View source for Japanese destroyer Hatsushimo (1933)

{{Short description|Hatsuharu-class destroyer}}
{{other ships|Japanese destroyer Hatsushimo}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image= File:Japanese destroyer Hatsushimo (Hatsuharu class).jpg
|Ship caption= ''Hatsushimo'' before 1941
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=[[Empire of Japan]]
|Ship flag = {{shipboxflag|Japan|naval}}
|Ship name=''Hatsushimo'' 
|Ship namesake=
|Ship ordered=1931 Fiscal Year
|Ship awarded=
|Ship builder=[[Uraga Dock Company]]
|Ship yard number=
|Ship laid down=31 January 1933
|Ship launched=4 November 1933
|Ship sponsor=
|Ship christened=
|Ship completed=
|Ship acquired=
|Ship commissioned=27 September 1934
|Ship struck=30 September 1945
|Ship fate=Mined and run aground, 30 July 1945. Broken up 1948-1949
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class= {{sclass|Hatsuharu|destroyer}}
|Ship displacement= {{convert|1802|LT|t|0|lk=in}}
|Ship length=*{{convert|103.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[Length between perpendiculars|pp]],
*{{convert|105.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} waterline
*{{convert|109.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} overall|Ship beam={{convert|10|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|3|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship propulsion=*2 shaft [[Kampon]] geared [[turbine]]s
*3 boilers, {{convert|42000|hp|abbr=on}}
|Ship speed= {{convert|36|kn|mph km/h|lk=in}} 
|Ship range= {{convert|4000|nmi|km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|14|kn|km/h|abbr=on}}
|Ship complement=200
|Ship armament=*(as built) 2 × 2, 1 × 1 - [[12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun]]
*2 × 1 - [[QF 2 pounder naval gun#QF 2-pounder Mark II|40 mm]] AA guns
*3 × 3 - {{convert|61|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} [[torpedo tube]]s
*18 × [[depth charge]]s}}
{{Infobox service record
|is_ship=yes
|label= 
|partof=
|codes=
|commanders=
|operations=*[[Second Sino-Japanese War]]
*[[Invasion of French Indochina]]
*[[Aleutians campaign]]
*[[Battle of Leyte Gulf]] 
|victories=
|awards=
}}
|}
{{nihongo|'''''Hatsushimo'''''|初霜|”First Frost”}} <ref>Nelson. ''Japanese-English Character Dictionary''. page 773</ref> was the fourth of six {{sclass|Hatsuharu|destroyer}}s, built for the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] under the [[1st Naval Armaments Supplement Programme (Japan, 1931)|Circle One Program]] (''Maru Ichi Keikaku''). Three were laid down in JFY 1931 and the next three in JFY 1933. The remaining six ships in the plan were built as the {{sclass|Shiratsuyu|destroyer|4}}.<ref>Lengerer, pp. 92-3</ref>

==History==
Construction of the advanced ''Hatsuharu''-class destroyers was intended to give the Imperial Japanese Navy smaller and more economical destroyers than the previous {{sclass|Fubuki|destroyer|5}} and {{sclass|Akatsuki|destroyer (1931)|0}} destroyers, but with essentially the same weaponry.<ref name="global1">GlobalSecurity.org: [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/hatsuharu-dd.htm IJN ''Hatsuharu'' class]</ref> These conflicting goals proved beyond contemporary destroyer design, and the resulting ships were top-heavy design, with severe stability problems and with inherent structural weaknesses. After the "''Tomozuru'' Incident" of 1934 and "IJN 4th Fleet Incident" in 1935, ''Wakaba'' underwent extensive modifications on completion to remedy these issues.

The ''Hatsuharu''-class destroyers used the same 50 [[Caliber#Caliber as measurement of length|caliber]] 12.7&nbsp;cm gun as the ''Fubuki'' class, but all turrets could elevate to 75° to give the main guns a minimal ability to engage aircraft. During the war the single turret was removed on all surviving ships after 1942. The only [[anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft]] guns were two water-cooled, license-built Vickers [[QF 2 pounder naval gun#QF 2-pounder Mark II|{{convert|40|mm|in|abbr=on}} (''pom pom'')]]. These guns were deemed to be too heavy, slow-firing and short-ranged and were replaced by license-built French [[Hotchkiss et Cie|Hotchkiss]] [[Type 96 25 mm AT/AA Gun|{{convert|25|mm|in|abbr=on}} ''Type 96'']] anti-aircraft guns in single, double and triple mounts from 1943 for the surviving ships. These powered mounts were still unsatisfactory because their traverse and elevation speeds were too slow to engage high-speed aircraft<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNJAP_25mm-60_mg.htm|title=Japan 25 mm/60 (1") Type 96 Model 1|date=4 March 2009|access-date=2009-07-14}}</ref> and more single mounts were fitted to ships in the last year of the war.

The [[61 cm Type 90 torpedo]] was mounted in triple tube ''Type 90 Model 2'' launchers It was traversed by an electro-hydraulic system and could traverse 360° in twenty-five seconds. If the backup manual system was used the time required increased to two minutes. Each tube could be reloaded in twenty-three seconds using the endless wire and winch provided.<ref>Lengerer, pp. 102-3</ref>
''Hatsushimo'' was [[Keel laying|laid down]] on 31 January 1933, [[Ship launching|launched]] on 4 November 1933 and commissioned on 27 September 1934.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://homepage2.nifty.com/nishidah/e/stc0425.htm | title= Hatsuharu class 1st class destroyers | last= Nishidah | first= Hiroshi | year= 2002 | work= Materials of the Imperial Japanese Navy | access-date= 2009-09-28 | archive-url= https://archive.today/20120708213657/http://homepage2.nifty.com/nishidah/e/stc0425.htm | archive-date= 2012-07-08 | url-status= dead }}</ref>

==Operational history==
On completion, ''Hatsushimo'' was assigned to the [[IJN 2nd Fleet]]. During the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], from 1937, ''Hatsushimo'' covered landing of Japanese forces in [[Shanghai]] and [[Hangzhou]]. From 1940, she was assigned to patrol and cover landings of Japanese forces in [[Northern and southern China|south China]], and participated in the [[Invasion of French Indochina]].

===World War II history===
At the time of the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], ''Hatsushimo'' was assigned to Destroyer Division 21 of Destroyer Squadron 1 of the [[IJN 1st Fleet]] together with her [[sister ship]]s {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Hatsuharu|1933|2}}, {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Nenohi|1932|2}}, and {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Wakaba|1934|2}}, and remained in Japanese home waters on anti-submarine patrol. From the end of January 1942, she deployed with the invasion force for the [[Netherlands East Indies]] as part of "Operation H", covering landing operations at [[Kendari]] on [[Sulawesi]] on 24 January, [[Makassar]] on 8 February, and [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]] on 18 February. She returned to [[Sasebo Naval Arsenal]] at the end of March for maintenance.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/wakaba_t.htm  | title=  IJN ''Wakaba'': Tabular Record of Movement| last= Nevitt | first=  Allyn D.  | year= 1997 | work= Long Lancers | publisher= Combinedfleet.com |access-date=2016-07-24}}</ref>

From May 1942, ''Hatsushimo'' was reassigned to northern operations, and deployed from [[Ōminato Guard District]] with Destroyer Division 21 and {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Abukuma||2}} as part of [[Battle of Dutch Harbor|"Operation AL"]] in support of Admiral [[Boshiro Hosogaya]]’s Northern Force in the [[Aleutians campaign]], patrolling around [[Attu Island|Attu]], [[Kiska]] and [[Amchitka Island]] until mid-July. After returning briefly to [[Yokosuka Naval Arsenal]] for maintenance, she continued to patrol in the [[Chishima Islands]], deploying out of [[Paramushiro]] or [[Shumushu]] to Attu and Kiska, making numerous transport runs to deploy supplies and reinforcements until December.<ref>Morison. ''Aleutians, Gilberts and Marshalls, June 1942-April 1944''.</ref>

''Hatsushimo'' returned to Sasebo at the end of 1942, and during a refit, her aft [[QF 2 pounder naval gun#QF 2-pounder Mark II|{{convert|40|mm|in|abbr=on}} (''pom pom'')]] was replaced by twin [[Type 96 25 mm AT/AA Gun|{{convert|25|mm|in|abbr=on}} ''Type 96'']] anti-aircraft guns.

''Hatsushimo'' returned to northern waters from January 1943, continuing patrols and resupply transport missions to the Aleutians. On 26 March, she participated in the [[Battle of the Komandorski Islands]] as part of the [[IJN 5th Fleet]], and unsuccessfully engaged [[United States Navy]] forces at long range with [[torpedo]]es. She withdrew together with {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Nachi||2}} and {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Maya||2}} to Yokosuka at the end of March.

''Hatsushimo'' rejoined the IJN 5th Fleet in northern waters in mid-May, escorting convoys between Paramushiro and Ōminato to late June. In July, she participated in the evacuation of the Aleutians as part of a screening force consisting of the destroyers {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Wakaba|1934|2}}, {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Naganami||2}}, {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Shimakaze|1942|2}} and {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Samidare|1935|2}} . On 26 July, ''Hatsushimo'' rammed ''Wakaba'' in the stern and was rammed in turn by ''Naganami'' during heavy fog,  suffering moderate damage. On her return to Yokosuka for a months of repairs in September, a [[Type 22 radar]] was installed, the “X”-turret was removed, and additional 25&nbsp;mm anti-aircraft guns were added. She was able to return to active duty in mid-October, when she escorted the [[aircraft carrier]]s {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Ryūhō||2}} and {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Chitose||2}} to [[Singapore]] and back.

From 24 November, ''Hatsushimo'' escorted the carrier {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Hiyō||2}} from [[Kure Naval District|Kure]] to [[Chuuk Lagoon|Truk]] via [[Manila]], [[Singapore]], [[Tarakan Island|Tarakan]] and [[Palau]], returning with the carriers {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Unyō||2}} and {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Zuihō||2}} to Yokosuka at the end of the year.

At the start of 1944, ''Hatsushimo'' was reassigned directly to [[Combined Fleet]] headquarters, and continued in escort patrol missions between Yokosuka and Truk. She returned to Sasebo on 14 April, where additional 25&nbsp;mm anti-aircraft guns were added along with an additional Type 22 radar. In June, she participated in the [[Battle of the Philippine Sea]] as part of the First Supply Force, and continued in escort missions between Japan and the Philippines through September.<ref name="ReferenceA">D’Albas. ''Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II''.</ref> In a maintenance refit at [[Kure Naval Arsenal]], additional 25-mm anti-aircraft guns and a [[Type 13 radar]] were added.  ''Hatsushimo'' continued with transport and escort missions to the Philippines through November.

On 24 October 1944, after the [[Battle of Leyte Gulf]], ''Hatsushimo'' rescued 74 survivors from the sunken ''Wakaba'' <ref>Brown. ''Warship Losses of World War II''</ref> On 15 November 1944, ''Hatsushimo'' was reassigned to the IJN 2nd Fleet and assigned to escort missions between Singapore and [[Cam Ranh Bay]] in [[French Indochina]] through the end of the year. It came just two days after her flotilla leader ''Hatsuharu'' had been sunk in shallow waters by US air attacks off Manila.

In February 1945 ''Hatsushimo'' escorted the [[battleship]]s {{ship|Japanese battleship|Ise||2}} and {{ship|Japanese battleship|Hyūga||2}} from Singapore back to Kure during [[Operation Kita]]. While at Kure, yet more 25-mm anti-aircraft guns were installed. In April 1945, ''Hatsushimo'' was part of the escort for the battleship {{ship|Japanese battleship|Yamato||2}} during her final [[Operation Ten-Go]]. She was not hit during the mission, and rescued survivors from ''Yamato'', {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Yahagi|1942|2}} and {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Hamakaze|1940|2}}.

She was subsequently reassigned to Maizuru for use as a training and guard vessels.  On 30 July 1945, ''Hatsushimo'' struck an air dropped [[naval mine]] while under attack from United States Navy aircraft from [[Task Force 38|TF38]] at [[Miyazu, Kyoto|Miyazu Bay]], forcing her crew to beach her at {{coord|35|33|N|135|12|E|display=inline,title}}. The attack killed 17 crewmen. ''Hatsushimo'' was the 129th and last destroyer of the Imperial Japanese Navy to be lost during the war.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>*{{cite encyclopedia | url= http://hush.gooside.com/name/h/Ha/hatsusimo.html | title= Hatsushimo | encyclopedia=The Naval Data Base: The Encyclopedia of World ,Modern Warships }}</ref>

[[File:Japanese destroyer Hatsushimo 1947.jpg|thumb|Japanese destroyer ''Hatsushimo'' in 1947]]
[[File:初霜錨.jpg|thumb|The anchor of ''Hatsushimo'' in Tokyo]]

On 30 September 1945, ''Hatsushimo'' was removed from the [[navy list]]. Her wreck was salvaged and broken up between 1948 and 1949.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://homepage2.nifty.com/nishidah/e/stc0425.htm | title= Hatsuharu class destroyers | last= Nishidah | first= Hiroshi | year= 2002 | work= Materials of the Imperial Japanese Navy | access-date= 2009-09-28 | archive-url= https://archive.today/20120708213657/http://homepage2.nifty.com/nishidah/e/stc0425.htm | archive-date= 2012-07-08 | url-status= dead }}</ref> Her anchor was collected at the time of disassembly and it is exhibited in a hospital in Tokyo.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book | last = D'Albas | first = Andrieu | year = 1965 | title = Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II | publisher = Devin-Adair Pub| isbn = 0-8159-5302-X}}
*{{cite book | last = Brown | first = David | year = 1990 | title = Warship Losses of World War Two | publisher = Naval Institute Press | isbn = 1-55750-914-X}}
*{{cite book | last = Howarth  | first = Stephen | year = 1983 | title = The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun: The Drama of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1895–1945 | publisher = Atheneum  | isbn = 0-689-11402-8}}
*{{cite book | last = Jentsura | first = Hansgeorg | year = 1976 | title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945 | publisher = US Naval Institute Press | isbn = 0-87021-893-X }}
* {{cite book|last=Lengerer|first=Hans|title=The Japanese Destroyers of the Hatsuharu Class|publisher=Conway|location=London|year=2007|series=Warship 2007|pages=91–110|isbn=978-1-84486-041-8}}[http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/77257764 OCLC 77257764]
*{{cite book | last = Nelson | first = Andrew N. | year = 1967 | title = Japanese–English Character Dictionary | publisher = Tuttle | isbn = 0-8048-0408-7 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/modernreadersjap00nels }}
* {{cite book | last = Morison | first = Samuel Eliot | author-link = Samuel Eliot Morison | year = 1961| title = Aleutians, Gilberts and Marshalls, June 1942-April 1944, ''vol. 7 of ''History of United States Naval Operations in World War II | publisher = [[Little, Brown and Company]] | location = Boston | id = ASIN B0007FBB8I}}
*{{cite book | last = Watts | first = Anthony J  | year = 1967 | title = Japanese Warships of World War II | publisher = Doubleday | isbn =  978-0-3850-9189-3}}
*{{cite book | last = Whitley | first = M J | title = Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia | publisher = Arms and Armour Press | year = 2000 | location = London | isbn = 1-85409-521-8 }}

==External links==
*{{cite web | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/hatsus_t.htm  | title=  IJN ''Hatsushimo'': Tabular Record of Movement | last= Nevitt | first=  Allyn D.  | year= 1997 | work= Long Lancers | publisher= Combinedfleet.com}}
*{{cite web | url= http://homepage2.nifty.com/nishidah/e/stc0425.htm | title= Hatsuharu class destroyers | last= Nishidah | first= Hiroshi | year= 2002 | work= Materials of the Imperial Japanese Navy | access-date= 2009-09-28 | archive-url= https://archive.today/20120708213657/http://homepage2.nifty.com/nishidah/e/stc0425.htm | archive-date= 2012-07-08 | url-status= dead }}
*{{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/hatsuharu-dd.htm| title = IJN Hatsuharu class destroyers}}
*{{cite encyclopedia | url= http://hush.gooside.com/name/h/Ha/hatsusimo.html | title= Hatsushimo | encyclopedia=The Naval Data Base: The Encyclopedia of World ,Modern Warships }}

{{Hatsuharu class destroyer}}
{{WWII Japanese ships}}
{{July 1945 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hatsushimo (1933)}}
[[Category:Hatsuharu-class destroyers]]
[[Category:Second Sino-Japanese War naval ships of Japan]]
[[Category:World War II destroyers of Japan]]
[[Category:Ships built by Uraga Dock Company]]
[[Category:1933 ships]]
[[Category:Ships of the Aleutian Islands campaign]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in July 1945]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the Sea of Japan]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by mines]]