establish the stand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fusiform Rust |url=https://www.forestry.alabama.gov/Pages/Informational/Diseases/Fusiform_Rust.aspx#:~:text=Loblolly%20and%20slash%20pines%20are |access-date=October 7, 2023 |website=Alabama Forestry Commission}}</ref> These site preps, while desired, cause increased rapid growth of pines. When this happens the outer layer of bark is thin enough for fusiform rust to infect and often it will be the main stem.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Enebak |first=Scott |date=March 1, 2019 |title=Managing Fusiform Rust on Loblolly and Slash Pine in Forest and Landscape Settings |url=https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/forestry/managing-fusiform-rust-on-loblolly-and-slash-pine-in-forest-and-landscape-settings/ |access-date=October 7, 2023 |website=Alabama A&M and Auburn Universities Extension Services}}</ref> When loblolly pine reach around the age of eight years old you can use more fertilization and forest prescriptions because at this time fusiform rust is not as likely to infect the main stem. Due to oaks being the alternate host for fusiform rust, where it lives out three of its spore lifecycles, it is a good idea to remove any hardwoods that are adjacent to your loblolly stand.<ref name=":0" /> This can be difficult considering that oaks also share an importance in the economic and environmental aspect of the Southeast. Doing this will allow the pathogen to hit a dead end. In an older loblolly plantation, it is safe to keep those trees in rotation if the disease is not along the stem of the tree.

=== Pitch canker ===
[[File:Fusarium_circinatum_Nirenberg_&_O'Donnell_1247233.jpg|thumb|Example of Pitch Canker symptoms on a slash pine tree]][[Fusarium circinatum|Pitch canker]], a monocyclic disease caused by the fungus ''[[Fusarium circinatum]]'' (previously named ''Fusarium moniliforme'' var. ''subglutinans''),<ref name=":42">{{Cite web|url=https://www.freshfromflorida.com/content/download/11308/144139/pp302.pdf|title=Pitch Canker of Southern Pines|last1=Barnard|first1=E.L.|last2=Blakesless|first2=G.M.|date=December 2006|website=Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services}}</ref><ref name=":23"/> was first described in 1946 by Hepting and Roth. When it was first described, disease levels were low until the 1970s, when a massive epidemic of pitch canker caused mass tree mortality in Florida slash pine.<ref name=":23"/> Some hypotheses suggest that the pathogen may have originated in [[Mexico]] and was then introduced in Florida and later transmitted to [[California]] on diseased seed. The pathogen has been reported in Mexico; however, high fungal diversity and low tree mortality from the disease suggests that this pathogen may have co-evolved in Mexico before being introduced to other parts of the world.<ref name=":54">Gordon, T. R. 2006. Pitch canker disease of pines. Phytopathology 96:657-659.</ref> Many reports describe the pathogen as endemic to [[Florida]],<ref name=":63">Correll, J. C., Gordon, T. R., McCain, A. H., Fox, J. W., Koehler, C. S., Wood, D. L., & Schultz, M. E. (1991). Pitch canker disease in California: pathogenicity, distribution, and canker development on Monterey pine (Pinus radiata). ''Plant Disease'', ''75''(7), 676-682.</ref> likely because the disease was introduced a long time therefore the population has become more diverse.<ref name=":73">Gordon, T. R., Storer, A. J., & Okamoto, D. (1996). Population structure of the pitch canker pathogen, Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini, in California. ''Mycological Research'', ''100''(7), 850-854.</ref> By 1974, over half of the slash pine population in Florida was infected with ''Fusarium circinatum'' disease.<ref name=":83">Dwinell, David L. Barrows-Broaddus, Jane B. Kuhlman, G. E. (1985). Pitch Canker: A Disease Complex. ''Plant Disease'', ''69''(3), 270–276.</ref> In areas where the pathogen is newly introduced, the fungal population is mostly clonal, because  fewer mating types are present within the population,<ref name=":73"/> so sexual reproduction may be lower.<ref name=":54"/> Pitch canker infects nearly all pine species, including longleaf pine, [[Pinus echinata|shortleaf pine]], and [[Pinus strobus|eastern white pine]].

This disease continues to be a problem in nurseries, and has been reported in other countries.<ref name=":54"/> A major problem in Florida is that artificial replanting of pines may be contributing to high disease incidences.<ref name=":42"/> The disease can be passed through seed and spores, but requires open wounds to infect the tree from insect damage, mechanical damage, hail/weather damage, etc.<ref name=":73"/>

The predominant symptoms include needle [[chlorosis]] and reddening of shoots (called "flagging") that later die.<ref name=":23"/><ref name=":83"/><ref name=":42"/><ref name=":54"/> Cankers or lesions that form on the trunks can turn the bark yellow or dark brown and cause resin to exude. Stems may die and get crystalized in [[resin]]-soaked lesions. Resin is generally produced in plants to protect against pathogens. Sometimes, the tissue above the canker dies, causing girdling of the stem.<ref name=":42" /> The severity of the disease depends on weather conditions and may require moisture and insect wounds or hail to infect the trees. Some insects such as [[bark beetle]]s, [[Froghopper|spittle bugs]], [[weevil]]s,<ref name=":63"/> [[Rhyacionia frustrana|pine tip moth]]s, and needle midges may vector the disease into the tree.<ref name=":33"/><ref name=":23" /><ref name=":83" /> ''F. circinatum'' was used to inoculate ''P. e.'' var. ''densa'' trees to try to increase resin production for extraction, but this approach was ineffective.<ref name=":83" />

==Other fungi==
Fungus species ''[[Thozetella|Thozetella pinicola]]'' was found on leaf litter of ''Pinus elliottii'' {{Au|Engelm.}} in Hong Kong in 2009.<ref name="Jeewon">{{cite journal |last1=Jeewon |first1=R. |last2=Yeung |first2=S.Y.Q. |last3=Hyde |first3=K.D. |title=A novel phylogenetic group within Thozetella (Chaetosphaeriaceae): a new taxon based on morphology and DNA sequence analyses |journal=Can J Microbiol |date=June 2009 |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=680–7 |doi=10.1139/wo8-148t|pmid=19767838 }}</ref>

==Uses==
This tree is widely grown in [[Tree farming|tree plantations]]. It is also used in [[horticulture]].

==See also==
* [[Southern yellow pine]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Pinus elliottii|''Pinus elliottii''}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1249109}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pinus|elliottii]]
[[Category:Trees of Northern America]]