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{{Infobox religious biography
| name             = Hanina bar Hama
| native_name      = חנינא בר חמא
| native_name_lang = he
| death_date       = c. 250
| death_place      = Sepphoris, Judea
| religion         = Judaism
| known_for        = Talmudic scholarship
| title            = Rabbi
| teacher          = [[Bar Kappara]], [[Hiyya the Great]], [[Judah haNasi]]
| students         = [[Johanan bar Nappaha]], [[Eleazar II]]
| period           = 3rd century CE (third generation of amoraim)
}}
{{Short description|Babylonian Jewish Talmudist (died c.250)}}
{{Eras of the Halakha}}
'''Hanina bar Hama''' (died c. 250) ({{langx|he|חנינא בר חמא}}) was a [[Jew]]ish [[Talmud]]ist, [[halakhist]] and [[aggadist]] frequently quoted in the [[Talmud|Babylonian]] and the [[Jerusalem Talmud]], and in the [[Midrashim]].

He is generally cited by the name R. Hanina, but sometimes with his patronymic (Hanina b. Hama), and occasionally with the cognomen "the Great".<ref>"ha-Gadol"; [[Ta'an.|Taanit]] 27b; [[Pesikta Rabbati]] 5:15a</ref>

==Biography==
Whether he was a Judean by birth and had only visited [[Babylonia]], or whether he was a Babylonian immigrant in Judea, cannot be clearly established. In the only passage in which he mentions his arrival in Judea he refers also to his sons accompanying him,<ref>Yerushalmi [[Sotah]] 1 17b</ref> and from this some argue that Babylonia was his native land. It is certain, however, that he spent most of his life in Judea, where he attended for a time the lectures of [[Bar Kappara]] and [[Hiyya the Great]]<ref>Yerushalmi [[Sheb.|Shevuot]] 6 35c; Yerushalmi [[Niddah]] 2 50a</ref> and eventually joined the academy of [[Judah haNasi]].<ref>Ronald L. Eisenberg The Streets of Jerusalem: Who, What, Why  2006- Page 301 "Rabbi Hanina (second/third century), Palestinian amora. Born in Babylonia, Hanina came to the Land of Israel and settled in Sepphoris, where he became a wealthy honey trader. One of the prominent disciples of Judah ha-Nasi, Hanina is "</ref>  Under Judah, he acquired great stores of practical and theoretical knowledge,<ref>Yerushalmi [[Niddah]] 2 50b</ref> and so developed his dialectical powers that once in the heat of debate with his senior and former teacher Hiyya he ventured the assertion that were some law forgotten, he could himself re-establish it by argumentation.<ref>[[Ket.|Ketuvot]] 103b</ref>

=== Relations with Judah I ===
Judah thought highly of him, and chose him in preference to his other disciples to spend time with him. Thus when [[Antonines|Antoninus]] once visited Judah, he was surprised to find Hanina in the chamber, though the patriarch had been requested not to permit any one to attend their interview. The patriarch soothed his august visitor by the assurance that the third party was not an ordinary man.<ref>[[Avodah Zarah]] 10a</ref> No doubt Hanina would have been early promoted to an honourable office had he not offended the patriarch by an ill-judged exhibition of his own superior familiarity with scriptural phraseology (see [[Babylonia|Hamnuna]] of Babylonia). However, the patriarch, on his death-bed, instructed [[Gamaliel]], his son and prospective successor, to put Hanina at the head of all other candidates.<ref>Yerushalmi [[Ta'an.|Taanit]] 4 68a; compare [[Ket.|Ketuvot]] 103a</ref> Hanina modestly declined advancement at the expense of his senior, [[Epes the Southerner]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Giat|first=Paltiel|title=A Word in Stone: Zippori in the Sages Literature (Milah be-even: Zippori basifrut chazal)|year=2003|location=Jerusalem |publisher=Israel Nature & National Parks Authority, and The Department for Torah Culture in the Ministry of Education |page=58|language=he|oclc=58417078}}</ref> and even resolved to permit another worthy colleague, [[Levi ben Sisi]], to take precedence. Efes was the principal of the academy for several years, but Sisi withdrew from the country, at which time Hanina assumed the long-delayed honours.<ref>ibid.; [[Shab.]] 59b</ref> He continued his residence at [[Sepphoris]], where he became the acknowledged authority in [[halakhah]],<ref>Yerushalmi [[Sheḳ.|Shekalim]] 1 46a; Yerushalmi [[Betzah|Beṣah]] 1 60a; Yerushalmi [[Gittin]] 4 46b</ref> and where he also practiced as a physician.<ref>[[Yoma]] 49a; compare Yerushalmi [[Ta'an.|Taanit]] 1 64a</ref>

=== His unpopularity ===
According to Hanina, 99% of fatal diseases result from colds, and only 1% from other troubles.<ref>Yerushalmi [[Shab.]] 14 14c</ref> He therefore would impress mankind with the necessity of warding off colds, the power to do so, he taught, having been bestowed upon man by Providence.<ref>[[Bava Metzia]] 107b</ref> But neither his rabbinical learning nor his medical skill gained him popularity at Sepphoris. When a pestilence raged there, the populace blamed Hanina for failing to stamp it out. Hanina heard their murmurs and resolved to silence them. In the course of a lecture, he remarked, "Once there lived one Zimri, in consequence of whose sin twenty-four thousand Israelites lost their lives;<ref>See [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] 25:6-15</ref> in our days there are many Zimris among us, and yet ye murmur!"

On another occasion, when drought prevailed, the murmurs of the Sepphorites again became loud. A day was devoted to fasting and praying, but no rain came, though at another place, where [[Joshua ben Levi]] was among the supplicants, rain descended; the Sepphorites therefore made this circumstance a reflection on the piety of their great townsman. Another fast being appointed, Hanina invited [[Joshua ben Levi]] to join him in prayer. Joshua did so, but no rain came. Then Hanina addressed the people: "Joshua ben Levi does not bring rain down for the Southerners, neither does Hanina keep rain away from the Sepphorites: the Southerners are soft-hearted, and when they hear the word of the Law, they humble themselves, while the Sepphorites are obdurate and never repent".<ref>Yerushalmi [[Ta'an.|Taanit]] 3 66c</ref>

=== His family and pupils ===
Hanina had a son, ShibHat or ShikHat, who died young,<ref>[[Bava Kamma]] 91b</ref> and another, [[Hama bar Hanina|Hama]], who inherited his father's talents and became prominent in his generation. One of his daughters was the wife of a scholar, Samuel b. Nadav.<ref>[[Kodashim|Arachin]] 16b</ref> Another daughter died during Hanina's lifetime, but he shed no tears at her death, and when his wife expressed astonishment at his composure he told her that he feared the effects of tears on his sight.<ref>[[Shab.|Shabbat]] 151b</ref>

He lived to be very old, and retained his youthful vigour to the last. He attributed his extraordinary vitality to the hot baths and the oil with which his mother had treated him in his youth.<ref>[[Hul.|Hullin]] 24b</ref> He recognized his longevity as a reward for the respect he had shown his learned elders.<ref>[[Ecclesiastes Rabbah]] 7:7</ref>

Among his pupils were [[Johanan ben Nappaha]] and [[Eleazar II]], both of whom became rabbinical authorities in Hanina's lifetime. One morning, while walking, leaning on the arm of an attendant, Hanina noticed throngs of people hurrying toward a certain place. In answer to his inquiry, he was informed that R. Johanan was to lecture at the academy of R. Benaiah, and that the people were flocking there to hear him. Hanina thereupon exclaimed, "Praised be the Lord for permitting me to see the fruit of my labours before I die".<ref>Yerushalmi [[Hor.|Horayot]] 2 48b</ref>

==Teachings==
As an [[aggadist]], Hanina was prolific and resourceful and often epigrammatic. Among his aphorisms were: 
* "Everything is determined by Heaven, except one's fear of Heaven." He bases this doctrine of free will on the Scriptural dictum, "And now, Israel, what does the Lord thy God require ([[Hebrew]] שאל = "request") of you, but to fear the Lord thy God"<ref>[[Deuteronomy]] 10:12; [[Berakhot (Talmud)|Berachot]] 33b; [[Niddah (Talmud)|Niddah]] 16b</ref>
* With reference to [[Psalms]] 73:9, "They set their mouth against the heavens, and their tongue walks through the earth," he says, "In general, man sins either against the sojourner on earth or against Heaven, but the evil-tongued sins against both".<ref>[[Ecclesiastes Rabbah]] 9:12; compare Yerushalmi [[Peah.]] 1 16a</ref>
* "Whoever says that God is indulgent (that is, leaves sin unpunished) will find the reverse in his own life's experience; God is long-suffering, but 'his work is perfect: for all his ways are judgment'".<ref>[[Deuteronomy]] 32:4; [[Bava Kamma]] 50a</ref>

He predicted everlasting punishment for he who seduces a married woman, or he who publicly puts his neighbour to shame, or he who calls his neighbour by a nickname.<ref>[[Bava Metzia]] 58b</ref>

==References==
<references />
*{{JewishEncyclopedia|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=H&artid=241|article=Hanina b. Hama}} Its bibliography:
*Bacher, Ag. Pal. Amor. i. 1 et seq.;
*[[Zacharias Frankel|Frankel]], Mebo, p. 86b;
*[[Grätz, Gesch.]] 2d ed., iv. 254 et seq.;
*[[Heilprin, Seder ha-Dorot]], ii. 74d, Warsaw, 1897;
*[[Yitzhak Isaac Halevy Rabinowitz|Halévy, Dorot ha-Rishonim]], ii. 129b et seq.;
*[[Weiss, Dor]], iii. 44 et seq.;
*[[Zacuto]], YuHasin, ed. [[Herschell Filipowski|Filipowski]], pp. 141b et seq.

{{Amoraim}}

[[Category:250s deaths]]
[[Category:Talmud rabbis]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]