View source for HMS Biter (D97)

{{short description|1942 Avenger-class escort carrier of the Royal Navy and French Navy}}
{{other ships|HMS Biter|French ship Dixmude}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2017}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=HMS Biter (D97) underway c1943.jpg
|Ship caption=HMS ''Biter'' underway March 1943
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=[[United Kingdom]]
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=''Biter''
|Ship ordered=[[Type C3-class ship|C3-P&C]]
|Ship awarded=
|Ship builder=[[Sun Shipbuilding & Drydock Co.|Sun Shipbuilding]]
|Ship laid down=28 December 1939
|Ship launched=18 December 1940
|Ship christened=
|Ship acquired=
|Ship commissioned=6 May 1942
|Ship recommissioned=
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=1942–1945
|Ship out of service=
|Ship renamed=
|Ship refit=
|Ship struck=
|Ship fate=Sold to France 1945
|Ship homeport=[[HMNB Clyde]]
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=title
|Ship country=[[France]]
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|France|naval}}
|Ship name=''Dixmude''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship acquired=1945
|Ship commissioned=9 April 1945
|Ship decommissioned=24 January 1951
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=1956
|Ship struck=
|Ship honours=Indo-China 1946
|Ship fate=Sunk as target 10 June 1966
|Ship renamed=
|Ship motto=
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class={{sclass|Avenger|escort carrier}}
|Ship type=
|Ship displacement=*{{convert|8200|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} (normal)
*{{convert|9000|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} ([[deep load]])
|Ship length={{convert|492|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|66|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship height={{convert|23|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught=
|Ship power={{convert|8500|hp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}}
|Ship propulsion=*4 × [[diesel engine]]s
*1 × shaft
|Ship speed={{convert|16.5|kn|mph km/h|lk=in|abbr=on}}
|Ship range=
|Ship capacity=
|Ship complement=555
|Ship sensors=
|Ship armament=*3 × [[QF 4 inch Mk XVI naval gun|{{convert|4|in|mm|abbr=on}} gun]]s
*15 × [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|{{convert|20|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}]] [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft]] [[Autocannon|cannon]]s on single and twin mounts
|Ship aircraft=*15–21;  a mixture of
*[[Grumman Martlet]]s
*[[Hawker Hurricane#Sea Hurricanes|Hawker Sea Hurricane]]
*[[Fairey Swordfish]]
*[[Grumman TBF Avenger#Variants|Grumman Avenger]]
|Ship aircraft facilities=*Hangar: {{convert|190|x|47|ft|m|abbr=on}} by {{convert|47|ft|abbr=on}}
*1 × [[Elevator|lift]]: {{convert|42|x|34|ft|m|abbr=on}}
*9 arrester wires
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

'''HMS ''Biter''''' was a [[Royal Navy]] [[escort carrier]] during the [[World War II|Second World War]]. She was laid down as a [[merchant ship]] at the [[Sun Shipbuilding & Drydock Co.|Sun Shipbuilding & Drydock Company]] yard at [[Chester, Pennsylvania]]. Laid down on 28 December 1939, she was converted to an escort carrier and commissioned in the Royal Navy on 6 May 1942. She was returned to the United States in 1945 and subsequently lent to France.

==Design and description==
''Biter'' was an {{sclass|Avenger|escort carrier|1}}. These carriers were converted [[United States|American]] [[Type C3-class ship|type C3]] [[merchant ship]]s. Their design was based on the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]]′s {{sclass|Long Island|escort carrier|4}} (AVG); to differentiate between the two classes, the Royal Navy added the prefix "B" (BAVG). HMS ''Biter'' (BAVG3) was built by the [[Sun Shipbuilding & Drydock Co.|Sun Shipbuilding and Drydock Company]], originally named the ''Rio-Parana''; she was laid down on 28 December 1939, launched on 18 December 1940 and delivered on 4 September 1941.<ref name=co78>Cocker (2008), p.78.</ref><ref name=po29/><ref>{{cite web|access-date=1 October 2010|publisher=Ship Building History|title=Sun Shipbuilding, Chester PA|url=http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/1major/inactive/sun.htm|archive-date=10 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210150426/http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/1major/inactive/sun.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> She was converted to an escort carrier in the [[Atlantic Basin Iron Works]] at [[Brooklyn]] [[New York (state)|New York]] and commissioned into the Royal Navy on 6 May 1942, under the command of [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] [[Conolly Abel Smith]].<ref name=po51>Poolman (1972), p.51.</ref>

''Biter'' had a complement of 555 men and an [[Length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|492|ft|m|abbr=on}}, a [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|66|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}} and a height of {{convert|23|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name=co78/> She displaced {{convert|8200|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} at normal load and {{convert|9000|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} at [[deep load]]. Propulsion was provided by four [[diesel engine]]s connected to one shaft giving {{convert|8500|hp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}}, which could propel the ship at {{convert|16.5|kn|mph km/h|lk=in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=co79>Cocker (2008), p.79.</ref>

Aircraft facilities were a small combined bridge–flight control on the [[starboard]] side and above the {{convert|410|ft|m|abbr=on}} long wooden flight deck, one {{convert|43|x|34|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[Elevator|aircraft lift]], one [[aircraft catapult]] and nine [[Arresting gear|arrestor wire]]s. Aircraft could be housed in the {{convert|190|x|47|ft|m|abbr=on}} half hangar below the flight deck.<ref name=po29>Poolman (1972), p.29.</ref><ref name=co79/> Armament comprised three single mounted [[QF 4 inch Mk XVI naval gun|{{convert|4|in|mm|abbr=on}}]] [[dual purpose gun]]s and fifteen [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20&nbsp;mm cannons]] on single or twin mounts.<ref name=co79/> She had the capacity for fifteen aircraft which could be a mixture of [[Grumman Martlet]] or [[Hawker Hurricane#Variants|Hawker Sea Hurricane]] [[Fighter aircraft|fighter]]s and [[Fairey Swordfish]] or [[Grumman TBF Avenger#Variants|Grumman Avenger]] [[torpedo bomber]]s (also used for [[Anti-submarine warfare|anti-submarine patrol]]s).<ref name= co79/>

==Service history==
After commissioning, ''Biter'' was being readied to leave New York when a fire broke out on 8 May 1942, in the catapult house which destroyed one of the catapult motors. Eventually believed ready for sea, she left the dock on 15 May but had to return to rectify an engine problem. Ready again for sea, she left on gunnery trials on 30 May and landed her first aircraft—a [[Fairey Swordfish]]—on 2 June. After completing flying trials, she left for [[Nova Scotia]] on 12 June, with one of her Swordfish flying anti-submarine patrols ''en route''. Leaving Nova Scotia for Britain on 14 June, she again suffered from engine problems which cast her adrift for three hours while they were repaired. She continued to suffer from engine problems crossing the Atlantic, and on 17 September a [[depth charge]]-armed Swordfish crashed into her island on landing. After 75 minutes, they managed to safely drop the charge overboard. Arriving at [[Greenock]] on 23 June, she entered dock for modifications and to lengthen her wooden flight deck.<ref name=po51/> On 2 September, she took part in landing trials with a [[Fairey Fulmar]] and practised landings and takeoffs with other [[Fleet Air Arm]] aircraft in the following weeks and exercised in oiling her escort vessels. On 1 October, ''Biter'' arrived in [[Scapa Flow]], where she was joined on 10 October by {{HMS|Avenger|D14|2}}. Her first fighters arrived on 14 October; 15 Sea Hurricanes belonging to [[No. 800 Naval Air Squadron]]. These planes were Sea Hurricane IB's armed with twelve [[M1919 Browning machine gun|{{convert|.303|in|mm|1|abbr=on}}]] [[machine gun]]s and ICs armed with four 20&nbsp;mm cannons. The two escort carriers—joined by the [[fleet carrier]] {{HMS|Victorious|R38|2}}—left for Greenock on 16 October to join the British forces taking part in the North Africa landings [[Operation Torch]].<ref>Poolman (1972), p.55.</ref>
[[File:HMS Biter (D97) and HMS Avenger (D14) aft of HMS Victorious (38) 1942.jpg|thumb|''Biter'' and ''Avenger'' seen from the deck of ''Victorious'', which has two [[Supermarine Seafire]]s on board]]

===Operation Torch===
For the Torch landings, ''Biter'' was part of the covering force off [[Oran]]. The force comprised the [[battleship]] {{HMS|Rodney|29|2}}, the carriers {{HMS|Argus|I49|2}} and {{HMS|Dasher|D37|2}}, the [[light cruiser]] {{HMS|Delhi|D47|2}} and nine [[destroyer]]s. Flying operations began on 8 November 1942, but after a Sea Hurricane crashed into her bridge ''Biter'' was temporarily put out of action. One Sea Hurricane was shot down by a [[Vichy France|Vichy French]] [[Dewoitine D.520]]. Both ''Biter'' and ''Dasher'' were sent back to [[Gibraltar]] on 10 November. ''Biter'' joined a convoy for Greenock and arrived without incident on 19 November and went to [[Dundee]] for an overhaul.<ref>Poolman (1972), p.56.</ref> In February 1943, ''Biter'' joined ''Argus'' and her destroyer escorts on an anti-submarine exercise and then left for Iceland on 13 April accompanied by the destroyers {{HMS|Obdurate|G39|2}} and {{HMS|Opportune|G80|2}} arriving on 17 April.<ref>Poolman (1972), p.61.</ref> Along with HMS ''Pathfinder'' these ships formed 5th Support Group, commanded by Captain Conolly Abel-Smith.

===Convoy ONS 4===
[[File:Fairey Swordfish taking off from HMS Tracker 1943.jpg|thumb|left|[[Fairey Swordfish]] taking off from an [[escort carrier]]]]

''Biter'' had taken aboard [[No. 811 Naval Air Squadron]] under [[Lieutenant Commander#United Kingdom|Lieutenant-Commander]] A.J.B Forde. This was a composite squadron equipped with nine Fairey Swordfish and three Grumman Martlets. On 21 April, ''Biter'' departed Iceland with [[convoy ONS 4]] bound for [[Argentia]]. Captain Abel-Smith had decided to shadow the convoy from a distance believing this would provide them with greater opportunities to engage shadowing [[U-boat]]s. Two Swordfish were kept at immediate readiness to take off and engage any submarine sightings. On 23 April, one of the patrolling Swordfish sighted a U-boat on the surface but it had dived before they got into an attacking position. That same afternoon, another U-boat was sighted by the convoy; they signalled ''Biter'', which was {{convert|50|mi|nmi km|lk=on|abbr=on}} away. By the time the lone Swordfish dispatched had arrived, the U-boat ({{GS|U-191||2}}) had been sunk by {{HMS|Hesperus|H57|6}}.<ref>Poolman (1972), pp.61–62.</ref> ''Biter'' kept up her anti-submarine patrols over the next days and on 25 April, the [[radar]] operator on ''Biter'' reported a submarine contact. The destroyer dispatched to investigate could not find anything, then at 16:25 a Swordfish sighted a U-boat on the surface only {{convert|8|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}} from ''Biter''. Dropping two depth charges the Swordfish reported the sighting and another Swordfish and {{HMS|Pathfinder|G10|6}} were sent to assist. ''Pathfinder'' followed up the Swordfish attack with depth charges of her own, and at 18:40 {{GS|U-203||2}} surfaced and was abandoned by her crew. The convoy safely reached Argentia on 19 April without any loss but had sunk two U-boats.<ref>Poolman (1972), pp.62–63.</ref>

===Convoy HX 237===
[[File:Grumman Wildcat lands on HMS Biter (D97) 1944.jpg|thumb|[[Grumman F4F Wildcat|Grumman Martlet]] landing on board]]
''Biter'' and her destroyers left Argentia on 5 May to join the home bound [[convoy HX 237]], which was escorted by 2nd Canadian Escort Group. At first Abel Smith refused to place his support group in the convoy but was subsequently ordered to do so by the Admiralty. Fog prevented any flying until 07:30 on 7 May, when two Swordfish took off and located the convoy and provided an anti-submarine patrol. The carrier and escorts arrived an hour later. Two Martlets which until now had been idle took part in a patrol but lost the convoy and had to ditch beside a straggling merchant ship which rescued the crews.<ref>Poolman (1972), p.63.</ref> Ordered to close with the convoy by the [[Commander-in Chief]] (C-in-C) [[Western Approaches]] bad weather prevented any flying until after 16:00 on 10 May. The Swordfish responded to a sighting of a U-boat on the surface dropping two depth charges but was hit by anti-aircraft fire from the submarine. A second Swordfish had taken off to assist but could not find the U-boat or the convoy in the bad weather and was forced to ditch beside a straggling merchant ship. On 11 May, a Swordfish engaged another U-boat on the surface which initially fought back with her guns but was eventually forced to dive. The next morning, the patrolling Swordfish reported a U-boat sighting and was never heard from again. It was because of these last engagements that aircraft were ordered to fly in pairs, they were forbidden to fight it out with surfaced submarines and only to attack if it was diving.<ref>Poolman (1972), p.64.</ref> That afternoon a Swordfish sighted and attacked a U-boat diving only {{convert|6|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}} from the convoy. The same U-boat, {{GS|U-89|1941|2}}, was located and sunk by two of the escorts, {{HMS|Broadway}}, a {{sclass2|Town|destroyer|1}}, and {{HMS|Lagan|K259|6}}, a {{sclass2|River|frigate|1}}.<ref name=po65>Poolman (1972), p.65.</ref> On 13 May, the convoy had come within range of [[RAF Coastal Command]] [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator|Consolidated Liberator]]s and [[Short Sunderland]]s. Two Swordfish took off at dawn and discovered two surfaced U-boats, which were attacked by a patrolling Sunderland of No.423 Squadron RCAF from RAF Castle Archdale. Another U-boat was located by a Swordfish at 09:00 and attacked as she was diving with no visible effect.<ref name=po65/> Two U-boats were engaged by aircraft and escorts and sunk; these were ''U-456'', sunk by HMS ''Opportune'' and a Liberator of No. 86 Squadron from RAF Aldergrove, and HMS ''Lagan'', and ''U-753'', sunk by the {{sclass2|Flower|corvette|1}} {{HMCS|Drumheller|K167|6}} and HMS ''Lagan''.
[[File:HMS Biter (D97) aerial bow shot March 1944.jpg|thumb|View of the flight deck from a Swordfish that has just taken off]]

===Convoy SC 129===
With HX 237 now under land-based aircraft cover, the C-in-C Western Approaches ordered ''Biter'' and her escorts {{convert|200|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}} south, where the eastbound [[convoy SC 129]] was being threatened by a gathering [[Wolfpack (naval tactic)|wolfpack]]. On 15 May, light winds over the flight deck, and the inability of the Swordfish to use the catapult launch rail, limited their bomb load to two {{convert|40|lb|kg|abbr=on}} bombs. Just before they closed on the convoy a Swordfish attacked a surfaced U-boat. The two bombs caused no damage to the submarine which returned fire, damaging the plane and wounding the [[air observer]]. Their relief shadowed the submarine until it dived when it carried out another unsuccessful attack. At 13:45, ''Biter'' closed with the convoy and commenced anti-submarine patrols.<ref name=po65/> The convoy reached Britain on 16 May without any loss, and ''Biter'' was ordered to the Clyde.<ref>Poolman (1972), p.66.</ref> As a result of ''Biter''′s experiences on these early convoys, the complement of aircraft carried was increased to 15 bombers and six fighters, with a 50% increase in air crews. [[Homing beacon]]s were to be fitted to all carriers together with a [[Blind approach beacon system|Type 237 blind approach beam]] system for use in poor visibility.<ref>Poolman (1972), p.70.</ref>

===Convoy HX 265===
On 19 October 1943, ''Biter'' with six Swordfish and six Martlets of No. 811 Naval Air Squadron on board left the Clyde to join the westbound [[convoy ON 207]] which arrived at Argentia untroubled on 5 November.<ref>Poolman (1972), pp.104–106.</ref> They left Argentia on 7 November to support [[convoy HX 265]]. ''Biter'' was the lead ship in the [[5th Support Group]], with the destroyers {{HMS|Pathfinder|G10|2}}, ''Opportune'' and ''Obdurate''. They, together with the [[7th Escort Group]], were tasked to sail {{convert|60|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}} and {{convert|120|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}} respectively ahead of the convoy. The intention was they would detect the two large concentrations of U-boats, that were known to be waiting for the next eastbound convoy.<ref>Poolman (1972), p.106.</ref> Aircraft from ''Biter'' made several U-boat sightings but did not sink any; one was reported as probably being damaged on 10 November. On 16 November a Swordfish coming in to land crashed into the sea behind ''Biter''. The force of the crash released the plane's homing torpedo which detonated on the carrier's rudder. The explosion damaged the steering, rudder assembly and some hull plates below the waterline. Once she reached Britain, it took four weeks to repair the damage.<ref>Poolman (1972), pp.106–107.</ref>

==French service==
[[File:French carrier Dixmude leaves San Francisco c1952.jpg|thumb|right|''Dixmude'' leaving San Francisco, 1952]]

''Biter'' was returned to the US Navy on 9 April 1945. She underwent a refit and was lent to the [[French Navy]], where she was renamed '''''Dixmude'''''. The Flotille 3FB equipped with [[Douglas SBD Dauntless|Douglas Dauntless]] [[dive bomber]]s served on the ship between 1945 and 1949 during several campaigns in French Indochina.<ref>Tillman (1998), P.84.</ref> On 24 January 1951 she was removed from the US Navy register and disarmed during her next refit between 1951–1953. She then became an accommodation ship until 1965, when she was returned to the [[US Navy]], who sank her as a target ship on June 16, 1966, in a 6th Fleet exercise, Exercise Deep Six.<ref>USS Tattnall (DDG-19), Deck Log, June 16, 1966.</ref><ref>USS Semmes (DDG-18), Deck Log, June 16, 1966.</ref>

==Notes==

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|last=Cocker|first=Maurice|year=2008|title=Aircraft-Carrying Ships of the Royal Navy| publisher=The History Press|location=Stroud, Gloucestershire|isbn=978-0-7524-4633-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Moulin |first1=Jean |title=Les porte-avions ''Dixmude'' et ''Arromanches'' |date=1998 |publisher=Marines édition |location=Nantes |isbn=2-909-675-39-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Poolman|first=Kenneth|year=1972|title=Escort Carrier 1941–1945|publisher=Ian Allan|location=London|isbn=0-7110-0273-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Tillman|first=Barrett|year=1998|title=SBD Dauntless Units of World War 2, Issue 10 of Osprey Combat Aircraft|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1-85532-732-0}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|HMS Biter (D97)}}
*{{cite book |last1=Moulin |first1=Jean |title=Tous les porte-aéronefs en France: de 1912 à nos jours |date=2020 |publisher=Lela Presse |location=Le Vigen, France |isbn=978-2-37468-035-4|language=fr|trans-title=All the Aircraft Carriers of France: From 1912 to Today|series=Collection Navires et Histoire des Marines du Mond; 35}}

{{Charger class escort carrier}}
{{Type C3-P&C ships}}
{{1966 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biter (D97)}}
[[Category:Avenger-class escort carriers]]
[[Category:1940 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built by the Sun Shipbuilding & Drydock Company]]
[[Category:World War II aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Aircraft carriers of the French Navy]]
[[Category:World War II aircraft carriers of France]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1966]]
[[Category:Ships sunk as targets]]