View source for Massacres of Azerbaijanis in Armenia (1917–1921)

{{pp|small=yes}}
<!-- Per [[WP:REFERS]], do not change the first sentence to start with "Massacres of Azerbaijanis in Armenia refers to ..." -->
In the aftermath of [[World War I]] and during the [[Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)|Armenian–Azerbaijani]] and [[Russian Civil War|Russian Civil]] wars, there were mutual massacres committed by [[Armenians]] and [[Azerbaijanis]] against each other. A significant portion of the Muslim population (mostly Tatars{{Caucasian Tatars}}) of the [[Erivan Governorate]] were displaced during the internecine conflict by the government of [[First Republic of Armenia|Armenia]]. Starting in 1918, Armenian partisans expelled thousands of Azerbaijani [[Muslims]] in [[Zangezur]] and destroyed their settlements in an effort to "re-Armenianize" the region. These actions were cited by [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic|Azerbaijan]] as a reason to start a [[Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)#Fight for Zangezur / Syunik, November 1919|military campaign in Zangezur]]. Ultimately, Azerbaijan took in and resettled tens of thousands of Muslim refugees from Armenia. The total number of killed is unknown.

==Background==
[[Image:Tatars in Erivan bazaar.jpg|thumb|225px|Tatars{{efn|name=Caucasian Tatars}} in Erivan (present-day [[Yerevan]])]]

Following the [[Treaty of Turkmenchay|Russian annexation of Iranian Armenia]], tens of thousands of Armenians repatriated to [[Russian Armenia]] in 1828–1831, thereby regaining an [[ethnic majority]] in their homeland for the first time in "several hundred years".{{sfn|Herzig|Kurkchiyan|2005|p=66}} Despite this, the [[Russian Empire census]] indicated there to be over 240 thousand Muslims on the territory of present-day Armenia in 1897, indicated by previous censuses to be mostly Tatars{{efn|name=Caucasian Tatars}} (forming over 30 percent of the population).{{sfn|Korkotyan|1932|pp=164–165}} As a result of rising nationalism in the [[South Caucasus]], [[Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–1907|ethnic clashes]] erupted between Armenians and Tatars in the [[Russian Empire]] between 1905 and 1907, resulting in massacres of thousands of Armenians and Azerbaijanis<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hovannisian |first=Richard G. |title=Armenia on the road to independence 1918 |date=1967 |publisher=Univ. of Calif. Press |isbn=978-0-520-00574-7 |location=Berkeley, Calif. |page=264 |quote=64 Filip Makharadze, Ocherki revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia v Zakavkaz'e (Tiflis, 1927), pp. 300, 307, gives the number killed in Baku in February, 1905, as more than 1,000, most of whom were Armenian, while he contends that the total losses for 1905-1907 were more than 10,000 killed and 15,000 uprooted. E. Aknouni, Political Persecutions: Armenian Prisoners of the Caucasus (New York, 1911), p. 30, states that 128 Armenian and 158 Tatar villages were sacked and ruined. Ananun, op. cit., p. 180, calculates that no fewer than 1,500 Armenians and 1,600 Tatars were killed, and that the Armenians sustained more than 75 percent of the property damage.}}</ref> and the destruction of hundreds of Armenian and Tatar villages.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aknouni |first=E. |title=Political Persecution: Armenian Prisoners of the Caucasus; |date=2018-05-01 |publisher=Forgotten Books |isbn=978-0-332-92636-0 |language=English |quote=In the years 1935 and 1906 at the sad conflicts of the Armenians and the Tartars 286 villages were sacked and ruined of which number 128 were inhabited by Armenians, 158 by Turks. The number of injured families was 14760. Of these 7265 were Armenians, while 7495 Tartars. The destroyed cities were Baku, Shushy, Ganzak, Erivan, Hitt Nakhitchevan, Khazak and Tiflis. The number of injured is again im-mense. The number of Armenians killed are the following: Baku, 176; Shushy, 126; Ganzak, 132; Hin Nakhitchevan, 55. The villages around Shushy, 16o; Minken, 198. The villages of Ganzak, 212. The villages of Nakhitchevan, 114}}</ref>

Until the [[Caucasus campaign|Ottoman invasion of the South Caucasus]] in 1918, Armenians and Tatars lived "relatively peacefully" throughout the First World War.{{sfn|Wright|2003|p=98}} Tensions rose after both Armenia and Azerbaijan became briefly independent from [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russia]] in 1918 as both [[Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)|engaged in a war over their mutual borders]].{{sfn|de Waal|2003|pp=127–128}}{{sfn|Kaufman|2001|p=58}}

==Events==
{{See also|Armenian genocide}}
Expert on the [[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict]], [[Thomas de Waal]] wrote that Azerbaijanis in Armenia became the "collateral victims" of the [[Armenian genocide]] carried out by the [[Ottoman Empire]] years prior; also adding that despite Azerbaijanis being represented by three delegates in an eighty-seat [[Armenian parliament]], they were universally targeted as "Turkish [[fifth columnists]]".{{sfn|de Waal|2015|p=75}} In the aftermath of World War I, and during the Armenian–Azerbaijani war and Russian Civil War, there were mutual massacres committed by Armenians and Azerbaijanis against each other.{{sfn|Kaufman|2001|p=58}} The Erivan Governorate, which formed a part of the Armenian republic,{{sfn|Herzig|Kurkchiyan|2005|p=110}} had a "significant Muslim population until 1919."{{sfn|Bournoutian|2015|p=33}}

The British journalist [[C. E. Bechhofer Roberts]] commented on the state of affairs in April 1920 as "no day went by without a catalogue of complaints from both sides, Armenian and Tartar, of unprovoked attacks, murders, village burnings and the like. Superficially, the situation was a series of vicious circles. Tartar and Armenian attacked and retaliated for attacks. Fear drove on each side to fresh excesses."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Carl Eric Bechhofer |title=In Denikin's Russia And The Caucasus, 1919-1920: Being A Record Of A Journey To South Russia, The Crimea, Armenia, Georgia, And Baku In 1919 And 1920 |date=2018-10-16 |publisher=Franklin Classics |isbn=978-0-343-44575-1 |pages=283 |language=English}}</ref>

=== In the Erivan Governorate and Kars Oblast ===
[[Mustafa Kemal]], the leader of the [[Turkish National Movement]], in justifying an [[Turkish–Armenian War|invasion of Armenia]], stated that reportedly nearly 200 villages were burned by Armenians and most of their 135 thousand inhabitants were "eliminated".{{sfn|Hovannisian|1996b|p=247}} Historian [[Richard Hovannisian]] wrote that nearly a third of the 350 thousand Muslims of the [[Erivan Governorate]] were displaced from their villages in 1918–1919 and living in the outskirts of Yerevan or along the former Russo-Turkish border in emptied Armenian homes. In 1919, the [[Armenian government]] declared the right of return of all refugees, however, this was unimplemented in emptied Muslim settlements occupied by Armenian refugees.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1982|p=178}} During his tenure as [[Ministry of Defence of Armenia|minister of war]], [[Rouben Ter Minassian]] transferred many of the 30 thousand Armenian refugees from eastern Anatolia, to replace evicted Muslims and homogenise certain areas, including [[Erivan Governorate|Erivan]] (present-day [[Ararat Province|Ararat]]) and Daralayaz.{{sfn|Bloxham|2005|p=105}} Ter Minassian, displeased with the fact that Azerbaijanis in Armenia lived on fertile lands, waged at least three campaigns aimed at cleansing Azerbaijanis from 20 villages outside Erivan, as well as in the south of the country.{{sfn|de Waal|2015|p=75}} [[Oliver Wardrop]] traveled through Armenia in October 1919 and wrote that along much of Lake Sevan lay deserted houses "in ruins from internecine conflicts between Armenians and Tatars."{{sfn|Lieberman|2013|p=136}} In October 1919, Muslim authorities in [[Kars]] appealed to Azerbaijan for means to transport 25 thousand refugees.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1982|p=182}}

===In Zangezur===
[[Image:Andranik Zangezur 1918.png|thumb|300px|[[Andranik]] and his partisans]]
Throughout 1918–1921, Armenian commanders [[Andranik Ozanian]]{{sfn|de Waal|2003|pp=127–129}}{{sfn|Arslanian|1980|p=93}}{{sfn|Namig|2015|p=240}}{{sfn|Gerwarth|Horne|2012|p=179}}{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=87}}{{sfn|Hovannisian|1982|p=207}}{{sfn|Leupold|2020|p=24}} and [[Garegin Nzhdeh]] brought about a "re-Armenianization" of Zangezur{{sfn|Broers|2019|p=4}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chorbajian |first1=Levon |title=The Caucasian Knot: The History & Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh |last2=Donabedian |first2=Patrick |last3=Mutafian |first3=Claude |date=1994 |isbn=978-1-85649-287-4 |location=London |language=English |quote="...it is undeniable that if Zangezur has since been an integral part of Soviet Armenia, it was Nzhdehwho made it possible. Following Andranik, he successfully implemented a 're-Armenianization' of the region..."}}</ref>{{sfn|Chorbajian|1994|p=134}}{{sfn|Zakharov|2017|pp=105–106}}{{sfn|Ovsepyan|2001|p=224}} through the expulsion of tens of thousands{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=80}} (40{{sfn|Hovannisian|1982|p=213}}–50 thousand.{{sfn|Mammadov|Musayev|2008|p=33}}{{sfn|Balayev|1990|p=43}}) A message dated 12 September from the local county chief indicated that the villages of [[Vorotan, Sisian|Rut]], [[Darbas|Darabas]], [[Aghitu|Agadu]], [[Vaghatin|Vagudu]] were destroyed, and [[:az:Ərikli (Sisyan)|Arikly]], [[:az:Şükar|Shukyur]], [[:az:Məliklər (Sisyan)|Melikly]], [[:az:Pulkənd|Pulkend]], [[Shaki, Armenia|Shaki]], [[Ishkhanasar|Kiziljig]], the Muslim part of [[Sisian|Karakilisa]], Irlik, Pakhlilu, Darabas, Kyurtlyar, [[Khot, Armenia|Khotanan]], [[Hatsavan, Syunik|Sisian]], and [[:az:Zabazadur|Zabazdur]] were set aflame, resulting in the deaths of 500 men, women, and children.{{sfn|Buldakov|2010|pp=893–894}} In the Barkushat–Geghvadzor valleys and southeast of [[Goris]], nine villages and forty [[hamlets]] were "wiped out" in January 1920 in an act of retribution for the [[Agulis massacre|massacre of Armenians in Agulis]].{{sfn|Hovannisian|1982|p=239}}

The number of Muslim settlements in Zangezur destroyed by Andranik and Nzhdeh is given by different authors as 24,{{sfn|Hovannisian|1982|p=213}} 49 (9 villages and 40 hamlets),{{sfn|Hovannisian|1982|p=239}} or 115.{{sfn|Mammadov|Musayev|2008|p=33}}{{sfn|Balayev|1990|p=43}} The destruction of these settlements and the restriction imposed by local Armenians on Muslim [[shepherd]]s taking their flocks into Zangezur was cited by Azerbaijan as the reason for their military campaign against Zangezur in late-1919.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1982|p=213}}

===Casualties and displaced persons===
{| class="wikitable"
!Region
!Settlements destroyed
!Population displaced
|-
|[[Erivan Governorate]]
|
|135,000{{sfn|Hovannisian|1996b|p=147}}
|-
|↳ [[Surmalu uezd|Surmalu ''uezd'']]
|24{{sfn|Hovannisian|1982|p=106}}–38{{sfn|Chmaïvsky|1919|p=8}}
|40,000{{sfn|Chmaïvsky|1919|p=8}}
|-
|[[Kars oblast|Kars ''oblast'']]
|
|10,000{{sfn|Hovannisian|1996a|p=122}}
|-
|[[Zangezur uezd|Zangezur ''uezd'']]
|49{{sfn|Hovannisian|1982|p=239}}–115{{sfn|Balayev|1990|p=43}}
|40,000{{sfn|Hovannisian|1982|p=213}}–50,000{{sfn|Balayev|1990|p=43}}
|-
!TOTAL
!73–153
!225,000–235,000
|}

==Aftermath==
Following Armenia's [[sovietisation]] in 1920, "more than 10 thousand Turks" remained within the borders of Armenia.{{sfn|Korkotyan|1932|p=184}} According to the soviet agricultural census by 1922, 60 thousand Azerbaijani refugees (also known as Turko-Tatars{{Efn|name=Caucasian Tatars}}) repatriated, bringing their total up to 72,596 - 77,767.{{sfn|Korkotyan|1932|p=184}}{{sfn|Korkotyan|1932|p=167}} {{better source needed|date=March 2023}} In April 1920, the [[Araratian Pontifical Diocese|archbishop of Yerevan]], [[Khoren I of Armenia]] wrote "I must admit that a few Tatar villages...have suffered... but, every time...they were the aggressors, either they actually attacked us, or they were being organised by the Azerbaijan agents and official representatives [[Muslim uprisings in Kars and Sharur–Nakhichevan|rise against the Armenian Government]]." {{sfn|Bloxham|2005|p=105}} To assist the destitute 70–80 thousand Muslim refugees living south of [[Yerevan]] (50 thousand of whom were dependent on relief aid during the winter), the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic transferred large amounts of funds. It was reported in 1919–1920 that there were 13 thousand Muslims in Yerevan and another 50 thousand throughout Armenia. Muslims, in contrast with their coreligionists in the south of the country lived "acceptably" and with "generally cordial" interethnic relations in the north. The 40 thousand Muslims who had fled from Armenia to Azerbaijan were resettled through a 69 million ruble allocation by the Azerbaijani government.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1982|p=182}}

===Contemporary assessment===
[[Turkish German|Turkish-German]] historian [[Taner Akçam]] criticized Turkish efforts to equate these events with the previous Armenian genocide. He also criticized the death figures in primary sources for often being "freely invented by the authors" and exaggerations of "destroyed villages" referring to settlements of 4–5 inhabitants.{{sfn|Akçam|2007|p=330}}

==See also==
*[[Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia]]
*[[Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment in Armenia]]
*[[Demographics of Armenia]]
*[[Armenians in Azerbaijan]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFKazemzadeh1951|CITEREFHovannisian1982|CITEREFHovannisian1967|CITEREFHovannisian1996a |CITEREFHovannisian1996b}}
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}}

*{{Cite book |last1=Akçam |first1=Taner |title=A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility |title-link=A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility |date=2007 |publisher=[[Metropolitan Books]] |isbn=978-0805079326 |location=New York |author-link=Taner Akçam}}
*{{Cite book |last=Akouni |first=E. |title=Political Persecution: Armenian Prisoners Of The Caucasus (a Page Of The Tzar's Persecution) |publisher=Nabu Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1179951164}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Arslanian |first=Artin H. |year=1980 |title=Britain and the question of Mountainous Karabagh |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263208008700426 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=92–104 |doi=10.1080/00263208008700426 |issn=0026-3206}}
*{{Cite book |last=Balayev |first=Aydyn |author-link=Aydin Balayev |url=http://web2.anl.az:81/read/page.php?bibid=vtls000359101 |title=Азербайджанское национально-демократическое движение 1917-1929 гг. |year=1990 |isbn=978-5-8066-0422-5 |location=Baku |language=ru |trans-title=The Azerbaijani national-democratic movement in 1917–1929 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106235426/http://web2.anl.az:81/read/page.php?bibid=vtls000359101 |archive-date=6 November 2022 |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book |last=Bloxham |first=Donald |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57483924 |title=The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians |date=2005 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-927356-1 |location=Oxford |oclc=57483924 |author-link=Donald Bloxham}}
*{{Cite Demographic Changes in the Southwest Caucasus |last=Bournoutian |date=2015}}
*{{Cite Armenia and Imperial Decline}}
*{{Cite book |last=Broers |first=Laurence |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1127546732 |title=Armenia and Azerbaijan: Anatomy of a Rivalry |date=2019 |isbn=978-1-4744-5054-6 |location=Edinburgh, UK |oclc=1127546732}}
*{{Cite book |last=Buldakov |first=V. P. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/765812131 |title=Хаос и этнос. Этнические конфликты в России, 1917-1918 гг. |date=2010 |publisher=Novy khronograf |isbn=978-5-94881-160-4 |location=Moscow |language=ru |trans-title=Chaos and ethnicity: Ethnic conflicts in Russia, 1917–1918 |oclc=765812131}}
*{{Cite book |last=Chmaïvsky |first=Imprimerie H. |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k870106w.texteImage |title=L'Etat du Sud-Ouest du Caucase |publisher=le Comité central pour la défense des intérêts de la population du Sud-Ouest |year=1919 |location=Batoum |language=fr |trans-title=Southwestern Caucasus State |access-date=16 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116003433/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k870106w.texteImage |archive-date=16 November 2022 |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book |last=Chorbajian |first=Levon |author-link=Levon Chorbajian |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31970952 |title=The Caucasian Knot: The History & Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh |publisher=Atlantic Highlands, NJ |others=Patrick Donabédian, Claude Mutafian |year=1994 |isbn=1-85649-287-7 |location=London |oclc=31970952}}
*{{Cite book |last=Coyle |first=James J. |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-59573-9 |title=Russia's Interventions in Ethnic Conflicts: The Case of Armenia and Azerbaijan |date=2021 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-030-59572-2 |location=Cham |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-59573-9|s2cid=229424716 }}
*{{cite book |last=de Waal |first=Thomas |title=[[Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War]] |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0814719459 |location=New York |author-link=Thomas de Waal}}
*{{Cite book |last=de Waal |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas de Waal |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/897378977 |title=Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide |date=2015 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-935070-4 |location=Oxford |oclc=897378977}}
*{{Cite book |editor-last1=Gerwarth |editor-first1=Robert |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/827777835 |title=War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe after the Great War |editor-last2=Horne |editor-first2=John |year=2012 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780191626531 |location=Oxford |oclc=827777835}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Herzig |first1=Edmund |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/229988654 |title=The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity |last2=Kurkchiyan |first2=Marina |year=2005 |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |isbn=0-203-00493-0 |location=London |oclc=229988654}}
*{{Cite Armenia on the Road to Independence}}
*{{Cite The Republic of Armenia Volume 1}}
*{{Cite The Republic of Armenia Volume 2}}
*{{Cite The Republic of Armenia Volume 3}}
*{{Cite The Republic of Armenia Volume 4}}
*{{Cite book |last=Kaufman |first=Stuart J. |title=Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War |date=2001 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8014-8736-1}}
*{{Cite The Struggle for Transcaucasia}}
*{{Cite The Population of Soviet Armenia}}
*{{Cite news |date=25 July 1920 |title=Les musulmans en Arménie |work=[[Le Temps]] |ref={{harvid|Les musulmans en Arménie}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Leupold |first=David |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1130319782 |title=Embattled Dreamlands: the Politics of Contesting Armenian, Kurdish and Turkish Memory |date=2020 |isbn=978-0-429-34415-2 |location=New York |oclc=1130319782}}
*{{cite book |last=Levene |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Levene |title=Devastation: The European Rimlands 1912–1938 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=9780191505546 |volume=1}}
*{{Cite book |last=Lieberman |first=Benjamin |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/866448976 |title=Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe |date=2013 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-1-4422-3038-5 |location=Lanham |oclc=866448976}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Mammadov |first1=Ilgar |title=Армяно-азербайджанский конфликт: История, Право, Посредничество |last2=Musayev |first2=Tofik |publisher=Graf and K Publishing House |year=2008 |isbn=9785812509354 |edition=2nd |location=Baku |language=ru |trans-title=Armenian–Azerbaijani conflict: history, law, mediation}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Namig |first=Sadiqova Sayyara |date=2015 |title=Unforgettable Azerbaijani painter Huseyn Aliyev |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/unforgettable-azerbaijani-painter-huseyn-aliyev |journal=Problemy Sovremennoy Nauki I Obrazovaniya |volume=12 |issue=42 |issn=2304-2338}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ovsepyan |first=Vache |url=http://www.ceghakron.ru/pages/menu/menu3/kgb1.htm |title=Гарегин Нжде и КГБ |year=2001 |location=Yerevan |language=ru |trans-title=Garegin Nzhdeh and the KGB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030124321/http://www.ceghakron.ru/pages/menu/menu3/kgb1.htm |archive-date=30 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}
*{{Cite web |last=Tarasov |first=Stanislav |date=7 July 2014 |title=Зачем Азербайджану Новая "Историческая Родина" |trans-title=Why does Azerbaijan need a new 'historical homeland' |url=https://iarex.ru/articles/49038.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014154609/https://iarex.ru/articles/49038.html |archive-date=14 October 2022 |website=iarex.ru}}
*{{Cite Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus}}
*{{Cite book |author=Volkova |first=Nataliya G. |url=http://elibrary.bsu.edu.az/files/books_rax/N_225.pdf |title=Кавказский этнографический сборник |publisher=[[Nauka (publisher)|Nauka]] |year=1969 |editor-last=Gardanov |editor-first=V. K. |volume=4 |location=Moscow |language=ru |trans-title=Caucasian ethnographical collection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706022008/http://elibrary.bsu.edu.az/files/books_rax/N_225.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2022 |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book |last=Wright |first=John |title=Transcaucasian Boundaries |year=2003 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0805079326 |location=New York}}
*{{Cite book |last=  творчество (Фольклор) |first=Народное |title= Andranik. Armenian Hero |year=2018|publisher= ЛитРес |isbn= 9785040624676 |location=New York}}
*{{Cite book |last=Zakharov |first=Nikolay |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/976083039 |title=Post-Soviet Racisms |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-137-47692-0 |editor-last=Law |editor-first=Ian |location=Leeds, UK |oclc=976083039}}

{{Refend}}

{{Anti-Azerbaijanism}}
{{Azerbaijan topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Massacres of Azerbaijanis in Armenia (1917-1921)}}
[[Category:Anti-Azerbaijanism in Armenia]]
[[Category:Massacres in Armenia]]
[[Category:Massacres of Muslims]]
[[Category:Massacres of the Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by Armenia]]
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in Europe]]
[[Category:War crimes in Armenia]]