View source for Cincinnati

{{About|the city in Ohio}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| settlement_type    = [[List of municipalities in Ohio|City]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
 | total_width        = 300
 | border             = infobox
 | perrow             = 1/2/2/2
 | caption_align      = center
 | image1             = Downtown Cincinnati viewed from Mt. Adams (cropped).jpg
 | alt1               = Downtown Cincinnati skyline
 | caption1           = [[Downtown Cincinnati]] skyline
 | image2             = Roebling Suspension Bridge at night.jpg
 | alt2               = John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge
 | caption2           = [[John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge|Roebling Bridge]]
 | image3             = Cincinnati Union Terminal principal facade.jpg
 | alt3               = Cincinnati Union Terminal
 | caption3           = [[Cincinnati Union Terminal|Union Terminal]]
 | image4             = Over-the-Rhine near Findlay Market.jpg
 | alt4               = Over-the-Rhine near Findlay Market
 | caption4           = [[Over-the-Rhine]]
 | image5             = Great American Ball Park (15550307823).jpg
 | alt5               = Great American Ball Park
 | caption5           = [[Great American Ball Park]] 
 | image6             = Renovated Cincinnati Music Hall 2.jpg
 | alt6               = Cincinnati Music Hall
 | caption6           = [[Cincinnati Music Hall|Music Hall]]
 | image7             = The Genius of Water - panoramio (cropped).jpg
 | alt7               = Tyler Davidson Fountain
 | caption7           = [[Tyler Davidson Fountain]]
}}
| image_flag         = Flag of Cincinnati, Ohio.svg
| image_seal         = Seal of Cincinnati, Ohio.svg
| blank_emblem_type  = Logo
| image_blank_emblem = City of Cincinnati logo.png
| nicknames          = The Birthplace of Professional Baseball, The Queen of the West, Athens of the West,<ref name="Luten 1970" /> Cincy, Little Paris,<ref name="Luten 1970">{{cite news |last=Luten |first=Winifred |date=January 11, 1970 |title=How Losantiville Became The Athens of the West |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/01/11/archives/how-losantiville-became-the-athens-of-the-west.html |access-date=June 18, 2020 |newspaper=The New York Times |via=The New York Times Archive |page=411 |archive-date=June 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619184414/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/01/11/archives/how-losantiville-became-the-athens-of-the-west.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Paris of America, Porkopolis, The Queen City, The Nati
| motto              = {{nowrap|''Juncta Juvant'' {{smaller|([[Latin]])}}<br />{{smaller|"Strength in Unity"}}}}
| image_map          = {{maplink
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| map_caption        = Interactive map of Cincinnati
| pushpin_map        = Ohio#USA#North America
| pushpin_relief     = yes
| coordinates        = {{Coord|39|06|00|N|84|30|45|W|region:US-OH_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = [[Country]] 
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|United States}} 
| subdivision_type1  = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1  = {{flag|Ohio}} 
| subdivision_type2  = [[List of counties in Ohio|County]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Hamilton County, Ohio|Hamilton]]
| established_title  = Settled
| established_date   = {{start date and age|1788}}
| established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] (town)
| established_date2  = {{start date and age|1802|01|01|mf=y}}{{sfn|Greve|1904|p=27|ps=: "The act to incorporate the town of Cincinnati was passed at the first session of the second General Assembly held at Chillicothe and approved by Governor St. Clair on January 1, 1802."}}
| established_title3 = Incorporated (city)
| established_date3  = {{start date and age|1820|03|01|mf=y}}<ref>{{harvnb|Greve|1904|pp=507–508}}: "This act was passed February 5, 2851, and by virtue of a curative act passed three days later took effect on March 1, of the same year."</ref>
| named_for          = [[Society of the Cincinnati]] and [[Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus|Cincinnatus]]
| government_type    = [[Mayor–council]]
| leader_title       = [[List of mayors of Cincinnati|Mayor]]
| leader_name        = [[Aftab Pureval]]
| leader_party       = [[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]
| leader_title1      = City manager
| leader_name1       = Sheryl Long
| governing_body     = [[Cincinnati City Council]]
| area_footnotes     = <ref name="TigerWebMapServer">{{cite web |title=ArcGIS REST Services Directory |url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=September 20, 2022 |archive-date=January 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119173812/https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer |url-status=live }}</ref>
| unit_pref          = Imperial
| area_total_sq_mi   = 79.64
| area_total_km2     = 206.26
| area_land_sq_mi    = 77.91
| area_land_km2      = 201.80
| area_water_sq_mi   = 1.72
| area_water_km2     = 4.46
| area_metro_sq_mi   = 4,808
| area_metro_km2     = 12,450
| elevation_ft       = 742
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/>
| elevation_max_point = [[Mount Airy, Cincinnati, Ohio|Mount Airy]]
| population_total   = 309317
| population_as_of   = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
| population_footnotes = 
| population_density_sq_mi = 3969.98
| population_density_km2 = 1532.81
| population_urban   = 1,686,744 ([[List of United States urban areas|US: 33rd]])
| population_density_urban_km2 = 865.7
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 2,242.2
| population_est     = 311097
| pop_est_as_of      = 2023
| pop_est_footnotes  = <ref name="2023 pop est">{{cite web |title=QuickFacts Cincinnati city, Ohio |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/cincinnaticityohio/RHI225222 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref>
| population_metro   = 2,265,051 (US: [[List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas|30th]])
| population_rank    = US: [[List of United States cities by population|64th]]
| population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank1  = Cincinnatian
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Total Real Gross Domestic Product for Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN (MSA) |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/RGMP17140 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |access-date=October 21, 2019 |archive-date=October 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021021432/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/RGMP17140 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Cincinnati (MSA)
| demographics2_info1 = $157.0 billion (2022)
| postal_code_type   = [[ZIP Code]]s
| postal_code        = {{collapsible list
|title = 452XX, 45999<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookupAction!input.action |publisher=USPS |title=Zip Code Lookup |access-date=May 14, 2021 |archive-date=February 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211202238/https://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookupAction!input.action |url-status=live }}</ref>
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
|list_style = text-align:center;display:none
|45201–45209, 45211–45227, 45229-45255, 45258, 45262–45264, 45267–45271, 45273–45275, 45277, 45280, 45296, 45298–45299, 45999}}
| area_code          = [[Area codes 513 and 283|513 and 283]]
| area_code_type     = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]
| website            = {{URL|cincinnati-oh.gov}}
| footnotes          = 
| pushpin_label      = Cincinnati
| timezone           = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|EST]]
| utc_offset         = −5
| timezone_DST       = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
| utc_offset_DST     = −4
| blank_name         = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info         = 39-15000<ref name="GR2">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/ |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 31, 2008 |title=U.S. Census website |archive-date=May 12, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512074548/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/08000.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| blank1_name        = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info        = 1086201<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|1086201}}</ref>
}}

'''Cincinnati''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|ɪ|n|s|ɪ|ˈ|n|æ|t|i}} {{respell|SIN|si|NAT|ee}}; nicknamed '''Cincy''') is a city in and the [[county seat]] of [[Hamilton County, Ohio]], United States.<ref name="GR6">{{cite web |url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |access-date=June 7, 2011 |title=Find a County |publisher=National Association of Counties |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608061745/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |archive-date=June 8, 2011}}</ref> Settled by Europeans in 1788, the city is located on the northern side of the confluence of the [[Licking River (Kentucky)|Licking]] and [[Ohio River|Ohio]] rivers, the latter of which marks the state line with [[Kentucky]]. The population of Cincinnati was 309,317 in 2020, making it the [[List of cities in Ohio|third-most populous city]] in [[Ohio]] after [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] and [[Cleveland]] and [[List of united states cities by population|64th in the United States]]. The city is the economic and cultural hub of the [[Cincinnati metropolitan area]], Ohio's most populous metro area, and the [[Metropolitan statistical area|nation's 30th-largest]], with over 2.265&nbsp;million residents.<ref name=PopEstCBSA>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html |title=2020 Population and Housing State Data |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division |date=August 12, 2021 |access-date=August 14, 2021 |archive-date=August 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824081449/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Throughout much of the 19th century, Cincinnati was among the [[Largest cities in the United States by population by decade|top 10 U.S. cities by population]]. The city developed as a [[port|river town]] for cargo shipping by [[steamboats]], located at the crossroads of the [[Northern United States|Northern]] and [[Southern United States|Southern]] United States, with fewer immigrants and less influence from Europe than [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] cities in the same period. However, it received a significant number of [[German Americans|German-speaking immigrants]], who founded many of the city's cultural institutions. It later developed an [[Industrialisation|industrialized]] economy in manufacturing. Many structures in the urban core have remained intact for 200 years; in the late 1800s, Cincinnati was commonly referred to as the "[[Paris]] of America" due mainly to ambitious architectural projects such as the [[Cincinnati Music Hall|Music Hall]], [[Cincinnatian Hotel]], and [[John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge|Roebling Bridge]].<ref>{{cite web |title=When Cincinnati was 'the Paris of America' |date=April 19, 2010 |work=Building Cincinnati |url=http://www.building-cincinnati.com/2010/04/when-cincinnati-was-paris-of-america.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419145025/http://www.building-cincinnati.com/2010/04/when-cincinnati-was-paris-of-america.html |archive-date=April 19, 2012 }}
* {{cite book |title=Picturesque Cincinnati |page=[https://archive.org/details/picturesquecinci00daws/page/154 154] |publisher=John Shillito Company |year=1883 |oclc=3402849 |location=Cincinnati, Ohio |url=https://archive.org/details/picturesquecinci00daws }}
* {{Cite news |archive-date=February 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216112849/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/13/travel/cincinnati-budget-travel.html |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/13/travel/cincinnati-budget-travel.html |date=July 13, 2016 |last=Peterson |first=Lucas |work=The New York Times |title=From Chili to the Underground Railroad, Cincinnati on a Budget }}
* {{cite book |title=Over-the-Rhine: When Beer Was King |last=Morgan |first=Michael D. |chapter=Side-Door Sundays in the Paris of America |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qwjCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT65 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=9781614231981 |access-date=May 23, 2019 |archive-date=March 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327031823/https://books.google.com/books?id=-qwjCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT65#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

Cincinnati has the [[List of U.S. metropolitan areas by GDP|twenty-eighth largest economy]] in the United States and the [[List of U.S. metropolitan areas by GDP|fifth largest in the Midwest]], home to several [[Fortune 500]] companies including [[Kroger]], [[Procter & Gamble]], and [[Fifth Third Bank]].<ref name="cincinnati1" /> It is home to three professional sports teams: the [[Cincinnati Reds]] of [[Major League Baseball]]; the [[Cincinnati Bengals]] of the [[National Football League]]; and [[FC Cincinnati]] of [[Major League Soccer]]; it is also home to the [[Cincinnati Cyclones]], a minor league ice hockey team. The city's largest institution of higher education, the [[University of Cincinnati]], was founded in 1819 as a municipal college and is now ranked as one of the 50 largest in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rieselman |first=Deborah |title=Brief history of University of Cincinnati |url=http://magazine.uc.edu/editors_picks/fun/briefhistory.html |work=UC Magazine |publisher=University of Cincinnati University Relations |access-date=February 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219091343/http://magazine.uc.edu/editors_picks/fun/briefhistory.html |archive-date=February 19, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit|Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals]] is based in the city.

==History==
{{main|History of Cincinnati}}
{{For timeline}}

=== Etymology ===
Two years after the founding of the settlement then known as "Losantiville", [[Arthur St. Clair]], the governor of the [[Northwest Territory]], changed its name to "Cincinnati", possibly at the suggestion of the surveyor [[Israel Ludlow]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Teetor |first=Henry Benton |date=May–October 1885 |title=Israel Ludlow and the naming of Cincinnati |location=Cleveland |volume=2 |pages=251–257 |quote=The fair and reasonable presumption is that after consultation (certainly with Ludlow, the surveyor of the town, the proprietor of a two-thirds' interest in his own right, and as agent of [[Mathias Denman|Denman]]), St. Clair adopted the name suggested by Ludlow—a name which, as may seen from the following testimony, was not only mentioned for more than a year prior to the coming of St. Clair, but was selected and adopted by Denman, [[Robert Patterson (pioneer)|Patterson]] and Ludlow in the winter of 1788–9, and was inscribed upon the plat made by Ludlow to take the place of the one first made by [[John Filson|Filson]], which was destroyed in a personal altercation between Colonel Ludlow and Joel Williams. |journal=[[Magazine of Western History]]}}</ref> in honor of the [[Society of the Cincinnati]].<ref name="Suess 2013">{{cite news |last=Suess |first=Jeff |date=December 28, 2013 |title=Cincinnati's beginning: The origin of the settlement that became this city |work=[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]] |url=https://www.cincinnati.com/story/ourhistory/2013/12/28/cincinnatis-beginning-the-origin-of-the-settlement-that-became-this-city/5363707/ |access-date=August 11, 2018 |quote=On Jan. 2, 1790, Gen. Arthur St. Clair, governor of the Northwest Territory, came to inspect Fort Washington. He was pleased with the fort but disliked the name Losantiville. Two days later, he changed it to Cincinnati, after the Society of the Cincinnati, a military society for officers in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. |archive-date=March 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317115042/https://www.cincinnati.com/story/ourhistory/2013/12/28/cincinnatis-beginning-the-origin-of-the-settlement-that-became-this-city/5363707/ |url-status=live }}</ref> St. Clair was at the time president of the Society, made up of [[Continental Army]] officers of the Revolutionary War.<ref name="city-ws">{{cite web |title=How Cincinnati Became A City |url=http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/crc/pages/-5928-/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928142621/https://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/crc/pages/-5928-/ |archive-date=September 28, 2006 |access-date=December 11, 2006}}</ref> The club was named for [[Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus]], a [[Roman dictator|dictator]] in the early [[Roman Republic]] who saved Rome from a crisis and then retired to farming because he did not want to remain in power, becoming a symbol of Roman [[civic virtue]].<ref>{{cite web |date=April 6, 2017 |title=46 Interesting Facts about Ancient Rome – Page 15 of 44 |url=https://www.factinate.com/interesting/46-interesting-facts-ancient-rome-2/15?fact=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623193851/https://www.factinate.com/interesting/46-interesting-facts-ancient-rome-2/15?fact=1 |archive-date=June 23, 2018 |access-date=November 29, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Suess">{{Cite web |last=Suess |first=Jeff |date=December 28, 2013 |title=Cincinnati's beginning: The origin of the settlement that became this city |url=https://www.cincinnati.com/story/ourhistory/2013/12/28/cincinnatis-beginning-the-origin-of-the-settlement-that-became-this-city/5363707/ |access-date=January 24, 2020 |website=Cincinnati.com |language=en |archive-date=March 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317115042/https://www.cincinnati.com/story/ourhistory/2013/12/28/cincinnatis-beginning-the-origin-of-the-settlement-that-became-this-city/5363707/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|Cincinnati's connection with Rome still exists today through its nickname of "The City of Seven Hills"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cincinnati.com/local/atoz/upsanddowns.html |title=Cincinnati.com |website=Cincinnati.com |access-date=March 31, 2018 |archive-date=June 29, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629225959/http://www.cincinnati.com/local/atoz/upsanddowns.html |url-status=live }}</ref> (a phrase commonly associated with Rome) and the town twinning program of [[Sister Cities International]].}}

=== Early history ===
[[File:Cincinnati I.jpg|thumb|left|Cincinnati as depicted in 1812 with a population of 2,000<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812 |last=Lossing |first=Benson |publisher=Harper & Brothers, Publishers |year=1868 |page=476}}</ref>|alt=]]

Cincinnati began in 1788 when Mathias Denman, [[Colonel Robert Patterson]], and [[Israel Ludlow]] landed at a spot at the northern bank of the Ohio opposite the mouth of the [[Licking River (Kentucky)|Licking]] and decided to settle there. The original surveyor, [[John Filson]], named it "Losantiville", a combination of syllables drawn from French and Latin words, intended to mean "town opposite the mouth of the Licking".<ref name="History of Cincinnati">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924032193520 |title=History of Cincinnati, Ohio |publisher=Cleveland, O., L.A. Williams & Co. |year=1881 |access-date=February 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522164145/https://archive.org/details/cu31924032193520 |archive-date=May 22, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Cincinnati: The Queen City ''Bicentennial Edition'' {{ISBN|0-911497-11-0}}, Cincinnati Historical Society, 1988, p. 15.</ref> On January 4, 1790, [[Arthur St. Clair|St. Clair]] changed the name of the settlement to honor the Society of the Cincinnati.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suess |first=Jeff |title=Our history: Who was Cincinnatus, inspiration for city's name? |url=https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2017/10/11/our-history-who-cincinnatus-inspiration-citys-name/752548001/ |access-date=March 5, 2021 |website=The Enquirer |language=en-US |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505231650/https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2017/10/11/our-history-who-cincinnatus-inspiration-citys-name/752548001/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1811, the introduction of steamboats on the Ohio River opened up the city's trade to more rapid shipping, and the city established commercial ties with [[St. Louis, Missouri]], and [[New Orleans]] downriver. Cincinnati was incorporated as a city on March 1, 1819.{{sfn|Greve|1904|pp=507–508}} Exporting pork products and hay, it became a center of pork processing in the region. From 1810 to 1830, the city's population nearly tripled, from 9,642 to 24,831.<ref name="The United States Census Bureau">{{cite web |title=Population of the 100 largest cities 1790–1990 |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714032017/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027.html |archive-date=July 14, 2007 |access-date=July 29, 2007 |publisher=The United States Census Bureau}}</ref>

Construction on the [[Miami and Erie Canal]] began on July 21, 1825, when it was called the Miami Canal, related to its origin at the [[Great Miami River]]. The first section of the canal was opened for business in 1827.<ref name="Condit">{{cite book |first=Carl W. |last=Condit |url=https://archive.org/details/railroadcitytech0000cond |title=The Railroad and the City: A Technological and Urbanistic History of Cincinnati |year=1977 |publisher=Ohio State University Press |isbn=9780814202654 |url-access=registration}}</ref> In 1827, the canal connected Cincinnati to nearby [[Middletown, Ohio|Middletown]]; by 1840, it had reached [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]].

Railroads were the next major form of commercial transportation to come to Cincinnati. In 1836, the [[Little Miami Railroad]] was chartered.<ref name="Vexler">{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Vexler |title=Cincinnati: A Chronological & Documentary History}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2018}} Construction began soon after, to connect Cincinnati with the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad, and provide access to the ports of the [[Sandusky Bay]] on [[Lake Erie]].<ref name="Condit" />{{page needed|date=July 2018}}

During the time, employers struggled to hire enough people to fill positions. The city had a labor shortage until large waves of immigration by Irish and Germans in the late 1840s. The city grew rapidly over the next two decades, reaching 115,000 people by 1850.<ref name="city-ws" />

During this period of rapid expansion and prominence, residents of Cincinnati began referring to the city as the Queen City.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suess |first=Jeff |title=Why is Cincinnati called the Queen City? |url=https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2020/12/22/why-cincinnati-called-queen-city/4007103001/ |access-date=March 5, 2021 |website=The Enquirer |language=en-US |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125145038/https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2020/12/22/why-cincinnati-called-queen-city/4007103001/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Industrial development and Gilded Age===
{{see also|Cincinnati in the American Civil War}}
[[File:Cincinnati-in-1841.jpg|thumb|left|Cincinnati in 1841 with the [[Miami and Erie Canal]] in the foreground]]
Cincinnati's location, on the border between the free state of Ohio and the slave state of [[Kentucky]], made it a prominent location for slaves to escape the [[Deep South|slave-owning south.]] Many prominent abolitionists also called Cincinnati their home during this period, and made it a popular stop on the [[Underground Railroad]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cincinnatimagazine.com/citywiseblog/lost-city-underground-railroad/ |title=Lost City: Underground Railroad Sites - Cincinnati Magazine |date=May 18, 2017 |work=Cincinnati Magazine |access-date=November 14, 2018 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118012505/http://www.cincinnatimagazine.com/citywiseblog/lost-city-underground-railroad/ |archive-date=November 18, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2004, the [[National Underground Railroad Freedom Center]] was completed along Freedom Way in Downtown, honoring the city's involvement in the Underground Railroad.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wessels |first=Joe |date=February 16, 2012 |title=National Underground Railroad Freedom Center plans to merge |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ohio-museum-idUSTRE81F04320120216 |access-date=March 5, 2021 |archive-date=May 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502031633/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ohio-museum-idUSTRE81F04320120216 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1859, Cincinnati laid out six streetcar lines; the cars were [[Horsecar|pulled by horses]] and the lines made it easier for people to get around the city.<ref name="Vexler" /> By 1872, Cincinnatians could travel on the streetcars within the city and transfer to rail cars for travel to the hill communities. The Cincinnati Inclined Plane Company began transporting people to the top of Mount Auburn that year.<ref name="Condit" /> In 1889, the [[Streetcars in Cincinnati|Cincinnati streetcar system]] began converting its horse-drawn cars to [[Tram|electric streetcars]].<ref name="Exhibit commemorates the streetcar era">{{cite news |last=O'Neill |first=Tom |title=Exhibit commemorates the streetcar era |newspaper=The Cincinnati Enquirer |date=August 18, 2001 |url=http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2001/08/18/loc_exhibit_commemorates.html |access-date=January 3, 2014 |archive-date=March 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327031825/https://www.cincinnati.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Second Annual Meeting of the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union|Second Annual Meeting]] of the [[Woman's Christian Temperance Union]] was held in Cincinnati in November 1875.<ref name="ABrief1907">{{cite book |last1=Stevenson |first1=Katharine Lent |title=A Brief History of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union: Outline Course of Study for Local Unions |date=1907 |publisher=Union Signal |location=Evanston, Illinois |pages=11–13 |edition=Third |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=edIvAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA11 |access-date=1 October 2023 |language=en |chapter=1875-Cincinnati |archive-date=October 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003143850/https://books.google.com/books?id=edIvAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA11 |url-status=live }} {{Source-attribution}}</ref>

In 1880, the city government completed the [[Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway|Cincinnati Southern Railway]] to [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]]. It was the only municipally-owned interstate railway in the United States until its sale to [[Norfolk Southern Railway|Norfolk Southern]] in March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wetterich |first=Chris |date=February 8, 2019 |title=City-owned railroad (no, not that one) will fund more housing |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/news/2019/02/08/city-owned-railroad-no-not-that-one-will-fund-more.html |access-date=March 5, 2021 |website=Cincinnati Business Courier |archive-date=June 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618170107/https://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/news/2019/02/08/city-owned-railroad-no-not-that-one-will-fund-more.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 19, 2024 |title=NS, City close sale of Cincinnati Southern Railway |url=https://www.progressiverailroading.com/norfolk_southern/news/NS-city-close-sale-of-Cincinnati-Southern-Railway--71494 |access-date=September 20, 2024 |website=Progressive Railroading }}</ref>

In 1884, outrage over a manslaughter verdict in what many observers thought was a clear case of murder triggered the [[Cincinnati riots of 1884|Courthouse riots]], one of the most destructive riots in American history. Over the course of three days, 56 people were killed and over 300 were injured.{{sfn|Stradling|2003|p=67}} The riots ended the
regime of Republican boss [[Thomas C. Campbell]].

===20th century===
[[File:Mount Adams Incline c1905.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mount Adams Incline]], {{Circa|1905}}]]
At the beginning of the 20th century, Cincinnati had a population of 325,902. The city completed many ambitious projects in the 20th century starting with the [[Ingalls Building]] which was completed in 1903. An early rejuvenation of downtown began into the 1920s and continued into the next decade with the construction of [[Cincinnati Union Terminal]], the [[Potter Stewart United States Courthouse|United States Courthouse and Post Office]], the [[Cincinnati Subway]], and the 49-[[Storey|story]] [[Carew Tower]], which was the city's tallest building upon its completion. Cincinnati weathered the [[Great Depression]] better than most American cities of its size, largely due to a resurgence in river trade, which was less expensive than transporting goods by rail. The [[Ohio River flood of 1937]] was one of the worst in the nation's history and destroyed many areas along the Ohio valley.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2016 |title=WATCH: Flood of 1937 in one-of-a-kind video |url=https://www.wcpo.com/news/our-community/from-the-vault/from-the-vault-great-ohio-river-flood-of-1937-was-biggest-event-in-tri-state-history |access-date=March 5, 2021 |website=WCPO |language=en |archive-date=May 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502105858/https://www.wcpo.com/news/our-community/from-the-vault/from-the-vault-great-ohio-river-flood-of-1937-was-biggest-event-in-tri-state-history |url-status=live }}</ref> Afterward the city built protective [[flood wall]]s. After [[World War II]], Cincinnati unveiled a master plan for urban renewal that resulted in modernization of the inner city. During the 1950s, Cincinnati's population peaked at 509,998. Since the 1950s, $250&nbsp;million has been spent on improving neighborhoods, building clean and safe low- and moderate-income housing, providing jobs and stimulating economic growth.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WpBKAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Oversight on Housing and Urban Development Programs, Washington, D.C.: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Housing and Urban Affairs of the Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, Ninety-third Congress, First Session |author=United States Congress Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Subcommittee on Housing and Urban Affairs |date=1973 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |pages=35 |language=en |access-date=September 9, 2023 |archive-date=March 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327031824/https://books.google.com/books?id=WpBKAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 21st century to present ===
At the dawn of the 2000s, Cincinnati's population stood at 331,285. The construction of [[Paycor Stadium|Paul Brown Stadium (currently known as Paycor Stadium)]] in the year 2000 resulted from a sales tax increase in [[Hamilton County, Ohio|Hamilton County]], as did the commencement of construction for [[Great American Ball Park]], which later opened its doors in 2003.

The city experienced the [[Cincinnati riots of 2001|2001 Cincinnati riots]], causing an estimated $3.6&nbsp;million in damage to businesses and $1.5–2&nbsp;million in damage to the city itself. Subsequently, substantial transformations unfolded, particularly in the process of gentrification within the [[Over-the-Rhine]] neighborhood.

In 2018, [[Major League Soccer|MLS]] announced the inclusion of [[FC Cincinnati]], becoming the city's third professional sports team. [[TQL Stadium]], located on Cincinnati's west end, was subsequently constructed and opened its doors in 2021. Notably, the 2020 census revealed that Cincinnati had witnessed a population growth, marking the first such increase since the 1950 census.

On January 4, 2022, [[Aftab Pureval]] assumed office as the 70th mayor of Cincinnati.

=== Nicknames ===
Cincinnati has many [[nickname]]s, including Cincy, The Queen City,<ref>''Close to home: Across the region, dozens of sites have historic ties to the Underground Railroad'', ''The Cincinnati Enquirer'', Sunday, August 15, 2004, "The poet Longfellow, recognizing the town's rising stature, immortalized Cincinnati as the "Queen City of the West". [http://www.cincinnati.com/freetime/nurfc/D1_monlede.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425102258/http://www2.cincinnati.com/freetime/nurfc/D1_monlede.html|date=April 25, 2016}} accessed May 3, 2008</ref> The Queen of the West,<ref name="Museum FAQ">{{cite web |url=http://library.cincymuseum.org/cinfaq7menu.htm |title=Frequently Asked Questions about Cincinnati, Ohio |access-date=September 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101211551/http://library.cincymuseum.org/cinfaq7menu.htm |archive-date=November 1, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Blue Chip City,<ref name="Discount Blue Chip">{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3092/is_n11_v27/ai_6387266 |title=Cincinnati: many discounters say it's a 'blue chip' investment |work=Discount Store News |year=1988 |access-date=September 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527091202/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3092/is_n11_v27/ai_6387266/ |archive-date=May 27, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC Lawley">{{cite news |title=Cookie firm swallows parent: The local Blue Chip Cookies franchisee is buying the company's San Francisco franchiser |first=Lauren |last=Lawley |work=[[Cincinnati Business Courier]] |publisher=[[Advance Publications#American City Business Journals|American City Business Journals]] |date=July 17, 1998 |access-date=May 3, 2008 |url=http://cincinnati.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/stories/1998/07/20/story5.html |quote=In 1984, the Greater Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce began its 'Blue Chip City' campaign, a marketing strategy it continued through last year. |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130118052853/http://cincinnati.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/stories/1998/07/20/story5.html |archive-date=January 18, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 11, 2001 |title=Great cities test: How does Cincinnati stack up to its regional rivals? |url=http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2001/03/11/loc_great_cities.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729162245/http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2001/03/11/loc_great_cities.html |archive-date=July 29, 2012 |work=The Cincinnati Enquirer |quote=Cincinnati's dated 'Blue Chip City' nickname is being replaced with 'Let the spirit move you.' To where? |access-date=February 23, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> and The City of Seven Hills.<ref name="Enquirer Ups downs">{{cite news |title=Ups and downs: The hills are alive, but don't try counting |url=http://www.cincinnati.com/local/atoz/upsanddowns.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629225959/http://www.cincinnati.com/local/atoz/upsanddowns.html |archive-date=June 29, 2006 |work=The Cincinnati Enquirer |access-date=February 23, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> These are more typically associated with professional, academic, and public relations references to the city, including restaurant names such as [[Blue Chip Cookies]], and are not commonly used by locals in casual conversation, with the exception of Cincy, which is often used to refer to the city in absentia.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

"The City of Seven Hills" stems from the June 1853 edition of the ''West American Review'', "Article III—Cincinnati: Its Relations to the West and South", which described and named seven specific hills. The hills form a crescent around the city: [[Mount Adams, Cincinnati|Mount Adams]], [[Walnut Hills, Cincinnati|Walnut Hills]], [[Mount Auburn, Cincinnati, Ohio|Mount Auburn]], [[Vine Street, Cincinnati|Vine Street Hill]], [[College Hill, Cincinnati|College Hill]], Fairmont (now rendered [[South Fairmount, Cincinnati|Fairmount]]), and Mount Harrison (now known as [[Price Hill, Cincinnati|Price Hill]]). The name refers to ancient Rome, reputed to be built on seven hills.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

"Queen City" is taken from an 1819 newspaper article<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter from Alfred Kleinne-Krautzmann to Robert M. Evanson |url=http://www.church-of-ouzo.com/pdf/public-library-of-cincinnati.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324194347/http://www.church-of-ouzo.com/pdf/public-library-of-cincinnati.pdf |archive-date=March 24, 2016 |date=May 7, 1990 |access-date=February 23, 2019}}</ref> and further immortalized by the 1854 poem "Catawba Wine". In it, [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] wrote of the city:

{{poemquote|And this Song of the Vine,
This greeting of mine,
The winds and the birds shall deliver,
To the Queen of the West,
In her garlands dressed,
On the banks of the Beautiful River.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://library.cincymuseum.org/cinfaq7menu.htm |title=Cincinnati FAQs &#124; Cincinnati History Library and Archives |access-date=September 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101211551/http://library.cincymuseum.org/cinfaq7menu.htm |archive-date=November 1, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

For many years, Cincinnati was also known as "Porkopolis"; this nickname came from the city's large pork interests.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-hB6AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA334 |title=Cincinnati, the Queen City, 1788–1912, Volume 2 |publisher=The S. J. Clarke Publishing Company |year=1912 |access-date=May 20, 2013 |author=Clark, S. J. |pages=334 |archive-date=March 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327031927/https://books.google.com/books?id=-hB6AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA334#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

Newer nicknames such as "The 'Nati" are emerging and are attempted to be used in different cultural contexts. For example, the local [[Keep America Beautiful]] affiliate, Keep Cincinnati Beautiful, introduced the [[catchphrase]] "Don't Trash the 'Nati" in 1998 as part of a [[litter]]-prevention campaign.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keepcincinnatibeautiful.org/Programs/dttn.html |title=Don't Trash the 'Nati |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926034617/http://www.keepcincinnatibeautiful.org/Programs/dttn.html |archive-date=September 26, 2008 |access-date=September 4, 2018}}, Keep Cincinnati Beautiful website, accessed May 3, 2008</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rosen |first=Jill |date=March 13, 2007 |title=Getting city to pick it up |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/91581694/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327031932/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-baltimore-sun/91581694/ |archive-date=March 27, 2024 |access-date=January 1, 2022 |work=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |pages=1A, 4A |via=Newspapers.com}} [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/91581642/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327031829/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-baltimore-sun/91581642/|date=March 27, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Initial caddy scholarship sending New Richmond woman to Miami |first=Allen |last=Howard |work=The Cincinnati Enquirer |date=July 21, 2005 |page=C3 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/91582061/ |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=January 1, 2022 |archive-date=March 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327031932/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-cincinnati-enquirer/91582061/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geography==
The city is undergoing significant changes due to [[The cityscape of Cincinnati, Ohio#New development projects|new development]] and private investment. This includes buildings of the long-stalled [[The Banks, Cincinnati|Banks project]] that includes apartments, retail, restaurants, and offices, which will stretch from [[Great American Ball Park]] to [[Paycor Stadium]]. Phase 1A is already complete and 100 percent occupied as of early 2013. Smale Riverfront Park is being developed along with The Banks, and is Cincinnati's newest park. Nearly $3.5&nbsp;billion have been invested in the urban core of Cincinnati (including Northern Kentucky). Much of this development has been undertaken by [[3CDC]]. The [[Cincinnati Bell Connector]] began in September 2016.<ref name="WVXU-2016sep9">{{cite news |last=Rinehart |first=Bill |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Cincinnati's Streetcar Is Open For Business |url=http://wvxu.org/post/cincinnatis-streetcar-open-business |publisher=[[WVXU]] |access-date=September 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910011209/http://wvxu.org/post/cincinnatis-streetcar-open-business |archive-date=September 10, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cinc-enq-2016sep9">{{cite news |last1=Coolidge |first1=Sharon |last2=Tweh |first2=Bowdeya |last3=Williams |first3=Jason |title=It's a go: Streetcar finally opens |newspaper=The Cincinnati Enquirer |date=September 9, 2016 |url=http://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/politics/2016/09/09/updates-streetcar-opening-day/90116412/ |access-date=September 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202034403/https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/politics/2016/09/09/updates-streetcar-opening-day/90116412/ |archive-date=February 2, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Cincinnati is midway by river between the cities of [[Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], and [[Cairo, Illinois]]. The downtown lies near the mouth of the [[Licking River (Kentucky)|Licking]], a confluence where the first settlement occurred.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eJxABLtxX60C&pg=PA13 |title=Centennial History of Cincinnati and Representative Citizens, Volume 1 |publisher=Biographical Publishing Company |year=1904 |access-date=May 22, 2013 |author=Charles Theodore Greve |page=13}}</ref> [[Greater Cincinnati|Metro Cincinnati]] spans southern Ohio, southeastern Indiana, and northern Kentucky; the [[United States Census Bureau|census bureau]] has measured the city proper at {{convert|79.54|sqmi|km2|2}}, of which {{convert|77.94|sqmi|km2|2}} are land and {{convert|1.60|sqmi|km2|2}} are water.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{cite web |title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 6, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archive-date=January 25, 2012}}</ref> The city spreads over a number of hills, bluffs, and low ridges overlooking the Ohio in the [[Bluegrass region]] of the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Physiographic Regions of Ohio |url=http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/portals/10/pdf/physio.pdf |publisher=Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey |author=Ohio Division of Geological Survey |year=1998 |access-date=February 13, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528185532/http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Portals/10/pdf/physio.pdf |archive-date=May 28, 2012}}</ref> The tristate is geographically located within the [[Midwest]] at the far northern extremity of the [[Upland South]].

Three municipalities are enveloped by the city: [[Norwood, Ohio|Norwood]], [[Elmwood Place, Ohio|Elmwood Place]], and [[Saint Bernard, Ohio|Saint Bernard]]. Norwood is a business and industrial city, while Elmwood Place and Saint Bernard are small, primarily residential, villages. Cincinnati does not have an exclave, but the city government does own several properties outside the corporation limits: [[French Park (Amberley, Ohio)|French Park]] in [[Amberley, Ohio|Amberley Village]] and the disused runway at the former [[Cincinnati–Blue Ash Airport|Blue Ash Airport]] in [[Blue Ash, Ohio|Blue Ash]].

===Cityscape===
{{Main|Cityscape of Cincinnati}}
{{See also|List of tallest buildings in Cincinnati}}
{{Panorama | image = File:Downtown Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Panorama Taken from Covington (cropped).jpg | height = 200 | caption = {{center|Panorama of [[Downtown Cincinnati]] along the [[Ohio River]] shoreline, viewed from [[Covington, Kentucky|Covington]], [[Kentucky]]}}}}
[[File:Roebling Bridge from Riverfront Commons, Covington, KY - 51386389937.jpg|thumb|The [[John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge]] spans the [[Ohio River]] between Cincinnati and [[Covington, Kentucky|Covington]].]]
Cincinnati has many [[landmark]]s across its area. Some of these landmarks are recognized nationwide, others are more recognized among locals. These landmarks include: [[Cincinnati Union Terminal|Union Terminal]], [[Carew Tower]], [[Great American Tower at Queen City Square|Great American Tower]], [[Fountain Square, Cincinnati|Fountain Square]], [[Washington Park (Cincinnati, Ohio)|Washington Park]], and [[Great American Ball Park|Great American Ballpark]].

Cincinnati is home to numerous structures that are noteworthy due to their architectural characteristics or historic associations, including the aforementioned [[Carew Tower]], the Scripps Center, the [[Ingalls Building]], [[Cincinnati Union Terminal]], and the [[Isaac M. Wise Temple]].<ref>wisetemple.org</ref> [[Great American Insurance Building at Queen City Square|Queen City Square]] opened in January 2011. The building is the tallest in Cincinnati and the third tallest in Ohio, reaching a height of {{convert|665|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.enquirer.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071221/BIZ01/712210351 |title=Sights in Cincinnati, Ohio |archive-url=https://archive.today/20071230101731/http://news.enquirer.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071221/BIZ01/712210351 |archive-date=December 30, 2007}}</ref>

Since April 1, 1922, the Ohio [[flood stage]] at Cincinnati has officially been set at {{convert|52|ft}}, as measured from the [[John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge]]. At this depth, the [[pumping station]] at the mouth of Mill Creek is activated.<ref name="Post Van Sant">{{cite news |title=Flooding by the Numbers |first=Rick |last=Van Sant |work=[[The Cincinnati Post]] |date=January 23, 1996 |access-date=October 20, 2015 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-72845614.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124145733/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-72845614.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 24, 2016 |url-access=}}</ref><ref name="Banks history">{{cite web |title=History of Riverfront Development |publisher=[[The Banks, Cincinnati|The Banks]] Public Partnership |access-date=October 20, 2015 |url=http://www.thebankspublicpartnership.com/history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124145734/http://www.thebankspublicpartnership.com/history |archive-date=January 24, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> From 1873 to 1898, the flood stage was {{convert|45|ft}}. From 1899 to March 31, 1922, it was {{convert|50|ft}}.<ref name="Banks history" /> The Ohio reached its lowest level, less than {{convert|2|ft}}, in 1881; conversely, its all-time [[high water mark]] is {{convert|79|ft|11+7/8|in}}, having crested January 26, 1937.<ref name="Post Van Sant" /><ref name="Singer">{{cite book |title=Cincinnati on the Go: History of Mass Transit |first=Allen J. |last=Singer |series=Images of America |location=Charleston, South Carolina |publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]] |date=October 20, 2004 |page=24 |isbn=9781439615119 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZ1fC_nxmYMC&pg=PT24 |via=Google Books |access-date=November 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203222332/https://books.google.com/books?id=AZ1fC_nxmYMC&pg=PT24 |archive-date=December 3, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Various parts of Cincinnati flood at different points: [[Riverbend Music Center]] in the California neighborhood floods at {{convert|42|ft}}, while Sayler Park floods at {{convert|71|ft}} and the Freeman Avenue flood gate closes at {{convert|75|ft}}.<ref name="Post Van Sant" /> Frequent flooding has hampered the growth of Cincinnati's municipal airport at [[Cincinnati Municipal Lunken Airport|Lunken Field]] and the [[Coney Island (Cincinnati, Ohio)|Coney Island]] amusement park.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |publisher=[[Coney Island (Cincinnati, Ohio)|Coney Island]] |access-date=October 20, 2015 |url=http://coneyislandpark.com/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009055225/http://coneyislandpark.com/history |archive-date=October 9, 2015}}</ref> Downtown Cincinnati is protected from flooding by the Serpentine Wall at [[Sawyer Point Park & Yeatman's Cove|Yeatman's Cove]] and another flood wall built into [[Fort Washington Way]].<ref name="Enquirer Pilcher expands">{{cite news |title=Flood expands, but impact not yet as bad as in past |first=James |last=Pilcher |work=The Cincinnati Enquirer |date=March 14, 2015 |access-date=October 20, 2015 |url=http://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2015/03/14/flood-expands-impact-yet-bad-past/24774885/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124145733/http://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2015/03/14/flood-expands-impact-yet-bad-past/24774885/ |archive-date=January 24, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Parts of Cincinnati also experience flooding from the [[Little Miami River]] and [[Mill Creek (Ohio)|Mill Creek]].

===Neighborhoods===
{{Main article|List of Cincinnati neighborhoods}}
[[File:All-Neighborhoods-Cincinnati.jpg|thumb|Neighborhoods of Cincinnati]]
Cincinnati consists of fifty-two neighborhoods. Many of these neighborhoods were once villages that have been annexed by the city, with many retaining their former names, such as [[Walnut Hills, Cincinnati|Walnut Hills]] and [[Mount Auburn Historic District|Mount Auburn]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=US8WAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA23 |title=Illustrated Guide to Cincinnati and the World's Columbian Exposition |publisher=R. Clarke |date=1895 |access-date=2013-05-22 |author=Kenny, Daniel J. |pages=52 |archive-date=October 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003143852/https://books.google.com/books?id=US8WAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA23 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Westwood, Cincinnati|Westwood]] is the city's most populous neighborhood, with other significant neighborhoods including [[CUF, Cincinnati|CUF]] (home to the [[University of Cincinnati]]) and [[Price Hill, Cincinnati|Price Hill]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cincinnati.com/storytelling/cincinnati-neighborhoods/metrics/population/ |title=A neighborhood comparison: Population |publisher=[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]] |date=February 24, 2022 |access-date=September 9, 2023 |archive-date=September 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909153548/https://www.cincinnati.com/storytelling/cincinnati-neighborhoods/metrics/population/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Downtown Cincinnati]] is the city's [[central business district]] and contains a number of neighborhoods in the flat land between the [[Ohio River]] and uptown. These neighborhoods include [[Over-the-Rhine]], [[Pendleton, Cincinnati|Pendleton]], [[Queensgate, Cincinnati|Queensgate]], and [[West End, Cincinnati|West End]]. Over-the-Rhine is among the largest, most intact urban [[Historic districts in the United States|historic district]]s in the United States.<ref name=guide>Over-the-Rhine Foundation. [http://www.otrfoundation.org/OTR_Architecture.htm Guide to OTR Architecture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521014111/http://www.otrfoundation.org/OTR_Architecture.htm |date=May 21, 2023 }}. Accessed on 2009-08-13.</ref> Most of Over-the-Rhine's ornate brick buildings were built by German immigrants from 1865 to the 1880s.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Cincinnati, Life Breathes Anew in Riot-Scarred Area |last=MAAG |first=CHRISTOPHER |date=November 25, 2006 |work=[[New York Times]]}}</ref> The neighborhood has been intensely redeveloped in the 21st century, with a focus on fostering small businesses.<ref name="politico1606">{{cite web |last1=Woodard |first1=Colin |title=How Cincinnati Salvaged the Nation's Most Dangerous Neighborhood |date=16 June 2016 |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/06/what-works-cincinnati-ohio-over-the-rhine-crime-neighborhood-turnaround-city-urban-revitalization-213969 |publisher=Politico |access-date=14 June 2018 |archive-date=August 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826095731/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/06/what-works-cincinnati-ohio-over-the-rhine-crime-neighborhood-turnaround-city-urban-revitalization-213969/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Climate===
{{climate chart
|Cincinnati, Ohio
|23.1|39.6|3.30
|25.8|43.7|3.17
|33.8|53.5|4.16
|43.7|65.5|4.53
|53.7|74.5|4.67
|62.1|82.6|4.75
|65.9|86|3.83
|64.6|85.2|3.43
|57.3|78.9|3.11
|45.7|66.7|3.35
|35.1|53.8|3.23
|27.9|43.3|3.73
|units = imperial
|float = left
}}
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| total_width       = 320
| image1            = Piatt Park in Winter.jpg
| alt1              = 
| caption1          = 
| image2            = Piatt Park in Summer.jpg
| alt2              = 
| caption2          = 
| footer            = [[Piatt Park]] in winter and summer foliage
}}

Cincinnati is at the southern limit (considering the {{convert|0|C|F|disp=or}} [[Contour line#Temperature and related subjects|isotherm]]) of the [[humid continental climate]] zone ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Dfa''), bordering the [[humid subtropical climate]] zone (''Cfa'').

Summers are hot and humid, with significant rainfall in each month and highs reaching {{convert|90|°F|0}} or above on 21 days per year, often with high dew points and humidity. July is the warmest month, with a daily average temperature of {{convert|75.9|°F|1}}.<ref name="NOAA txt" />

Winters tend to be cold and moderately snowy, with January, the coldest month, averaging at {{convert|30.8|°F|1}}.<ref name="NOAA txt" /> Lows reach {{convert|0|°F|0}} on an average 2.6 nights yearly.<ref name="NOAA txt" /> An average winter will see around {{convert|22.1|in|cm}} of snowfall, contributing to the yearly {{convert|42.5|in|sigfig=3}} of precipitation, with rainfall peaking in spring.<ref name=NOAA /> Extremes range from {{convert|−25|°F|0}} on January 18, 1977, up to {{convert|108|°F|0}} on July 21 and 22, 1934.<ref name=NWS />

While snow in Cincinnati is not as intense as many of the cities located closer to the Great Lakes, there have been notable cases of severe snowfall, including the [[Great Blizzard of 1978]], and more notable snowstorms in 1994, [[North American blizzard of 1999|1999]], [[February 2007 North American blizzard|2007]], and [[Winter Storm Uri|2021]].

Severe [[thunderstorms]] are common in the warmer months, and [[tornadoes]], while infrequent, are not unknown, with such events striking the Metro Cincinnati area most recently in 1974, 1999, 2012, and 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Weather Service: 5 tornadoes hit Tri-State on Wednesday |url=http://www.wcpo.com/news/local-news/hamilton-county/cincinnati/wednesdays-storms-leave-damage-scattered-around-tri-state |publisher=WCPO |access-date=September 29, 2017 |date=March 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929044808/http://www.wcpo.com/news/local-news/hamilton-county/cincinnati/wednesdays-storms-leave-damage-scattered-around-tri-state |archive-date=September 29, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Cincinnati weatherbox}}
{{Graph:Weather monthly history
| table=ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Cincinnati.tab
| title=Cincinnati monthly weather statistics
}}

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Cincinnati}}
{{Graph:Chart
 | width=900
 | height=400
 | yAxisTitle=Percentage of population
 | type=rect
 | x=1950,1970,1990,2000,2010,2020
 | y = 84.4,71.9,60.5,53.0,49.3,50.3
 | y2 = 0,71.4,60.2,51.7,48.1,48.2
 | y3 = 15.5,27.6,37.9,42.9,44.8,41.4
 | y4 = 0,0.6,0.7,1.3,2.8,4.2
 | y5 = 0.13,0.2,1.1,1.5,1.8,2.2
 | y1Title=White
 | y2Title=Non-Hispanic
 | y3Title=Black or African American
 | y4Title=Hispanic or Latino (of any race)
 | y5Title=Asian
 |colors=#ecbcb4,brown,tan,#e2d344,#f1c27d
 |legend=Legend
 |showValues=%
}}
{{Historical populations
|1800|850
|1810|2540
|1820|9642
|1830|24831
|1840|46338
|1850|115435
|1860|161044
|1870|216239
|1880|255139
|1890|296908
|1900|325902
|1910|363591
|1920|401247
|1930|451160
|1940|455610
|1950|503998
|1960|502550
|1970|452525
|1980|385460
|1990|364040
|2000|331285
|2010|296943
|2020|309317
|2023|311097
|source = U.S. decennial census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html |title=Decennial Census of Population and Housing |publisher=[[Census.gov]] |access-date=October 19, 2022 |archive-date=April 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426102944/http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />1810–1970<ref name="The United States Census Bureau"/> 1980–2000<ref>{{cite web |publisher=The United States Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/c1008090pc.txt |title=1980–1990 Population of Places With 100,000 or More Inhabitants |access-date=July 29, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808221022/http://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/c1008090pc.txt |archive-date=August 8, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=citypopulation.de |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/USA-Ohio.html |title=2009 Estimates for Ohio Cities |access-date=February 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605143659/http://www.citypopulation.de/USA-Ohio.html |archive-date=June 5, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><br/>2010–2020<ref name="2023 pop est" /> 2023 (est)<ref name="2023 pop est" />
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! Demographic profile
!2020<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2020 |title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/cincinnaticityohio |access-date=December 5, 2022 |website=United States Census Bureau |archive-date=February 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217090706/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/cincinnaticityohio |url-status=live }}</ref>!! 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3915000.html |title=Cincinnati (city), Ohio |work=State & County QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524080818/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3915000.html |archive-date=May 24, 2015 |access-date=May 17, 2015}}</ref>
!2000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/planning/linkservid/B6986A16-90FD-0DDE-CE3F0F7DE86023CB/showMeta/0/ |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171018195153/http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/planning/linkservid/B6986A16-90FD-0DDE-CE3F0F7DE86023CB/showMeta/0/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 18, 2017 |title=Cincinnati Population: Race, Age by Statistical Neighborhoods Census 2000 |website=www.cincinnati-oh.gov}}</ref>!! 1990<ref name="pop" /> !! 1970<ref name="pop" /> !! 1950<ref name="pop" />
|-
| [[White American|White]]
|50.3%|| 48.2%
|53.0%|| 60.5% || 71.9% || 84.4%
|-
|&nbsp;—[[Non-Hispanic whites|Non-Hispanic]]
|48.2%|| 48.1%
|51.7%|| 60.2% || 71.4%<ref name="fifteen">From 15% sample</ref> || n/a
|-
| [[African American|Black or African American]]
|41.4%
| 44.8%
|42.9%|| 37.9% || 27.6% || 15.5%
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (of any race)
|4.2%|| 2.8%
|1.3%|| 0.7% || 0.6% || n/a
|-
| [[Asian American|Asian]]
|2.2%|| 1.8%
|1.5%|| 1.1% || 0.2% || 0.1%
|}[[File:Race and ethnicity 2010- Cincinnati (5560448832).png|thumb|left |Map of racial distribution in Cincinnati, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ff0000|White}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#0000ff|Black}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#00ffaa|Asian}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffa600|Hispanic}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffff07|Other}}]]

In 1950, Cincinnati reached its peak population of 503,998; thereafter, it lost population in every census count from 1960 to 2010. In the late 20th century, industrial restructuring caused a loss of jobs. More recently, the population has begun recovering: the 2020 census reports a population of 309,317, representing a 4.2% increase from 296,943 in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census.gov |url=https://www.census.gov/en.html |access-date=November 5, 2021 |website=Census.gov |language=EN-US |archive-date=December 27, 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This marked the first increase in population recorded since the 1950 Census, reversing a 60-year trend of population decline.

At the 2020 census,<ref name="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/cincinnaticityohio |title=U.S. Census website |access-date=December 5, 2022 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |archive-date=February 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217090706/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/cincinnaticityohio |url-status=live }}</ref> there were 309,317 people, 138,696 households, and 62,319 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|3809.9|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 161,095 housing units at an average density of {{convert|2066.9|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 50.3% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 41.4% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.1% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 2.2% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.1% [[Race (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 1.2% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 4.6% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 4.2% of the population.

There were 138,696 households, of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 23.2% were married couples living together, 19.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 53.3% were non-families. 43.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 3.00.

The median age in the city was 32.5 years. 21.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 14.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.4% were from 25 to 44; 24.1% were from 45 to 64; and 10.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3915000.html |title=Cincinnati (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau |work=census.gov |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524080818/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3915000.html |archive-date=May 24, 2015 |access-date=May 17, 2015}}</ref>

As of the 2022 [[Population Estimates Program|census estimates]], the [[Cincinnati metropolitan area]] had a population of 2,265,051, making it the [[Metropolitan statistical area|30th-largest metropolitan statistical area]] in the country. It includes the [[Ohio]] counties of [[Hamilton County, Ohio|Hamilton]], [[Butler County, Ohio|Butler]], [[Warren County, Ohio|Warren]], [[Clermont County, Ohio|Clermont]], [[Clinton County, Ohio|Clinton]], and [[Brown County, Ohio|Brown]], as well as the [[Kentucky]] counties of [[Boone County, Kentucky|Boone]], [[Bracken County, Kentucky|Bracken]], [[Campbell County, Kentucky|Campbell]], [[Gallatin County, Kentucky|Gallatin]], [[Grant County, Kentucky|Grant]], [[Kenton County, Kentucky|Kenton]], and [[Pendleton County, Kentucky|Pendleton]], and the [[Indiana]] counties of [[Dearborn County, Indiana|Dearborn]], [[Franklin County, Indiana|Franklin]], [[Union County, Indiana|Union]], and [[Ohio County, Indiana|Ohio]].

==Economy==
{{See also|List of companies in Greater Cincinnati}}
Metropolitan Cincinnati has the [[List of U.S. metropolitan areas by GDP|twenty-eighth largest economy]] in the United States and the [[List of U.S. metropolitan areas by GDP|fifth largest in the Midwest]], after [[Chicago]], [[Minneapolis–St. Paul]], [[Detroit]], and [[St. Louis]]. In 2016, it had the fastest-growing Midwestern economic capital.<ref name="cincinnati1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.cincinnati.com/story/money/2015/09/23/cincinnati-economy-fastest-growing-midwest/72689970/ |title=Cincinnati economy fastest-growing in the Midwest |newspaper=Cincinnati.com |access-date=December 1, 2016 |archive-date=October 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022054127/https://www.cincinnati.com/story/money/2015/09/23/cincinnati-economy-fastest-growing-midwest/72689970/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The gross domestic product for the region was $127 billion (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=127000000000|start_year=2015}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/cincinnaticityohio/PST045216 |title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Cincinnati city, Ohio |website=www.census.gov |language=en |access-date=November 16, 2017}}</ref> The median home price is $158,200, and the [[cost of living]] in Cincinnati is 8% below the national average. As of September 2022, the unemployment rate is 3.3%, below the national average.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Midwest Economy - Labor Force Statistics : Midwest Information Office : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |url=https://www.bls.gov/regions/midwest/data/xg-tables/ro5xg02.htm#ro5xg02msa.f.p |access-date=November 7, 2022 |website=www.bls.gov |language=en |archive-date=November 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107215402/https://www.bls.gov/regions/midwest/data/xg-tables/ro5xg02.htm#ro5xg02msa.f.p |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |url=https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000?years_option=all_years |access-date=November 7, 2022}}</ref>

Several Fortune 500 companies are headquartered in Cincinnati, such as [[Kroger]], [[Procter & Gamble]], [[Western & Southern Financial Group]], [[Fifth Third Bank]], [[American Financial Group]], and [[Cintas]]. [[General Electric]] has headquartered their Global Operations Center in Cincinnati; [[GE Aerospace]] is based in [[Evendale, Ohio|Evendale]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.cincinnati.com/story/money/2016/05/14/ges-big-addition-cincinnati-riverfront/83545678/ |title=GE's big addition to the Cincinnati riverfront |newspaper=Cincinnati.com |access-date=December 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213145244/https://www.cincinnati.com/story/money/2016/05/14/ges-big-addition-cincinnati-riverfront/83545678/ |archive-date=December 13, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Kroger Company employs over 20,000 people locally, making it the largest employer in the city; the other four largest employers are [[Cincinnati Children's Hospital]], [[TriHealth]], the [[University of Cincinnati]], and [[St. Elizabeth Healthcare (Kentucky)|St. Elizabeth Healthcare]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Drilling |first=Joanne |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/subscriber-only/2023/07/07/largest-cincinnati-area-employers.html |title=Greater Cincinnati's Largest Employers, 2023 |date=July 7, 2023 |work=[[Cincinnati Business Courier]] |access-date=October 12, 2023 |archive-date=March 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327032859/https://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/subscriber-only/2023/07/07/largest-cincinnati-area-employers.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Cincinnati is home to a [[Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Cincinnati Branch|branch office]] of the [[Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.clevelandfed.org/en/about-us/ |title=About Us |date=June 29, 2023 |publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland |access-date=September 24, 2023 |archive-date=August 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817024232/https://www.clevelandfed.org/en/about-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Arts and culture==
{{See also|Culture of Cincinnati}}

===Society===
[[File:Carew Tower, Cincinnati, Ohio.jpg|thumb|[[Carew Tower]], the city's second-tallest building, and ''[[Tyler Davidson Fountain|The Genius of Water]]'', a symbol of Cincinnati]]
Cincinnati was platted and proliferated by [[American ancestry|American settlers]], including [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch Irish]], [[American frontier|frontiersmen]], and [[keelboat]]ers. For over a century and a half, Cincinnati went unchallenged as the most prominent of Ohio's cities, a role that earned it the nickname of "chief city of Ohio" in the 1879 ''[[New American Cyclopædia]]''. In addition to this book, countless other books have documented the social history of both the city and its frontier people.<ref>{{cite book |title=Cincinnati: Queen City of the West, 1819-1838 |last1=Aaron |first1=Daniel |publisher=Ohio State University Press |year=1992 |isbn=0814205704}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Ohio: The History of a People |last1=Cayton |first1=Andrew R. L. |publisher=Ohio State University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0814208991}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Cincinnati: The Queen City |last1=Hurley |first1=Daniel |publisher=Cincinnati Historical Society |year=1982 |isbn=978-0911497007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Pioneers |last1=McCullough |first1=David |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2019 |isbn=978-1501168680}}</ref> The city fathers, of [[Old Stock Americans|Anglo-American]] families of prominence, were [[Episcopalian]]. Inspired by its earlier horseback [[circuit rider (religious)|circuit preachers]], early [[Methodism]] was also important. The first established [[Methodism|Methodist class]] in the [[Northwest Territory]] came 1797 to nearby [[Milford, Ohio|Milford]]. By 1879, there were 162 documented church edifices in the city. For this reason, from the beginning, [[Mainline Protestant|Protestantism]] has played a formative role in the Cincinnati ethos. [[Christ Church Cathedral (Cincinnati)|Christ Church Cathedral]] continues the legacy of the early Anglican leaders of Cincinnati, noted by historical associations as being a keystone of civic history; and among Methodist institutions were [[The Christ Hospital]] as well as projects of the [[Nast Trinity United Methodist Church|German Methodist Church]].<ref>{{cite book |title=A Forgotten Heritage: The German Methodist Church |last1=Dixon |first1=Barbara |publisher=Little Miami Publishing Company |year=2011 |isbn=978-1932250961}}</ref> One of Cincinnati's biggest proponents of Methodism was the Irish immigrant [[James Gamble (industrialist)|James Gamble]], who together with [[William Procter (industrialist)|William Procter]] founded [[Procter & Gamble]]; in addition to being a devout Methodist, Gamble and his estate donated money to construct Methodist churches throughout Greater Cincinnati.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.delhihistoricalsociety.org/blog/2018/3/26/shiloh-methodist-church |title=Shiloh Methodist Church |website=www.delhihistoricalsociety.org |date=March 27, 2018 |language=en-us |access-date=April 30, 2022 |archive-date=November 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116215749/https://www.delhihistoricalsociety.org/blog/2018/3/26/shiloh-methodist-church |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:The Belle of Louisville docks next to the Natchez in Cincinnati for Tall Stacks 2006.jpg|thumb|[[Tall Stacks]], held every three or four years between 1988 and 2006, celebrated the city's [[riverboat]] heritage.]]
Cincinnati, being a rivertown crossroads, depended on trade with the [[slave states]] south of the Ohio River at a time when thousands of black people were settling in the free state of Ohio. Most of them came after the [[American Civil War]] and were from [[Kentucky]] and [[Virginia]] with many of them fugitives who had sought freedom and work in the North. In the antebellum years, the majority of native-born whites in the city came from northern states, primarily [[Pennsylvania]].<ref>Taylor (2005), ''Frontiers of Freedom,'' pp. 20–21</ref> Though 57 percent of whites migrated from free states, 26 percent were from southern states and they retained their cultural support for slavery. This quickly led to tensions between pro-slavery residents and [[abolitionism|abolitionists]] who sought lifting restrictions on free black people, as codified in the "Black Code" of 1804.<ref name=Aaron1992/> In the pre-Civil War period, Cincinnati had been called "a Southern city on free soil".<ref>{{cite book |title=Theodore Weld, crusader for freedom |first=Benjamin Platt |last=Thomas |location=[[New Brunswick, New Jersey]] |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1950 |oclc=6655058}}</ref>{{rp|44}} Volatile social conditions saw [[Cincinnati riots of 1829|riots in 1829]], when many black people lost their homes and property. As the Irish entered the city in the late 1840s, they competed with black people at the lower levels of the economy. White-led riots against black people occurred [[Cincinnati Riots of 1836|in 1836]], when an abolitionist press was twice destroyed; and in 1842.<ref name=Aaron1992>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCgVN3FKOxQC&pg=PA300 |page=300ff |title=Cincinnati, Queen City of the West: 1819–1838 |first=Daniel |last=Aaron |publisher=Ohio State University Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-8142-0570-9 |access-date=October 24, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113230317/https://books.google.com/books?id=eCgVN3FKOxQC&pg=PA300 |archive-date=January 13, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> More than 1,000 black people abandoned the city after the 1829 riots. Black people in [[Philadelphia]] and other major cities raised money to help the refugees recover from the destruction. By 1842 black people had become better established in the city; they defended themselves and their property in the riot, and worked politically as well.<ref>{{cite book |author=Nikki Marie Taylor |title=Frontiers of Freedom: Cincinnati's Black Community, 1802–1868 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZC8xDzjUM-cC |year=2005 |publisher=Ohio University Press |isbn=978-0-8214-1579-5 |access-date=October 16, 2015 |archive-date=March 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327033020/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZC8xDzjUM-cC |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Dancers at Oktoberfest.jpg|thumb|Dancers perform the [[Schuhplattler]] at [[Oktoberfest Zinzinnati]].]]
Germans were among the earliest newcomers, migrating from Pennsylvania, Virginia and [[Tennessee]]. [[David Ziegler]] succeeded [[Arthur St. Clair]] in command at [[Fort Washington (Cincinnati, Ohio)|Fort Washington]]. After the conclusion of the [[Northwest Indian War]] and removal of Native Americans to the west, he was elected as Cincinnati's first town president in 1802.{{sfn|Greve|1904|p=440|ps=: "This explains a common confusion of ideas as to the first mayor of Cincinnati. David Ziegler was the first president of the town, [[William Corry (Cincinnati mayor)|William Corry]] the first mayor of the town, and [[Isaac G. Burnet]] the first mayor of the city."}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-hB6AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA9 |title=Cincinnati, the Queen City, 1788–1912, Volume 2 |publisher=The S. J. Clarke Publishing Company |year=1912 |access-date=May 20, 2013 |author=Clark, S. J. |page=9 |archive-date=March 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327032901/https://books.google.com/books?id=-hB6AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Cincinnati was influenced by [[Ireland|Irishmen]], and [[Prussia]]ns and [[Old Saxony|Saxons]] ([[Northern Germany|northern Germans]]), seeking to emigrate away from crowding and strife. In 1830, residents with German roots made up 5% of the population, as many had migrated from Pennsylvania; ten years later this had increased to 30%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cincinnati-cityofimmigrants.com/cci/german.htm |title=:: Cincinnati, A City of Immigrants |publisher=Cincinnati-cityofimmigrants.com |access-date=July 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724105123/http://www.cincinnati-cityofimmigrants.com/cci/german.htm |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Thousands of Germans entered the city after the [[German revolutions of 1848–49]], and by 1900, more than 60 percent of its population was of Prussian background.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hetzer |first=Laura |title=Cincinnati: Our German History |url=http://voices.yahoo.com/cincinnati-our-german-history-327345.html |publisher=Yahoo! |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102191716/http://voices.yahoo.com/cincinnati-our-german-history-327345.html |archive-date=November 2, 2012}}{{unreliable source?|date=July 2015}}</ref> The menial-jobbed, aggravated Irish often organized mobs, and the Germans, far away from their [[Pennsylvania Dutch]] connections, did the same. Traditions and celebrations of the city's immigrant communities have been sustained; nearby [[Waynesville, Ohio|Waynesville]] hosts the yearly Ohio Sauerkraut Festival,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.SauerkrautFestival.Com/ |title=Ohio Sauerkraut Festival |date=December 16, 2017 |work=SauerkrautFestival.Com |access-date=December 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117180858/http://www.sauerkrautfestival.com/ |archive-date=January 17, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> and Cincinnati hosts several big yearly events which commemorate connections to the Old World. [[Oktoberfest Zinzinnati]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cincinnati.com/story/entertainment/2014/09/16/hey-fonzie-welcome-zinzinnati/15718493/ |title=Oktoberfest Zinzinnati: Hey, Fonzie: Welcome to town! |date=September 16, 2014 |work=Cincinnati.com |access-date=January 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124145733/http://www.cincinnati.com/story/entertainment/2014/09/16/hey-fonzie-welcome-zinzinnati/15718493/ |archive-date=January 24, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bockfest]],<ref>[http://www.cincyusa.com/events/popular/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122034409/http://www.cincyusa.com/events/popular/|date=January 22, 2015}}, Cincy USA website</ref> and the [[Taste of Cincinnati]] feature local restaurateurs.

[[History of the Jews in Cincinnati|Cincinnati's Jewish community]] was developed by those from England and Germany. A large segment of the community, led by [[Isaac M. Wise]], developed [[Reform Judaism]] in response to the influences of the Enlightenment and making their new lives in the United States. Rabbi Wise, known as a founding father of the Reform movement, and his contemporaries, bore a great influence on the Jewish faith in Cincinnati, the United States, and worldwide.<ref name=je>{{Jewish Encyclopedia|inline=1|title=WISE, ISAAC MAYER|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14954-wise-isaac-mayer|last1=Adler|first1=Cyrus|author-link1=Cyrus Adler|last2=Philipson|first2=David|author-link2=David Philipson|access-date=December 3, 2015}}<br/>'''Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography:'''
*I. M. Wise, ''Reminiscences'', transl. from the German and ed. by David Philipson, Cincinnati, 1901;
* {{cite book |volume=XXI |last1=Skolnik |first1=Fred |last2=Berenbaum |first2=Michael |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |page=100 |quote=...Wise's foresightedness and tenacity in laying its three institutional cornerstones earned him the title 'founding father' of the indigenous Reform movement in America |title=Encyclopaedia Judaica}}
*''[[The American Israelite]]'', 1854–1900, [[passim]], and the Jubilee number, June 30, 1904.</ref>

The [[NRHP]]-listed [[Potter Stewart United States Courthouse]] is a [[Federal judiciary of the United States|federal court]], the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit]], one of [[United States courts of appeals#Circuit composition|thirteen United States courts of appeals]]. [[Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Cincinnati Branch]] is located across the street from the [[East Fourth Street Historic District (Cincinnati, Ohio)|East Fourth Street Historic District]].
[[File:Cincinnati Art Museum.jpg|thumb|Founded in 1881, the [[Cincinnati Art Museum]] has one of the most comprehensive collections in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]].]]

===Museums===
{{see also|List of museums in Cincinnati}}
The [[Cincinnati Art Museum]] is an art museum in the [[Eden Park (Cincinnati)|Eden Park]] neighborhood. Founded in 1881, it was the first purpose-built art museum west of the [[Allegheny Mountains]]. Its collection of over 67,000 works spanning 6,000 years of human history make it one of the most comprehensive collections in the Midwest.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cincinnatiartmuseum.org/art/ |title=Art, Exhibitions, Online Collections & Resources |publisher=Cincinnati Art Museum |access-date=October 3, 2023 |archive-date=October 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003064006/https://www.cincinnatiartmuseum.org/art |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Contemporary Arts Center]] was established in 1939 as one of the first [[contemporary art]] institutions in the country. The [[Art Academy of Cincinnati]] also features three public galleries, in addition to the [[Taft Museum of Art]] collection.<ref name="Insiders Guide">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y8S1LFG_KAEC&q=insider+cincinnati&pg=PA13 |title=Insiders' Guide to Cincinnati |publisher=Globe Pequot |year=2007 |access-date=October 3, 2023 |author=Felix Winternitz & Sacha DeVroomen Bellman |page=13 |isbn=9780762741809}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
[[File:Contemporary Arts Center, Cincinnati, 2019.jpg|thumb|The [[Contemporary Arts Center]] building, designed by [[Zaha Hadid]]]]
The city's [[Cincinnati Museum Center]] complex operates out of the [[Cincinnati Union Terminal]] in the [[Queensgate, Cincinnati, Ohio|Queensgate]] neighborhood. Within the complex are the [[Cincinnati History Museum]], Museum of Natural History & Science, Robert D. Lindner Family [[Omnimax]] Theater, Cincinnati History Library and Archives, and [[Duke Energy Children's Museum]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://moversmakers.org/2018/10/30/union-terminal-cincinnatis-art-deco-gem-shines-again/ |title=Union Terminal: Cincinnati's Art Deco gem shines again |date=October 31, 2018 |access-date=October 3, 2023 |archive-date=October 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013011847/https://moversmakers.org/2018/10/30/union-terminal-cincinnatis-art-deco-gem-shines-again/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[National Underground Railroad Freedom Center]] opened in 2004 along the riverfront based on the history of the [[Underground Railroad]], recognizing the role the city played in its history as thousands of slaves escaped to freedom by crossing the [[Ohio River]] from the southern slave states.<ref name="Insiders Guide" /> U.S. president and chief justice [[William Howard Taft]]'s childhood home, now the [[William Howard Taft National Historic Site]], in [[Mount Auburn Historic District|Mount Auburn]] features exhibits on Taft's life and accomplishments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/wiho/planyourvisit/things2do.htm |title=William Howard Taft National Historic Site - Things To Do |publisher=U.S. National Park Service |access-date=October 3, 2023 |archive-date=October 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013062538/https://www.nps.gov/wiho/planyourvisit/things2do.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[American Sign Museum]] features over 200 signs and other objects on display ranging from the late nineteenth century to the 1970s.<ref>Edward Rothstein. "[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/22/arts/design/22private.html?pagewanted=1 Bright Lights, Wide Eyes: Nostalgic Collections That Speak Volumes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013011847/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/22/arts/design/22private.html?pagewanted=1 |date=October 13, 2023 }}". ''New York Times''. June 21, 2009. Retrieved on February 5, 2010.</ref>

===Music===
[[File:Cincinnati-Music-Hall.jpg|thumb|[[Cincinnati Music Hall]] in [[Over-the-Rhine]] is the city's principal concert hall.]]
Music-related events include the [[Cincinnati May Festival]], [[Bunbury Music Festival]], and [[Cincinnati Bell/WEBN Riverfest]]. Cincinnati hosted the [[World Choir Games]] in 2012 with the mantra "Cincinnati, the City that Sings!"

Cincinnati has given rise or been home to popular musicians and singers, including [[Lonnie Mack]], [[Doris Day]], [[Odd Nosdam]], [[Dinah Shore]], [[Fats Waller]], [[Rosemary Clooney]], [[Bootsy Collins]], [[The Isley Brothers]], [[Merle Travis]], [[Hank Ballard]], [[Otis Williams]], [[Mood (band)|Mood]], [[Midnight Star (band)|Midnight Star]], [[Calloway (band)|Calloway]], [[The Afghan Whigs]], [[Over the Rhine (band)|Over the Rhine]], [[Blessid Union of Souls]], [[Freddie Meyer]], [[98 Degrees]], [[The Greenhornes]], [[The Deele]], Enduser, [[Heartless Bastards]], [[The Dopamines]], [[Adrian Belew]], [[The National (band)|The National]], [[Foxy Shazam]], [[Why? (American band)|Why?]], [[Wussy]], [[H-Bomb Ferguson]], [[Sudan Archives]] and [[Walk the Moon]], and alternative hip hop producer [[Hi-Tek]] calls the [[Cincinnati&nbsp;– Northern Kentucky metropolitan area|Metro Cincinnati]] region home. [[Andy Biersack]], the lead vocalist for the rock band [[Black Veil Brides]], was born in Cincinnati.

The [[Cincinnati May Festival]] Chorus is an amateur choir that has been in existence since 1880. The city is home to the [[Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra]], [[Cincinnati Opera]], Cincinnati Boychoir, and [[Cincinnati Ballet]]. Metro Cincinnati is also home to several regional orchestras and youth orchestras, including the Starling Chamber Orchestra and the Cincinnati Symphony Youth Orchestra. Music Director [[James Conlon]] and Chorus Director [[Robert Porco]] lead the Chorus through an extensive repertoire of classical music. The May Festival Chorus is the mainstay of the oldest continuous choral festival in the Western Hemisphere. [[Music Hall (Cincinnati)|Cincinnati Music Hall]] was built to house the May Festival.

Cincinnati is the subject of a [[Connie Smith]] song written by [[Bill Anderson (singer)|Bill Anderson]], called [[Cincinnati, Ohio (song)|Cincinnati, Ohio]]. Cincinnati is the main scenario for the international music production of Italian artist and songwriter [[Veronica Vitale]] called "Inside the Outsider". She embedded the sounds of the trains at [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] [[Downtown Cincinnati]], filmed her music single "Mi Sono innamorato di Te" at the [[American Sign Museum]] and recorded her heartbeat sound at [[Cincinnati Children's Hospital]] replacing it to the drums for her song "The Pulse of Light" during the broadcasting at [[Ryan Seacrest]]'s studio. Furthermore, she released the music single "Nobody is Perfect" featuring legendary Cincinnati's bass player [[Bootsy Collins]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mzcWWydbGQ |title=Fox News presents Veronica Vitale working in Cincinnati |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=October 10, 2017}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

Cincinnati was a major early music recording center and was home to [[King Records (United States)|King Records]], which helped launch the career of [[James Brown]], who often recorded there, as well as [[Jewel Records (Cincinnati record label)|Jewel Records]], which helped launch Lonnie Mack's career, and [[Fraternity Records]]. Cincinnati had a vibrant jazz scene from the 1920s to today. [[Louis Armstrong]]'s first recordings were done in the Cincinnati area, at [[Gennett Records]], as were [[Jelly Roll Morton]]'s, [[Hoagy Carmichael]]'s, and [[Bix Beiderbecke]], who took up residency in Cincinnati for a time. [[Fats Waller]] was on staff at [[WLW]] in the 1930s.

===Theater===
[[File:Trevor Noah 2019-02-01 - Aronoff Center crowd (46151350875).jpg|thumb|The [[Aronoff Center]], one of Cincinnati's largest performing arts venues]]
Professional theatre has operated in Cincinnati since at least as early as the 1800s.{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}} Among the professional companies based in the city are [[Ensemble Theatre Cincinnati]], [[Cincinnati Shakespeare Company]], the [[Know Theatre of Cincinnati]], [[Stage First Cincinnati]], Cincinnati Public Theatre, [[Cincinnati Opera]], The Performance Gallery and [[Clear Stage Cincinnati]]. The city is also home to [[Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park]], which hosts regional premieres, and the [[Aronoff Center]], which hosts touring Broadway shows each year via [[Broadway Across America]]. The city has community theatres, such as the [[Cincinnati Young People's Theatre]], [[Cincinnati Music Theatre]], and the [[Showboat Majestic]] (which is the last surviving showboat in the United States and possibly{{original research inline|date=November 2014}} the world), and the [[Mariemont Players]].

Since 2011, [[Cincinnati Opera]] and the [[University of Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music]] have partnered to sponsor the [[Opera Fusion: New Works]] project. The [[Opera Fusion: New Works]] project acts as a program for composers or librettists to workshop an opera in a 10-day residency. This program is headed by the Director of Artistic Operations at Cincinnati Opera, Marcus Küchle, and the Head of Opera at [[University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music|CCM]], [[Robin Guarino]].

In 2015, Cincinnati held the USITT 2015 Conference and Stage Expo at the [[Duke Energy]] Convention Center, bringing 5,000+ students, university educators, theatrical designers and performers, and other personnel to the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garrett |first=Ian |date=2015-03-29 |title=USITT 2015 Smashes Attendance Records in Cincinnati |url=http://pq15.usitt.org/usitt-2015-smashes-attendance-records-in-cincinnati/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=USITT at PQ 2015 |language=en-US |archive-date=March 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319002300/http://pq15.usitt.org/usitt-2015-smashes-attendance-records-in-cincinnati/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The USITT Conference is considered the main conference for Theatre, Opera, and Dance in the United States.{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}}

===Film and literature===
''[[A Rage in Harlem]]'' was filmed entirely in the Cincinnati neighborhood of Over the Rhine because of its similarity to 1950s Harlem. Movies that were filmed in part in Cincinnati include ''[[The Best Years of Our Lives]]'' (aerial footage early in the film), ''[[The Ides of March (2011 film)|Ides of March]]'', ''[[Fresh Horses (film)|Fresh Horses]]'', ''[[The Asphalt Jungle]]'' (the opening is shot from the [[Public Landing, Cincinnati|Public Landing]] and takes place in Cincinnati although only Boone County, Kentucky, is mentioned), ''[[Rain Man]]'', ''[[Miles Ahead (film)|Miles Ahead]]'', ''[[Airborne (1993 film)|Airborne]]'', ''[[Grimm Reality]]'', ''[[Little Man Tate]]'', ''[[City of Hope (1991 film)|City of Hope]]'', ''[[An Innocent Man (film)|An Innocent Man]]'', ''[[Tango & Cash]]'', ''[[A Mom for Christmas]]'', ''[[Lost in Yonkers (film)|Lost in Yonkers]]'', ''[[Summer Catch]]'', ''[[Artworks]]'', ''[[Dreamer (2005 film)|Dreamer]]'', ''[[Elizabethtown (film)|Elizabethtown]]'', ''[[Jimmy and Judy]]'', ''[[Eight Men Out]]'', ''[[Milk Money (film)|Milk Money]]'', ''[[Traffic (2000 film)|Traffic]]'', ''[[The Pride of Jesse Hallam]]'', ''[[The Great Buck Howard]]'', ''[[In Too Deep (1999 film)|In Too Deep]]'', ''[[Seven Below]]'', ''[[Carol (film)|Carol]]'', ''[[The Public Eye (film)|Public Eye]]'', ''The Last Late Night'',<ref name="FilmCincinnati">{{cite web |title=Shot Here |url=http://www.filmcincinnati.com/Shot_Here/ |publisher=Greater Cincinnati & Northern Kentucky Film Commission |access-date=February 13, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065822/http://www.filmcincinnati.com/Shot_Here |archive-date=February 20, 2014}}</ref> and ''[[The Mighty]]''.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} In addition, ''[[Wild Hogs]]'' is set, though not filmed, in Cincinnati.<ref name="Wild Hogs">{{cite web |url=http://www.wildaboutmovies.com/movies/WildHogsMovieTrailerPosterJohnTravoltaTimAllen.php |title=Wild About Moves |access-date=October 21, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018041138/http://www.wildaboutmovies.com/movies/WildHogsMovieTrailerPosterJohnTravoltaTimAllen.php |archive-date=October 18, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Cincinnati skyline was prominently featured in the opening and closing sequences of the [[CBS]]/ABC daytime drama ''[[The Edge of Night]]'' from its start in 1956 until 1980, when it was replaced by the Los Angeles skyline; the cityscape was the stand-in for the show's setting, Monticello. Procter & Gamble, the show's producer, is based in Cincinnati. The sitcom ''[[WKRP in Cincinnati]]'' and its sequel/spin-off ''[[The New WKRP in Cincinnati]]'' featured the city's skyline and other exterior shots in its credits, although was not filmed in Cincinnati. The city's skyline has also appeared in an [[April Fool's]] episode of ''[[The Drew Carey Show]]'', which was set in Carey's hometown of [[Cleveland]]. [[3 Doors Down]]'s music video "It's Not My Time" was filmed in Cincinnati, and features the skyline and Fountain Square. Also, ''[[Harry's Law]]'', the [[NBC]] legal dramedy created by [[David E. Kelley]] and starring [[Kathy Bates]], was set in Cincinnati.<ref>{{cite web |last=Campbell |first=Polly |title=Cincinnati will get more airtime on 'Harry's Law' |url=http://news.cincinnati.com/article/20110718/ENT11/107190316/Arnold-s-gets-starring-role-TV-show |publisher=The Cincinnati Enquirer |access-date=July 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722145029/http://news.cincinnati.com/article/20110718/ENT11/107190316/Arnold-s-gets-starring-role-TV-show |archive-date=July 22, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Hollows (series)|Hollows series]] of books by [[Kim Harrison]] is an [[urban fantasy]] that takes place in Cincinnati. [[American Girl]]'s ''[[Kit Kittredge]]'' sub-series also took place in the city, although the [[Kit Kittredge: An American Girl|film based on it]] was shot in Toronto.

Cincinnati also has its own chapter (or "Tent") of ''[[The Sons of the Desert]] (The Laurel and Hardy Appreciation Society)'', which meets several times per year.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Laurel and Hardy Appreciation Society of Cincinnati, Ohio |url=http://www.thechimptent.com/ |access-date=November 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171018194627/http://www.thechimptent.com/ |archive-date=October 18, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Cuisine===
[[File:TasteOfCincyCrowd.jpg|thumb|Approximately 1 million attend [[Taste of Cincinnati]] yearly, making it one of the largest street festivals in the United States.<ref>Taste of Cincinnati, [http://www.tasteofcincinnati.com/taste.aspx?menu_id=268&id=8780&ekmensel=3ed1b7ac_268_0_8780_2 About Taste] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601075429/http://www.tasteofcincinnati.com/taste.aspx?menu_id=268&id=8780&ekmensel=3ed1b7ac_268_0_8780_2 |date=June 1, 2010}}. Accessed on December 27, 2009.</ref>]]
Along with [[American cuisine]], Cincinnati is host to numerous flavors infused from around the culinary world. [[Frisch's|Frisch's Big Boy]], [[Graeter's]] ice cream, [[Kroger]], [[LaRosa's Pizzeria]], [[Montgomery Inn]], [[Skyline Chili]], [[Gold Star Chili]], [[Aglamesis Bro's]] and [[United Dairy Farmers]] are Cincinnati eateries that sell their brand commodities in grocery markets and gas stations. Glier's [[goetta]] is produced in the Cincinnati area and is a popular local food. [[The Maisonette]] in Cincinnati was [[Mobil]] Travel Guide's longest-running [[Star (classification)|five-star]] restaurant in the United States, holding that distinction for 41 consecutive years until it closed in 2005. Its former head chef, [[Jean-Robert de Cavel]], has opened four new restaurants in the area since 2001.

One of the United States's oldest<ref name="esq13">{{cite web |url=http://www.esquire.com/food-drink/bars/g1500/best-bars-in-america-2013/?slide=15 |title=The Best Bars in America |work=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] |date=June 2013 |access-date=January 13, 2016 |author=Wondrich, David |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124145732/http://www.esquire.com/food-drink/bars/g1500/best-bars-in-america-2013/?slide=15 |archive-date=January 24, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> and most celebrated<ref name="ARNOLDSAWARDS">{{cite web |url=http://arnoldsbarandgrill.com/awards.htm |title=Arnold's Website Awards Section |work=[[Arnold's Bar and Grill|Arnold's]] |access-date=April 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410224945/http://arnoldsbarandgrill.com/awards.htm |archive-date=April 10, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> bars, [[Arnold's Bar and Grill]] in downtown Cincinnati has won awards from ''Esquire'' magazine's "Best Bars in America",<ref name="WCPO13">{{cite web |url=http://www.wcpo.com/news/local-news/downtown-fixture-arnolds-bar-and-grill-voted-among-16-best-bars-in-america-by-esquire-magazine |title=Downtown fixture Arnold's Bar and Grill voted among '16 Best Bars in America' by Esquire Magazine |publisher=[[WCPO]] |date=May 27, 2013 |access-date=January 13, 2016 |author=Weldon, Casey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602230301/http://www.wcpo.com/news/local-news/downtown-fixture-arnolds-bar-and-grill-voted-among-16-best-bars-in-america-by-esquire-magazine |archive-date=June 2, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Thrillist]]'s "Most Iconic Bar in Ohio",<ref name="thrillist15">{{cite web |url=https://www.thrillist.com/drink/nation/the-most-iconic-bar-in-every-state |title=The most iconic bar in every state (and DC) |work=[[Thrillist]] |date=April 8, 2015 |access-date=January 13, 2016 |author=Breslour, Lee |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124145733/https://www.thrillist.com/drink/nation/the-most-iconic-bar-in-every-state |archive-date=January 24, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[The Daily Meal]]'s "150 Best bars in America"<ref name="TheDailyMeal15">{{cite web |url=http://www.cincinnati.com/story/entertainment/2015/04/23/daily-meal-puts-arnolds-best-bars-america/26248217/ |title=Daily Meal puts Arnold's in '150 Best Bars in America' |work=[[The Daily Meal]] |date=April 23, 2015 |access-date=April 29, 2016 |author=Steigerwald, Shauna |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714151220/https://www.cincinnati.com/story/entertainment/2015/04/23/daily-meal-puts-arnolds-best-bars-america/26248217/ |archive-date=July 14, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Serious Eats|Seriouseats.com]]'s "The Cincinnati 10".<ref name="Serious Eats 16">{{cite web |url=http://www.seriouseats.com/where-to-eat-in-cincinnati |title=The Cincinnati 10 |work=[[Serious Eats]] |date=February 29, 2016 |access-date=April 29, 2016 |author=Pandolfi, Keith |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509225201/http://www.seriouseats.com/where-to-eat-in-cincinnati |archive-date=May 9, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> "If Arnold's were in New York, San Francisco, Chicago, or Boston—somewhere, in short, that people actually visit—it would be world-famous," wrote David Wondrich.<ref name="wondrich quote">{{cite web |title=Arnold's Way |url=http://cincymagazine.com/Main/Articles/Arnolds_Way_4043.aspx |work=Cincy Magazine |access-date=February 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408054252/http://cincymagazine.com/Main/Articles/Arnolds_Way_4043.aspx |archive-date=April 8, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Filet-O-Fish]] was created in 1962 by [[Lou Groen]], the owner of the first McDonald's franchise in the Cincinnati area, to cater to [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholic]] patrons who [[Friday fast|abstained from meat on Fridays]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-07 |title=How a Catholic Businessman Put the Filet-O-Fish on the McDonald's Menu |url=https://www.ncregister.com/features/how-a-catholic-businessman-put-the-filet-o-fish-on-the-mcdonald-s-menu |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=NCR |language=en}}</ref>

Traditional local delicacies include [[opera cream]]s<ref>{{Cite web |last=Covrett |first=Donna |date=2011-04-21 |title=Local Flavor: Opera Creams |url=https://www.cincinnatimagazine.com/forkopolisblog/local-flavor-papas-cream-eggs/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Cincinnati Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Ice cream float#Nectar soda|nectar soda]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Woellert |first=Dann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jB83DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |title=Cincinnati Candy: A Sweet History |date=2017 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-1-4671-3795-9 |language=en}}</ref> both served at [[Graeter's]] and [[Aglamesis Bro's]] ice cream parlors. [[Grippo's]] and [[Pringles]] potato chips also have their origins in the area, the latter produced by local company [[Procter & Gamble]]. Other foodstuffs of local origin include [[Frank's RedHot]] sauce<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suess |first=Jeff |title=Who knew? Frank's RedHot Hot Sauce was founded in Cincinnati more than 100 years ago |url=https://www.cincinnati.com/story/entertainment/2021/04/01/franks-redhot-hot-sauce-founded-cincinnati/6998933002/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=The Enquirer |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Slush Puppie]]s.

====Cincinnati chili====
{{Main|Cincinnati chili}}
[[File:Three cheese coneys from Skyline Chili.jpg|thumb|Cheese [[Coney Island hot dog|coneys]] containing [[Cincinnati chili]], developed in the 1920s by [[Macedonian Americans|Macedonian immigrants]] in Cincinnati]]
[[Cincinnati chili]], a spiced sauce served over noodles, usually topped with cheese and often with diced onions or beans, is the area's "best-known regional food".<ref name="wcpo1508">{{cite web |url=http://www.wcpo.com/news/insider/how-skyline-chili-became-a-cincinnati-icon |title=How Skyline Chili became a Cincinnati icon |publisher=[[WCPO-TV]] |date=August 27, 2015 |access-date=August 29, 2015 |author=Coleman, Brent |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829022545/http://www.wcpo.com/news/insider/how-skyline-chili-became-a-cincinnati-icon |archive-date=August 29, 2015}}</ref><ref name="500things">{{cite book |title=500 Things to Eat Before it's Too Late:and the Very Best Places to Eat Them |author=Stern, Jane and Michael |year=2009 |page=244 |author-link=Jane and Michael Stern}}</ref> A variety of recipes are served by respective parlors, including [[Skyline Chili]], [[Gold Star Chili]], and [[Dixie Chili and Deli]], plus independent chili parlors including [[Camp Washington Chili]], Empress Chili<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clint |date=November 21, 2010 |title=Cincinnati Coney Quest: History of Empress Chili |url=http://cincyconeyquest.blogspot.com/2010/11/history-of-empress-chili.html |access-date=March 27, 2021 |website=Cincinnati Coney Quest |archive-date=May 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502113302/http://cincyconeyquest.blogspot.com/2010/11/history-of-empress-chili.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and Moonlight Chili.<ref name="woellert">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B6mh0iOdtWYC&pg=PA10 |title=The Authentic History of Cincinnati Chili |publisher=The History Press |last=Woellert |first=Dann |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-60949-992-1 |access-date=October 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114110730/https://books.google.com/books?id=B6mh0iOdtWYC&pg=PA10 |archive-date=January 14, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was first developed by [[Macedonian Americans|Macedonian immigrant]] restaurateurs in the 1920s. Cincinnati has been called the "Chili Capital of America" and "of the World" because it has more chili restaurants per capita than any other city in the United States or in the world.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gilewicz |first=Nicholas |title=Food Capitals of America |url=http://cityguides.msn.com/articles/article.aspx?cp-documentid=19546727 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009042105/http://cityguides.msn.com/articles/article.aspx?cp-documentid=19546727 |archive-date=October 9, 2009 |access-date=July 23, 2009 |website=MSN City Guides}}</ref>

====Goetta====
{{Main|Goetta}}
[[Goetta]] is a meat-and-grain [[sausage]] or mush<ref name="citybeat18">{{cite news |title=Seven Innovative Takes on Cincinnati Goetta to Change Your Mind About the Meat |url=https://www.citybeat.com/food-drink/eats-feature/article/21016807/seven-innovative-takes-on-beloved-cincinnati-goetta |access-date=October 27, 2018 |work=City Beat |date=August 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027232015/https://www.citybeat.com/food-drink/eats-feature/article/21016807/seven-innovative-takes-on-beloved-cincinnati-goetta |archive-date=October 27, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> of German inspiration. It is primarily composed of [[ground meat]] (pork, or pork and beef), [[steel-cut oats|pin-head oats]] and spices.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sh4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA144 |title=Are You Ready For Cincinnati? |work=Cincinnati Magazine |series=Cincinnati USA City Guide |year=2007 |access-date=May 6, 2013 |author=Smith, Steve |page=144 |display-authors=etal |archive-date=March 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327033029/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sh4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA144#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Mock turtle soup====
{{Main|Mock turtle soup}}
Similarly to goetta's origins, [[mock turtle soup]] was a dish popularized by the influx of German immigrants in the late 19th century. Originally made with [[offal]], today Cincinnati-style mock turtle soup is characterized by ground beef, hard-boiled eggs, and ketchup. The only remaining commercial canner of the soup, Worthmore, has produced it in Cincinnati since 1918.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Cincinnati is the world capital of mock turtle soup |last=Pandolfi |first=Keith |url=https://www.cincinnati.com/story/entertainment/dining/2021/07/18/cincinnati-world-capital-mock-turtle-soup-heres-why/7880853002/ |work=Cincinnati Enquirer |date=July 18, 2021 |access-date=December 7, 2021 |archive-date=March 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327033025/https://subscribe.cincinnati.com/restricted?return=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.cincinnati.com%2Fstory%2Fentertainment%2Fdining%2F2021%2F07%2F18%2Fcincinnati-world-capital-mock-turtle-soup-heres-why%2F7880853002%2F&sltsgmt=0051_B&gps-source=CPROADBLOCKDH |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Historic Restaurants of Cincinnati |last=Woellert |first=Dann |publisher=American Palate |year=2015 |page=171 |isbn=9781625855398 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xphoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA171 |access-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408154758/https://books.google.com/books?id=xphoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA171 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Dialect===
{{Wiktionary category|category=Cincinnati English}}
The citizens of Cincinnati speak in a [[General American]] dialect. Unlike the rest of the Midwest, Southwest Ohio shares some aspects of its vowel system with [[New Jersey English dialects#North Jersey English|northern New Jersey English]].<ref name="Labov 2006">{{cite book |title=The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology, and Sound Change |volume=1 |first1=William |last1=Labov |author-link1=William Labov |first2=Sharon |last2=Ash |first3=Charles |last3=Boberg |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |year=2006 |page=276 |isbn=978-3110167467 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qa4-dFqi6iMC&pg=PA136 |access-date=November 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204032952/https://books.google.com/books?id=qa4-dFqi6iMC&pg=PA136 |archive-date=December 4, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Labov 2011">{{cite book |title=Principles of Linguistic Change: Cognitive and Cultural Factors |first=William |last=Labov |location=New York City |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |date=July 5, 2011 |at=15.6.3 |isbn=978-1444351460 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwMTUk4g2IoC&pg=PT371 |access-date=November 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204022723/https://books.google.com/books?id=uwMTUk4g2IoC&pg=PT371 |archive-date=December 4, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the distinctive local features among speakers float as Midland American.<ref name="Boberg">{{cite journal |title=Short-a in Cincinnati: A Change in Progress |first1=Charles |last1=Boberg |first2=Stephanie M. |last2=Strassel |journal=[[Journal of English Linguistics]] |date=June 2000 |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=108–126 |doi=10.1177/00754240022004929 |s2cid=144201079|issn = 0075-4242}}</ref> There is also some influence from the [[Southern American English|Southern American]] dialect found in Kentucky.<ref name="Ash">{{cite book |chapter=The North American Midland as a dialect area |first=Sharon |last=Ash |title=Language Variation and Change in the American Midland: A New Look at 'Heartland' English |editor-first1=Thomas Edward |editor-last1=Murray |editor-first2=Beth Lee |editor-last2=Simon |location=Amsterdam |publisher=[[John Benjamins Publishing Company]] |date=January 1, 2006 |page=55 |isbn=978-90-272-4896-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxTrasumR18C&pg=PA294 |access-date=November 13, 2019 |archive-date=March 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327032905/https://books.google.com/books?id=WxTrasumR18C&pg=PA294#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> A touch of northern German is audible in the local vernacular: some residents use the word ''[[wikt:please#Etymology 3|please]]'' when asking a speaker to repeat a statement. This usage is taken from the German practice, when ''bitte'' (a shortening of the formal "Wie bitte?" or "How please?" rendered word-for-word from German into English), was used as shorthand for asking someone to repeat.<ref>{{cite web |title=UC Idioms and Jargon |url=http://www.uc.edu/ucomm/resources/stylebook/idioms_jargon.html |publisher=[[University of Cincinnati]] |access-date=February 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221174125/http://www.uc.edu/ucomm/resources/stylebook/idioms_jargon.html |archive-date=February 21, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=How To: Speak Cincinnatiese |first=Linda |last=Vaccariello |journal=[[Cincinnati (magazine)|Cincinnati]] |date=January 21, 2014 |access-date=December 19, 2014 |url=http://www.cincinnatimagazine.com/article/how-to-speak-cincinnatiese/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219133853/http://www.cincinnatimagazine.com/article/how-to-speak-cincinnatiese/ |archive-date=December 19, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Sports==
{{Main|Sports in Cincinnati}}
{{multiple image
 |align = right
 |direction = vertical
 |image1 = 10Cincinnati 2015 (2).jpg
 |caption1 = [[Great American Ball Park]], home to the [[Cincinnati Reds]]
 |image2 = Paul Brown Stadium Cincinnati.jpg
 |caption2 = [[Paycor Stadium]], home to the [[Cincinnati Bengals]]
 |image3 = FC Cincinnati vs. New England Revolution at TQL Stadium (20220521190217).jpg
 |caption3 = [[TQL Stadium]], home to [[FC Cincinnati]]
}}
Cincinnati has three major league teams, three minor league teams, five college institutions with sports teams, and seven major sports venues. Cincinnati's three major league teams are Major League Baseball's [[Cincinnati Reds|Reds]], who were named for America's first professional baseball team, the [[Cincinnati Red Stockings]];<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.redshistory.com/Timeline/1866-1875.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217030812/http://www.redshistory.com/Timeline/1866-1875.htm |url-status=dead |title=1866 to 1875 |archive-date=February 17, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.redshistory.com/Timeline/1876-1881.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420090148/http://www.redshistory.com/Timeline/1876-1881.htm |url-status=dead |title=1876 to 1881 |archive-date=April 20, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.redshistory.com/Timeline/1882-1889.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419104122/http://www.redshistory.com/Timeline/1882-1889.htm |url-status=dead |title=1882 to 1889 |archive-date=April 19, 2008}}</ref> the [[Cincinnati Bengals|Bengals]] of the [[National Football League]]; and [[FC Cincinnati]], which became a [[Major League Soccer]] franchise in 2019. [[WalletHub]] has ranked Cincinnati as the No. 12 best sports city.

On Major League Baseball [[Opening Day]], Cincinnati has the distinction of holding the "traditional opener" in baseball each year, due to its baseball history. Children have been known to skip school on Opening Day, and it is commonly thought of as a holiday.<ref name="Sarasota HT Opening Day">{{cite news |title=Today, dads let kids skip school |work=[[Sarasota Herald-Tribune]] |location=Sarasota, Florida |date=April 3, 2000 |page=5C |access-date=May 30, 2010 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=20000403&id=LyAiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=u34EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6569,5394898 |quote='We'd skip school,' [[Ken Griffey Jr.]] said Sunday, when asked for his favorite opening day memory. 'My son's skipping school on opening day. It's a tradition. Cincinnati expects that a lot of kids are not going to be there.' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208115155/http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=20000403&id=LyAiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=u34EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6569,5394898 |archive-date=December 8, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Cincinnati Reds have won five [[World Series]] titles, in {{wsy|1919}}, {{wsy|1940}}, {{wsy|1975}}, {{wsy|1976}}, and {{wsy|1990}}. The Reds had one of the most successful baseball clubs of all time in the mid-1970s, known as The Big Red Machine.

The Bengals have made three Super Bowl appearances since the franchise was founded, in [[Super Bowl XVI|1982]], [[Super Bowl XXIII|1989]], and [[Super Bowl LVI|2022]], but have yet to win a championship. The Bengals enjoy strong rivalries with the [[Cleveland Browns]] and [[Pittsburgh Steelers]], both of whom are also members of the [[AFC North]] division. Whenever the Bengals and [[Carolina Panthers]] play against each other in an inter-conference matchup that occurs every four years, their games are dubbed the "Queen City Bowl", as [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], the home city of the Panthers, is also known as the Queen City.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Mayors want 'Queen City' debate settled in Carolina-Cincy game |magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]] |date=October 7, 2014 |access-date=December 10, 2019 |url=https://www.si.com/mayors-fighting-Queen-City-nickname-Panthers-Bengals |archive-date=December 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210093626/https://www.si.com/mayors-fighting-Queen-City-nickname-Panthers-Bengals |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[FC Cincinnati]] is a soccer team that plays in [[Major League Soccer]]. FC Cincinnati made its home debut in the [[USL Championship|USL]] on April 9, 2016, before a crowd of more than 14,000 fans.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/soccer-insider/wp/2016/04/18/monday-kickaround-andy-najar-acl-injury-mls-refs-nwsl-and-usl-crowds/ |title=Monday kickaround: Andy Najar ACL injury, MLS refs, NWSL and USL crowds |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=April 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508194308/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/soccer-insider/wp/2016/04/18/monday-kickaround-andy-najar-acl-injury-mls-refs-nwsl-and-usl-crowds/ |archive-date=May 8, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> On their next home game against [[Louisville City FC]], FC Cincinnati broke the all-time USL attendance record with a crowd of 20,497; on May 14, 2016, it broke its own record, bringing in an audience of 23,375 on its 1–0 victory against the [[Pittsburgh Riverhounds]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cincinnati.com/story/sports/soccer/fc-cincinnati/2016/05/14/mclaughlins-goal-gives-fc-cincy-1-0-lead-half/84382158/ |title=Another record crowd turns out to watch FC Cincy win |last=Brennan |first=Patrick |date=May 14, 2016 |work=The Cincinnati Enquirer |access-date=October 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327102830/https://www.cincinnati.com/story/sports/soccer/fc-cincinnati/2016/05/14/mclaughlins-goal-gives-fc-cincy-1-0-lead-half/84382158/ |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> After breaking the USL attendance record on several additional occasions, the club moved to Major League Soccer (MLS) for the 2019 season.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2018/05/29/fc-cincinnati-named-26th-mls-team-starting-play-2019 |title=Cincinnati awarded MLS expansion club, will start play in 2019 |publisher=Major League Soccer |date=May 29, 2018 |access-date=May 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612112808/https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2018/05/29/fc-cincinnati-named-26th-mls-team-starting-play-2019 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> FC Cincinnati was awarded an MLS bid on May 29, 2018, and moved to [[TQL Stadium]] in the West End neighborhood just northwest of downtown in 2021.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.si.com/soccer/2018/05/29/mls-expansion-cincinnati-team-don-garber |title=Cincinnati Follows Nashville With Winning MLS Expansion Bid in Growth to 28 Teams |last=Creditor |first=Avi |magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]] |language=en |access-date=December 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329230959/https://www.si.com/soccer/2018/05/29/mls-expansion-cincinnati-team-don-garber |archive-date=March 29, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Cincinnati is also home to two men's college basketball teams: the [[Cincinnati Bearcats]] and [[Xavier Musketeers]]. These two teams face off as one of college basketball's rivalries known as the [[Crosstown Shootout]]. In [[2011–12 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2011]], the rivalry game erupted in [[2011 Crosstown Shootout brawl|an on-court brawl]] at the end of the game that saw multiple suspensions follow. The Musketeers have made 10 of the last 11 [[NCAA]] tournaments while the Bearcats have won [[List of NCAA Division I men's basketball champions|two Division I National Championships]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncaa.com/history/basketball-men/d1 |title=DI Men's National Championship History |website=ncaa.com |access-date=March 5, 2024 |archive-date=June 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626150957/http://www.ncaa.com/history/basketball-men/d1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Previously, the [[Cincinnati Royals]] competed in the [[National Basketball Association]] from 1957 to 1972; they are now known as the [[Sacramento Kings]].

The [[Flying Pig Marathon]] is a yearly event attracting many runners and acts as a qualifier to the [[Boston Marathon]].

The [[Cincinnati Open]], a historic international men's and women's tennis tournament that is part of the [[ATP Tour Masters 1000]] Series and the [[WTA 1000 tournaments|WTA 1000]] Series, was established in the city in 1899 and has been held at the [[Lindner Family Tennis Center]] in suburban [[Mason, Ohio|Mason]] since 1979.

The [[Cincinnati Cyclones]] are a minor league AA-level professional hockey team playing in the [[ECHL]]. Founded in 1990, the team plays at the [[Heritage Bank Center]]. They won the 2010 [[Kelly Cup]] Finals, their 2nd championship in three seasons.

The [[Cincinnati Sizzle]] is a women's minor professional tackle football team that plays in the [[Women's Football Alliance]]. The team was established in 2003, by former [[Cincinnati Bengals]] running back [[Ickey Woods]]. In 2016 the team claimed their first National Championship Title in the United States Women's Football League.

The [[Kroger Queen City Championship]] debuted on the [[LPGA Tour]] in 2022 at Kenwood Country Club. It was the first time since 1963 that women's professional golf returned to Cincinnati.

The table below shows sports teams in the Cincinnati area that average more than 5,000 fans per game:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ Cincinnati teams (yearly attendance > 5,000)
|-
! Club
! Sport
! Founded
! League
! Venue
! data-sort-type="number" | {{tooltip|Avg|Average}} {{tooltip|attend|Attendance}}
! Ref
|-
| [[Cincinnati Reds]]
| Baseball
| style="text-align:center;"| 1882
| [[Major League Baseball]]
| [[Great American Ball Park]]
| align=center | 25,164
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |year=2023 |title=2023 Major League Baseball Attendance |url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/attendance |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113131843/https://www.espn.com/mlb/attendance |archive-date=November 13, 2023 |access-date=November 13, 2023 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Cincinnati Bearcats football|Cincinnati Bearcats]]
| Football
| align=center | 1885
| [[NCAA Division I]]
| [[Nippert Stadium]]
| align=center | 33,871
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/Attendance/2016.pdf |title=2016 National College Football Attendance |date=April 19, 2017 |publisher=[[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] |access-date=June 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605041022/http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/Attendance/2016.pdf |archive-date=June 5, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Cincinnati Bearcats men's basketball|Cincinnati Bearcats]]
| Basketball
| align=center | 1901
| [[NCAA Division I]]
| [[Fifth Third Arena]]
| align=center | 9,415
| align=center |<ref name="2016NCAAMBAttendance" />
|-
| [[Xavier Musketeers men's basketball|Xavier Musketeers]]
| Basketball
| align=center | 1920
| [[NCAA Division I]]
| [[Cintas Center]]
| align=center | 10,281
| align=center |<ref name="2016NCAAMBAttendance">{{cite web |url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/m_basketball_RB/Reports/attend/2016.pdf |title=2016 NCAA Men's Basketball Attendance |date=April 19, 2017 |publisher=[[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] |access-date=June 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517015329/http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/m_basketball_RB/Reports/attend/2016.pdf |archive-date=May 17, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Cincinnati Bengals]]
| Football
| align=center | 1968
| [[National Football League]]
| [[Paycor Stadium]]
| align=center | 66,247
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |year=2023 |title=2022 NFL Football Attendance |url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/attendance/_/year/2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923013923/https://www.espn.com/nfl/attendance/_/year/2022 |archive-date=September 23, 2023 |access-date= |publisher=[[ESPN]] |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Cincinnati Cyclones]]
| Ice hockey
| style="text-align:center;"| 1990
| [[ECHL]]
| [[Heritage Bank Center]]
| align=center | 5,051
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hockeydb.com/nhl-attendance/att_graph_season.php?lid=ECHL2004&sid=2020 |title=ECHL 2019-20 Attendance Graph |publisher=hockeyDB.com |access-date=April 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425185359/https://www.hockeydb.com/nhl-attendance/att_graph_season.php?lid=ECHL2004&sid=2020 |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[FC Cincinnati]]
| Soccer
| style="text-align:center;"| 2015
| [[Major League Soccer]]
| [[TQL Stadium]]
| align=center | 21,199
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uslsoccer.com/news_article/show/703007 |title=USL Total Attendance Soars by 33 Percent in 2016 |date=September 28, 2016 |publisher=[[United Soccer League]] |access-date=June 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708210310/http://www.uslsoccer.com/news_article/show/703007 |archive-date=July 8, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==Parks and recreation==
{{see also|List of parks in Cincinnati}}
[[File:MirrorLake-EdenPark.jpg|thumb|The [[Spring House Gazebo]] at [[Eden Park (Cincinnati)|Eden Park]] in [[Walnut Hills, Cincinnati|Walnut Hills]]]]
The [[Cincinnati Park Board]] maintains and operates all city parks in Cincinnati. Established in 1911 with the purchase of {{convert|168|acre|km2}}, today the board services more than {{convert|5000|acre|km2}} of city park space. Notable historic public parks and landscapes include the 19th-century [[Spring Grove Cemetery |Spring Grove Cemetery and Arboretum]], [[Eden Park (Cincinnati)|Eden Park]], and [[Mount Storm Park]], all designed by Prussian émigré landscape architect [[Adolph Strauch]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Linden-Ward |first=Blanche |date=Spring 1993 |title=The Greening of Cincinnati: Adolph Strauch's Legacy in Park Design |url=http://library.cincymuseum.org/journals/files/qch/v51/n1/qch-v51-n1-gre-020.pdf |journal=Queen City Heritage |pages=20–39 |access-date=April 28, 2020 |archive-date=July 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726154354/http://library.cincymuseum.org/journals/files/qch/v51/n1/qch-v51-n1-gre-020.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> The city also has several public golf courses, including the historic [[Avon Fields Golf Course]].

Downtown Cincinnati towers about [[Fountain Square, Cincinnati|Fountain Square]], the public square and event locale. Fountain Square was renovated in 2006.<ref>The Fountain. 2016. {{cite web |url=https://myfountainsquare.com/history/ |title=Fountain Square |access-date=February 14, 2020 |archive-date=May 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513073438/https://myfountainsquare.com/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Cincinnati rests along {{convert|22|mi}} of riverfront about northern banks of the Ohio, stretching from [[California, Cincinnati|California]] to [[Sayler Park, Cincinnati|Sayler Park]], giving the Ohio a prominent place in the life of the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Odds & Ends: Riverfront plan, food and disease, easy governing |department=Editorial |work=The Cincinnati Enquirer |date=November 4, 1981 |page=A6 |url=http://cincinnati.newspapers.com/newspage/103177479/ |url-access=subscription |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=October 20, 2015 |archive-date=March 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309085126/http://cincinnati.newspapers.com/newspage/103177479/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden]] in [[Avondale, Cincinnati|Avondale]] is the second-oldest zoo in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cincinnatizoo.org/about-us/history-and-vision/ |title=History, Mission and Vision – The Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden |access-date=July 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502052422/http://cincinnatizoo.org/about-us/history-and-vision/ |archive-date=May 2, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was appointed as a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1987. The zoo houses over 500 species, 1,800 animals and 3,000 plant species. In addition, the zoo also has conducted several [[breeding program]]s in its history. The zoo is frequently cited among the best in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.10best.com/awards/travel/best-us-zoo/ |title=Best US Zoos: 10Best Readers' Choice Travel Awards |date=May 21, 2014 |publisher=10best.com |access-date=September 24, 2018 |archive-date=March 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305091823/http://www.10best.com/awards/travel/best-us-zoo/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Best zoo in North America? Readers choose Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden |url=https://www.10best.com/awards/travel/best-zoo-2019/ |website=USA Today 10 Best |date=May 3, 2019 |publisher=USA Today |access-date=October 18, 2023 |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610052606/https://www.10best.com/awards/travel/best-zoo-2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Government and politics==
[[File:Cincinnati City Hall, Cincinnati, OH.jpg|thumb|[[Cincinnati City Hall]], completed in 1893]]
The city proper operates with a [[Election Results, City Council of Cincinnati, Ohio|nine-member city council]], whose members are elected [[at-large]]. Prior to 1924, city council members were elected through a system of [[Ward (politics)|wards]]. The ward system was subject to corruption due to partisan rule. From the 1880s to the 1920s, the [[History of the Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] dominated city politics, with the [[political machine]] of [[George B. Cox|George B. "Boss" Cox]] exerting control.

A reform movement arose in 1923 which ended machine rule.  It was led by another Republican, [[Murray Seasongood]]. He founded the Charter Committee, which used ballot initiatives in 1924 to replace the ward system with the current at-large system. They gained approval by voters for a [[council–manager government]] form of government, in which a smaller council hires a professional manager to operate the daily affairs of the city. From 1924 to 1957, the council was elected by [[proportional representation]] and [[Single transferable vote|single transferable voting]]. Starting with [[Ashtabula, Ohio|Ashtabula]] in 1915, several major cities in Ohio adopted this electoral system, which had the practical effect of reducing ward boss and political party power. For that reason, such groups opposed it.

In an effort to overturn the charter that provided for proportional representation, opponents in 1957 fanned fears of black political power, at a time of increasing civil rights activism.<ref name="amy">[https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/polit/damy/articles/Brief%20History%20of%20PR.htm Douglas J. Amy, "A Brief History of Proportional Representation in the United States"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916114636/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/polit/damy/articles/Brief%20History%20of%20PR.htm |date=September 16, 2014}}, revised version of "The Forgotten History of the Single Transferable Vote in the United States", in ''Representation'' 34, number 1 (Winter 1996/7), accessed March 30, 2015</ref> The PR/STV system had enabled minorities to enter local politics and gain seats on the city council more than they had before, in proportion to their share of the population. This made the government more representative of the residents of the city.<ref name="pr">[[Kathleen L. Barber]], [https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/polit/damy/OrderDesk/barber.htm ''PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION AND ELECTION REFORM IN OHIO'' (excerpt)] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502102136/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/polit/damy/OrderDesk/barber.htm |date=May 2, 2015}}, Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1995, pp. Introduction</ref> Overturning that charter, in 1957, all candidates had to run in a single race for the nine city council positions. The top nine vote-getters were elected (the "9-X system"), which favored candidates who could appeal to the entire geographic area of the city and reach its residents with campaign materials. The mayor was elected by the council. In 1977, 33-year-old [[Jerry Springer]], later a notable television talk show host, was chosen to serve one year as mayor.

To have their votes count more, starting in 1987, the top vote-getter in the city council election was automatically selected as mayor. Starting in 1999, the [[List of mayors of Cincinnati, Ohio|mayor]] was elected separately in a general at-large election for the first time. The city manager's role in government was reduced.{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}} These reforms were referred to as the "[[Mayor-council government|strong mayor]]" reforms,{{by whom|date=September 2020}} to make the publicate accountable to voters. Cincinnati politics include the participation of the [[Charter Party of Cincinnati, Ohio|Charter Party]], the political party with the third-longest history of winning in local elections.{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}} On October 5, 2011, the Council became the first local government in the United States to adopt a resolution recognizing freedom from domestic violence as a fundamental human right.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://city-egov.cincinnati-oh.gov/Webtop/ws/council/public/child/Blob/33497.pdf?rpp=-10&m=2&w=doc_no%3D%27201101139%2 |title=City of Cincinnati Council, Resolution No. 47-2011 |date=October 5, 2011}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On January 30, 2017, Cincinnati's mayor declared the city a [[sanctuary city]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/politics/2017/01/30/cranley-announce-cincinnati-sanctuary-city/97240174/ |title=Cincinnati now a 'sanctuary city.' What's that mean? |newspaper=Cincinnati.com |language=en |date=January 30, 2017 |access-date=September 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831062419/https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/politics/2017/01/30/cranley-announce-cincinnati-sanctuary-city/97240174/ |archive-date=August 31, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Cincinnati is home to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit]], based in the [[Potter Stewart United States Courthouse]]. It has [[appellate jurisdiction]] over Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, and Tennessee.

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:95%;"
|+ Presidential election results in Cincinnati<ref name="Dave's">{{cite web |title=Dave's Redistricting |url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::64d56870-70ea-4f4d-b667-9a4fd60ac511 |access-date=November 16, 2023 |archive-date=November 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114135210/https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::64d56870-70ea-4f4d-b667-9a4fd60ac511 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | Year
! style="text-align:center;" | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
! style="text-align:center;" | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
! style="text-align:center;" | Others
|-
| style="text-align:center;" {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''[[2020 United States presidential election in Ohio|2020]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''77.3%''' ''106,620''
| style="text-align:center;" {{Party shading/Republican}}|21.2% ''29,222''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|1.5% ''2,126''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''[[2016 United States presidential election in Ohio|2016]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''74.6%''' ''100,876''
| style="text-align:center;" {{Party shading/Republican}}|21.3% ''28,820''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|4.1% ''5,590''
|}

===Police and fire services===
{{See also|Crime in Cincinnati}}
[[File:Cincinnati Serious Crime (2000-2019).png|thumb|[[Crime in Cincinnati]] increased after the [[Cincinnati riots of 2001|2001 riots]], but has been decreasing since.]]
The city of Cincinnati's emergency services for fire, rescue, EMS, hazardous materials and explosive ordnance disposal is handled by the [[Cincinnati Fire Department]]. On April 1, 1853, the Cincinnati Fire Department became the first paid professional fire department in United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/fire/ |title=Home – Fire |access-date=September 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129041340/http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/fire/ |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Cincinnati Fire Department operates out of 26 fire stations, located throughout the city in 4 districts, each commanded by a district chief.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/fire/about-fire/ |title=About The Cincinnati Fire Department – Fire |access-date=September 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025183031/http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/fire/about-fire/ |archive-date=October 25, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cincinnati-oh.gov">{{cite web |url=http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/fire/about-fire/operations-bureau/ |title=Operations Bureau – Fire |work=cincinnati-oh.gov |access-date=November 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203081408/http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/fire/about-fire/operations-bureau/ |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cfdhistory.com/index.php |title=Cincinnati Fire Department History and Photos |access-date=September 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021402/http://www.cfdhistory.com/index.php |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Cincinnati Ohio Police Ford Explorer Utility (34494183035).jpg|thumb|A [[Ford Explorer Police Interceptor]] belonging to the [[Cincinnati Police Department]]]]
The Cincinnati Fire Department is organized into 4 bureaus: Operations,<ref name="cincinnati-oh.gov" /> Personnel and Training,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/fire/about-fire/personnel-training/ |title=Personnel & Training – Fire |access-date=September 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129042054/http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/fire/about-fire/personnel-training/ |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Administrative Services,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/fire/about-fire/administrative-services/ |title=Administrative Services Bureau – Fire |access-date=September 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129042052/http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/fire/about-fire/administrative-services/ |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> and Fire Prevention.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/fire/about-fire/fire-prevention/ |title=Fire Prevention Bureau – Fire |access-date=September 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030084754/http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/fire/about-fire/fire-prevention/ |archive-date=October 30, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Each bureau is commanded by an assistant chief, who in turn reports to the chief of department.

The [[Cincinnati Police Department]] has more than 1,000 sworn officers. Before the [[Cincinnati riots of 2001|riots of 2001]], Cincinnati's overall crime rate had been dropping steadily and by 1995 had reached its lowest point since 1992 but with more murders and rapes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-72823886.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827024007/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-72823886.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 27, 2011 |title=Crime Rate Dropping Slightly Murders, Rapes Up, Says New FBI Study |access-date=December 11, 2006}}</ref> After the riot, violent crime increased, but crime has been on the decline since.<ref>{{cite news |title=How to Fix a Broken Police Department |first=Alana |last=Semuels |date=May 29, 2015 |work=Route Fifty |publisher=[[Atlantic Media]] |url=http://www.routefifty.com/2015/05/fix-broken-police-department/114028/ |access-date=June 1, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905212959/http://www.routefifty.com/2015/05/fix-broken-police-department/114028/ |archive-date=September 5, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Cincinnati Police Department was featured on [[TLC (TV channel)|TLC]]'s ''[[Police Women of Cincinnati]]'' and on A&E's reality show ''The First 48''. Cincinnati had 71 homicides in 2023, down from 78 in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wetterich |first1=Chris |title=Nearly every Cincinnati council member mentioned gun violence as they took office |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/news/2024/01/02/new-city-council-sworn-in-gun-violence-top-concern.html |access-date=2024-01-03 |publisher=Cincinnati Business Courier |date=2024-01-02 |archive-date=March 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327032905/https://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/news/2024/01/02/new-city-council-sworn-in-gun-violence-top-concern.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Race relations===
[[File:NationalUndergroundRailroadFreedomCenter.jpg|thumb|The [[National Underground Railroad Freedom Center]] recognizes Cincinnati's role in the history of the [[Underground Railroad]] as an important crossing from the [[Confederate States of America|South]] to the [[Union (American Civil War)|North]].]]
Due to its location on the Ohio River, Cincinnati was a border town in a free state, across from Kentucky, which was a slave state. Residents of Cincinnati played a major role in [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionism]]. Many [[fugitive slave]]s used the Ohio River at Cincinnati to escape to the North. Cincinnati had numerous stations on the Underground Railroad, but there were also runaway slave catchers active in the city, who put escaping slaves at risk of recapture.

Given its southern Ohio location, Cincinnati had also attracted settlers from the Upper South, who traveled along the Ohio River into the territory. Tensions between abolitionists and slavery supporters broke out in repeated violence, with whites attacking black people in 1829. Anti-abolitionists attacked black people in the city in a wave of destruction that resulted in 1,200 black people leaving the city and the country; they resettled in Canada.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/negroinourhisto01woodgoog |title=The Negro in Our History |first1=Carter G. |last1=Woodson |first2=Charles Harris |last2=Wesley |publisher=Associated Publishers (digitized from original at University of Michigan Library) |page=[https://archive.org/details/negroinourhisto01woodgoog/page/n162 140] |year=1922 |access-date=October 1, 2013}}</ref> The riot and its refugees were topics of discussion throughout the country, and black people organized the first Negro Convention in 1830 in [[Philadelphia]] to discuss these events.

White riots against black people took place again in Cincinnati in 1836 and 1842.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> In 1836 a mob of 700 pro-slavery men attacked black neighborhoods, as well as a press run by [[James M. Birney]], publisher of the anti-slavery weekly ''The Philanthropist''.<ref>[http://www.iath.virginia.edu/utc/abolitn/mobhp.html "The Pro-Slavery Riot in Cincinnati"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918235047/http://www.iath.virginia.edu/utc/abolitn/mobhp.html |date=September 18, 2008 }}, Abolitionism 1830–1850, ''Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture'', University of Virginia, 1998–2007, accessed January 14, 2009</ref> Tensions increased after congressional passage in 1850 of the [[Fugitive Slave Act]], which required cooperation by citizens in free states and increased penalties for failing to try to recapture escaped slaves.

[[Levi Coffin]] made the Cincinnati area the center of his anti-slavery efforts in 1847.<ref>Levi Coffin, ''Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, the reputed president of the underground railroad: being a brief history of the labors of a lifetime in behalf of the slave, with the stories of numerous fugitives, who gained their freedom through his instrumentality, and many other incidents'', Cincinnati: Western Tract Society, University of Michigan Library</ref> [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]] lived in Cincinnati for a time, met escaped slaves and used their stories as a basis for her novel ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' (1852). The [[National Underground Railroad Freedom Center]], which opened in 2004 on the Cincinnati riverfront in the middle of "[[The Banks, Cincinnati|The Banks]]" area between [[Great American Ballpark]] and [[Paul Brown Stadium]], commemorates the volunteers who aided refugee slaves and their drive for freedom, as well as others who have been leaders for social justice.

[[File:Findlay Market Cincinnati.JPG|thumb|[[Findlay Market]], Ohio's oldest operating market]]
Located in a free state and attracting many European immigrants, Cincinnati has historically had a predominantly white population.<ref name="pop"/> By 1940, the Census Bureau reported the city's population as 87.8 percent white and 12.2 percent black.<ref name="pop">{{cite web |title=Ohio&nbsp;– Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |access-date=April 16, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012}}</ref>

In the second half of the 20th century, Cincinnati, along with other [[rust belt]] cities, underwent a vast demographic transformation. By the early 21st century, the city's population was 40% black. Predominantly white, working-class families who constituted the urban core during the European immigration boom in the 19th and early 20th centuries, moved to newly constructed suburbs before and after World War II. Black people, fleeing the oppression of the [[Jim Crow]] South in hopes of better socioeconomic opportunity, had moved to these older city neighborhoods in their [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] to the industrial North. The downturn in industry in the late 20th century caused a loss of many jobs, leaving many people in poverty and [[Homelessness in Ohio|homeless]]. In 1968 passage of national civil rights legislation had raised hopes for positive change, but the assassination of national leader [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] resulted in riots in many black neighborhoods in Cincinnati; unrest occurred in black communities in nearly every major U.S. city after King's murder.

More than three decades later, in April 2001, racially charged [[Cincinnati riots of 2001|riots]] occurred after police fatally shot a young unarmed black man, [[Cincinnati riots of 2001#Incident|Timothy Thomas]], during a foot pursuit to arrest him, mostly for outstanding traffic warrants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cincinnati.com/unrest/ |title=Cincinnati.Com – Your Key to the City |work=cincinnati.com |access-date=June 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706105950/http://cincinnati.com/unrest/ |archive-date=July 6, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> After the 2001 riots, the ACLU, Cincinnati Black United Front, the city and its police union agreed upon a community-oriented policing strategy. The agreement has been used as a model across the country for building relationships between police and local communities.<ref name="collaborative">{{cite web |title=Ohio&nbsp;– 2001 riots led to top-down change for Cincinnati police |work=USA Today |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2011-04-03-cincinnati-riots-anniversary_N.htm |access-date=January 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306044158/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2011-04-03-cincinnati-riots-anniversary_N.htm |archive-date=March 6, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On July 19, 2015, [[Shooting of Samuel DuBose|Samuel DuBose]], an unarmed black motorist, was fatally shot by white University of Cincinnati Police Officer Ray Tensing after a routine traffic stop for a missing front license plate. The resulting legal proceedings in late 2016<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.wlwt.com/article/everything-you-should-know-about-the-ray-tensing-murder-trial/7146075 |title=Everything you should know about the Ray Tensing murder mistrial |last=Ferrell |first=Nikki |date=November 28, 2016 |newspaper=WLWT |access-date=December 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202035118/http://www.wlwt.com/article/everything-you-should-know-about-the-ray-tensing-murder-trial/7146075 |archive-date=December 2, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> have been a recurring focus of national news media.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/01/us/ray-tensing-trial/index.html |title=Ray Tensing trial explained: What to know |first=Max |last=Blau |publisher=CNN |access-date=December 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202041534/http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/01/us/ray-tensing-trial/index.html |archive-date=December 2, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Several protests involving the [[Black Lives Matter]] movement have been carried out.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2016/11/12/protesters-demand-tensing-retrial/93719058/ |title=Black Lives Matter finds allies to protest Tensing decision |newspaper=Cincinnati.com |access-date=December 1, 2016 |archive-date=December 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202080024/https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2016/11/12/protesters-demand-tensing-retrial/93719058/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.wlwt.com/article/black-lives-matter-holds-rally-on-uc-campus-for-sam-dubose/3556439 |title=Black Lives Matter holds rally on UC campus for Sam Dubose |last=Hamrick |first=Brian |date=July 27, 2015 |publisher=WLWT |access-date=December 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202035531/http://www.wlwt.com/article/black-lives-matter-holds-rally-on-uc-campus-for-sam-dubose/3556439 |archive-date=December 2, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tensing was indicted on charges of murder and [[voluntary manslaughter]], but a November 2016 trial ended in [[Mistrial (law)|mistrial]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/12/us/cincinnati-ray-tensing-verdict/index.html |title=Mistrial in murder trial of Ex-University of Cincinnati cop |first=Ray |last=Sanchez |publisher=CNN |access-date=December 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202100928/http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/12/us/cincinnati-ray-tensing-verdict/index.html |archive-date=December 2, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> after the jury became [[Hung jury|deadlocked]]. A retrial began in May 2017, which also ended in mistrial after deadlock. The prosecution then announced they did not plan to try Tensing a third time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wcpo.com/news/crime/prosecutor-joe-deters-decides-not-to-try-ray-tensing-third-time-in-killing-of-sam-dubose |publisher=WCPO |last=Noble |first=Greg |title=Prosecutor Joe Deters decides not to try Ray Tensing third time in killing of Sam DuBose |access-date=July 24, 2017 |date=July 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721235711/http://www.wcpo.com/news/crime/prosecutor-joe-deters-decides-not-to-try-ray-tensing-third-time-in-killing-of-sam-dubose |archive-date=July 21, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The University of Cincinnati has [[Settlement (litigation)|settled]] with the DuBose family for $4.8&nbsp;million<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.wcpo.com/news/local-news/hamilton-county/cincinnati/family-of-sam-dubose-settles-with-uc-for-48m-plus-free-tuition-for-12-children |title=Family of Sam DuBose settles with UC for $4.8M plus free tuition for 12 children |last=McKee |first=Marais Jacon-Duffy, Pat LaFleur, Tom |date=October 25, 2016 |publisher=WCPO |language=en-US |access-date=December 1, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202101219/http://www.wcpo.com/news/local-news/hamilton-county/cincinnati/family-of-sam-dubose-settles-with-uc-for-48m-plus-free-tuition-for-12-children |archive-date=December 2, 2016}}</ref> and free tuition for each of the 12 children.

==Education==
{{Main|Education in Cincinnati}}

===Primary and secondary education===
[[File:Summit Country Day School, Cincinnati.jpg|thumb|The [[Summit Country Day School]] is one of sixteen [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati#Education|Catholic high schools]] in Cincinnati.]]
[[Cincinnati Public Schools]] (CPS) include sixteen high schools all with citywide acceptance. CPS, the third-largest school cluster by student population in Ohio, was the largest to have an overall 'effective' rating from the State.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dispatch.com/content/pages/data/school-education/school-rankings/school-district-rankings.html |title=Ohio school district rankings |work=The Columbus Dispatch |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211100717/http://www.dispatch.com/content/pages/data/school-education/school-rankings/school-district-rankings.html |archive-date=February 11, 2015}}</ref>{{failed verification|reason=archive doesn't show any information and it would be nearly a decade out of date anyway|date=January 2024}} The district currently includes public [[Montessori method|Montessori school]]s, including the first public Montessori high school established in the United States, [[Clark Montessori High School|Clark Montessori]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://clark.cps-k12.org/ |title=Clark Montessori |publisher=Clark.cps-k12.org |access-date=October 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005000302/http://clark.cps-k12.org/ |archive-date=October 5, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cincinnati Public Schools' top-rated school is [[Walnut Hills High School]], ranked 34th on the national list of best public schools by ''Newsweek''. Walnut Hills offers 28 [[Advanced Placement]] courses. Cincinnati is also home to the first Kindergarten – 12th grade Arts School in the country, the [[School for Creative and Performing Arts]].

The Jewish community has several schools, including the all-girl RITSS (Regional Institute for Torah and Secular Studies) high school,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rabbihorowitz.com/PYes/SchoolDetails.cfm?School_ID=649 |title=RabbiHorowitz.com |access-date=January 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402105428/http://www.rabbihorowitz.com/PYes/SchoolDetails.cfm?School_ID=649 |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the all-boy Yeshivas Lubavitch High School.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ylcincinnati.com/sites/default/files/doc/YLCBrochure.pdf |title=Brochure |website=ylcincinnati.com |access-date=January 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121035116/http://www.ylcincinnati.com/sites/default/files/doc/YLCBrochure.pdf |archive-date=January 21, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati]] operates sixteen [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati#Education|high schools]] in Cincinnati, ten of which are [[Single-sex school|single-sex]]. There are six all-female high schools<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPj0H3b5JQgC&pg=PA112 |title=A League of Their Own |author=Aiesha D Little |work=Cincinnati Magazine |quote=...girls get the extra leadership and academic push they need to get on to the path to success in college and in life... [[Mother of Mercy High School (Cincinnati, Ohio)|Mother of Mercy High School]]... [[Mount Notre Dame High School|Mt Notre Dame High School]]... Notre Dame Academy... [[St. Ursula Academy (Cincinnati, Ohio)|St Ursula Academy]]... [[McAuley High School (Cincinnati, Ohio)|McAuley High School]]... [[Ursuline Academy (Cincinnati, Ohio)|Ursuline Academy of Cincinnati]]... |date=August 2007 |access-date=June 23, 2015 |archive-date=March 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327032905/https://books.google.com/books?id=lPj0H3b5JQgC&pg=PA112#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> and four all-male high schools in the city, with additional schools in the metro area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPj0H3b5JQgC&pg=PA113 |work=Cincinnati Magazine |title=No Girls Allowed |author=Katherine L Sontag |quote=The all-male prep schools in the share similar traits-- faith-based service opportunities, strong sports programs, tradition, and lots of testosterone...[[Covington Catholic High School]]...[[Elder High School]]... [[La Salle High School (Cincinnati, Ohio)|La Salle High School]]... Archbishop [[Moeller High School]]...[[Father Stephen T. Badin High School|Stephen T Badin High School]]... [[St. Xavier High School (Cincinnati)|St Xavier High School]] |date=August 2007 |access-date=June 23, 2015 |archive-date=March 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327033417/https://books.google.com/books?id=lPj0H3b5JQgC&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Higher education===
[[File:050819 036 Univ Cincy.jpg|thumb|The [[University of Cincinnati]]'s College of Arts & Sciences]]
The [[Greater Cincinnati Collegiate Connection]] is a [[consortium]] consisting of all of the accredited colleges and universities in the Cincinnati area.

The [[University of Cincinnati]] is a public research university founded in 1819. It is the oldest institution of higher education in Cincinnati and has an annual enrollment of over 50,000 students, making it the second largest university in Ohio.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uc.edu/news/articles/2023/09/census-figures-show-the-university-of-cincinnati-is-just-shy-of-51000-students.html |title=UC growth continues as Big 12 newbie admits largest class |website=University of Cincinnati |date=September 15, 2023 |access-date=Nov 6, 2023 |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107045742/https://www.uc.edu/news/articles/2023/09/census-figures-show-the-university-of-cincinnati-is-just-shy-of-51000-students.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is part of the [[University System of Ohio]]. The university's primary uptown campus and medical campus are located in the [[List of Cincinnati neighborhoods|Heights]] and [[Corryville, Cincinnati|Corryville]] neighborhoods. The university is renowned in architecture and engineering, [[liberal arts]], music, nursing, and [[social science]]. Notable divisions include the [[University of Cincinnati Medical Center]] and the [[University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music|College-Conservatory of Music]].

[[Xavier University (Cincinnati)|Xavier University]], a [[Roman Catholic]] college along with [[Mount St. Joseph University]], was at one time affiliated with the [[Athenaeum of Ohio]], the seminary of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati]]. Xavier is primarily an [[undergraduate]], [[liberal arts]] institution based in the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] tradition. [[Antonelli College]], a career training school, is based in Cincinnati with several satellite campuses in [[Ohio]] and [[Mississippi]]. [[Hebrew Union College]] – Jewish Institute of Religion (HUC-JIR), founded by Isaac Mayer Wise, is a seminary for training of Reform rabbis and others religious.

[[Cincinnati State Technical and Community College]] is a small [[Institute of technology|technical]] and [[Community colleges in the United States|community college]] that includes the Midwest Culinary School. The [[Art Academy of Cincinnati]], nicknamed AAC was founded as the 'McMicken School of Design in 1869. Also located in Cincinnati were [[Cincinnati Christian University]] and [[Chatfield College]] before they permanently closed in 2019 and 2023, respectively. Five hundred years since [[the Reformation]] Cincinnati provided a global distinguished lecture marking the layout of books and research for stirred city goers<ref>{{cite web |url=https://libapps.libraries.uc.edu/liblog/2017/09/langsam-library-exhibit-marks-the-500th-anniversary-of-the-reformation/ |title=Langsam Library Exhibit Marks the 500th Anniversary of the Reformation |date=September 11, 2017 |publisher=The University of Cincinnati |access-date=December 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225044857/https://libapps.libraries.uc.edu/liblog/2017/09/langsam-library-exhibit-marks-the-500th-anniversary-of-the-reformation/ |archive-date=December 25, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Cincinnati Art Museum]] staff built ''Albrecht Durer: The Age of Reformation and Renaissance'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.CincinnatiArtMuseum.Org/Durer// |title=Albrecht Dürer: The Age of Reformation and Renaissance |publisher=The Cincinnati Art Museum |access-date=December 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227061916/http://www.cincinnatiartmuseum.org/Durer// |archive-date=December 27, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> with more crafting by the university design, art, and architecture program given for the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://libapps.libraries.uc.edu/liblog/2017/11/albrecht-durer-a-reformation-era-artist-daap-library/ |title=Albrecht Dürer: A Reformation-Era Artist @ DAAP Library |date=November 15, 2017 |publisher=The University of Cincinnati |access-date=December 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227122005/https://libapps.libraries.uc.edu/liblog/2017/11/albrecht-durer-a-reformation-era-artist-daap-library/ |archive-date=December 27, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Libraries===
The city has an extensive library system, both the city's public libraries and university facilities. The [[Cincinnati and Hamilton County Public Library]] system was the second largest in the nation by number of holdings in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nation's Largest Public Libraries: Top 25 Rankings |url=https://libguides.ala.org/librarystatistics/largest-public-libs |access-date=October 9, 2023 |website=American Library Association |archive-date=December 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201154217/https://libguides.ala.org/librarystatistics/largest-public-libs |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
{{main|Healthcare in Cincinnati}}

==Media==
{{Main|Media in Cincinnati}}
[[File:Cincinnati-enquirer-building.jpg|thumb|Headquarters of [[The Cincinnati Enquirer]], founded in 1841]]

===Newspapers===
Cincinnati's daily newspaper is ''[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]]'', which was established in 1841. The city is home to several alternative, weekly, and monthly publications, among which are free weekly print magazine publications including ''[[Cincinnati CityBeat|CityBeat]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://citybeat.com/ |title=City Beat |publisher=City Beat |access-date=October 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513213336/http://www.citybeat.com/ |archive-date=May 13, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[TSJ Media|La Jornada Latina]]''. The city's weekly African American newspaper, ''The Cincinnati Herald'', was founded by Gerald Porter in 1955 and purchased by Sesh Communications in 1996.

===Television===
[[File:WCPO TV Station Building, Walnut Hills, Cincinnati, OH.jpg|thumb|[[WCPO-TV]] studios in [[Mount Adams, Cincinnati|Mount Adams]]]]According to [[Nielsen Media Research]], Cincinnati is the 36th largest [[Media market|television market]] in the United States {{As of|2021|alt=as of the 2021 television season}}.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 19, 2017 |title=2017 Nielsen DMA Rankings – Full List – Lyons Broadcast PR |url=https://oaaa.org/Portals/0/Public%20PDFs/OAAA%202021%20NIELSEN%20DMA%20Rankings%20Report.pdf |access-date=September 21, 2022 |website=Out of Home Advertising Association of America |archive-date=February 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224031435/https://oaaa.org/Portals/0/Public%20PDFs/OAAA%202021%20NIELSEN%20DMA%20Rankings%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> Twelve television stations broadcast from Cincinnati. Major commercial stations in the area include [[WLWT]] 5 ([[NBC]]), [[WCPO-TV]] 9 ([[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]), [[WKRC-TV]] 12 ([[CBS]], with [[The CW|CW]] on DT2), [[WXIX-TV]] 19 ([[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]), [[WSTR-TV]] 64 ([[MyNetworkTV]]), and [[WBQC-LD]] 25 ([[Telemundo]]), which is a sister station to WXIX-TV through owner Gray Television's purchase of the station. [[WCET (TV)|WCET]] channel 48, now known as CET, is the United States' oldest licensed public television station (License #1, issued in 1951).<ref>{{cite journal |first=Virginia |last=Watson-Rouslin |title=Channel 48: A Muttering Voice in the T.V. Wilderness |journal=[[Cincinnati Magazine]] |date=February 1978 |page=53 |access-date=November 17, 2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JQsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA53 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603023613/http://books.google.com/books?id=JQsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA53 |archive-date=June 3, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is now co-owned with [[WPTD|WPTO]] 14, a satellite of [[WPTD]] in nearby [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]].

===Radio===
{{Further|Category:Radio stations in Cincinnati}}
{{As of|2022|September|df=US}}, Cincinnati is the 33rd largest [[Media market|radio market]] in the United States, with an estimated 1.8&nbsp;million listeners aged 12 and above.<ref>{{cite web |title=#30 Cincinnati |work=Radio Online |date=December 2017 |access-date=January 10, 2018 |url=http://ratings.radio-online.com/cgi-bin/rol.exe/arb031 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111202041/https://ratings.radio-online.com/cgi-bin/rol.exe/arb031 |archive-date=January 11, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Major radio station operators include [[iHeartMedia]] and [[Cumulus Media]]. [[WLW]] and [[WCKY (AM)|WCKY]], both owned by iHeartMedia, are both [[clear-channel station]]s that broadcast at 50,000 watts, covering most of the eastern United States at night. [[Cincinnati Public Radio]] includes [[WVXU]] for news (an [[NPR]] member station) and [[WGUC]] for classical music.

===Online===
Soul Serum is a Cincinnati-based promotion and production company that provides the local music scene with live shows, music videos, podcasts, and more.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cincinnatimagazine.com/article/tanner-moeves-brings-back-live-hip-hop/ |title=Soul Serum Brings Back Live Hip-Hop |date=November 2, 2022 |access-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119100247/https://www.cincinnatimagazine.com/article/tanner-moeves-brings-back-live-hip-hop/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2023}}

==Transportation==
{{Main|Transportation in Cincinnati}}
[[File:Cincinnati Union Terminal Rotunda.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Cincinnati Union Terminal]] serves [[Amtrak]]'s ''[[Cardinal (train)|Cardinal]]'' line and houses several museums.]]
Cincinnati has several standard modes of transportation including sidewalks, roads, public transit, bicycle paths and airports. The city's hills preclude the regular [[street grid]] common to many cities built up in the 19th century, and outside of the downtown basin, regular street grids are rare except for in patches of flat land where they are small and oriented according to topography.

Most trips are made by car, with transit and bicycles having a relatively low share of total trips; in a region of just over 2 million people, less than 80,000 trips were made with transit on an average day in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s1118.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020120307/http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s1118.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 20, 2011 |title=Transit Ridership in Selected Urbanized Areas - US Census Bureau}}</ref> Like many other Midwestern cities, however, bicycle use grew rapidly in the 2000s and 2010s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.citylab.com/commute/2011/09/substantial-increases-bike-ridership-across-nation/161/ |title=Is Bicycle Commuting Really Catching On? And if So, Where? |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=September 21, 2011 |access-date=February 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131105808/http://www.citylab.com/commute/2011/09/substantial-increases-bike-ridership-across-nation/161/ |archive-date=January 31, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The city of Cincinnati has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 19.3 percent of Cincinnati households lacked a car and the figure increased slightly, to 21.2 percent, in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Cincinnati averaged 1.3 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map |journal=Governing |date=December 9, 2014 |url=http://www.governing.com/gov-data/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html |access-date=May 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511162014/http://www.governing.com/gov-data/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html |archive-date=May 11, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The development of a [[light rail]] system had long been a goal for Cincinnati, with several proposals emerging over many decades. The city grew rapidly during its [[Streetcars in Cincinnati|streetcar era]] of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and is today served by the [[Connector (Cincinnati)|Connector]]. In 1917, citizens voted to spend $6&nbsp;million (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=6000000|start_year=1916}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) to build the [[Cincinnati Subway]]. The subway was planned to be a {{Convert|16|mi|km|adj=on}} loop around the city hitting the suburbs of [[St. Bernard, Ohio|St. Bernard]], [[Norwood, Ohio|Norwood]], [[Oakley, Ohio|Oakley]] and [[Hyde Park, Ohio|Hyde Park]] before returning Downtown.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singer |first=Allen J. |title=The Cincinnati Subway: History of Rapid Transit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7F8zr3DwTsC |access-date=July 23, 2011 |series=Images of America Series |date=May 26, 2003 |publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]] |location=Mount Pleasant, SC |isbn=978-0-7385-2314-9 |page=36 |archive-date=March 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327033413/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7F8zr3DwTsC |url-status=live }}</ref> [[World War I]] delayed commencement of construction until 1920 and inflation raised the cost to over $13&nbsp;million (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=13000000|start_year=1920}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}), causing the Oakley portion never to be built. Mayor [[Murray Seasongood]], who took office later in the decade, argued it would cost too much money to finish the system, and construction stalled after the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]].

===Public transportation===
[[File:Cincinnati Bell Connector on Race St at Glass Alley (2017).jpg|thumb|The [[Connector (Cincinnati)|Connector]] streetcar line was established in 2016.]]
The [[Connector (Cincinnati)|Connector]] streetcar line in Downtown and [[Over-the-Rhine]] opened for service on September 9, 2016, crossing directly above the unfinished subway on Central Parkway downtown.<ref name="WVXU-2016sep9" /><ref name="cinc-enq-2016sep9" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecincinnatisubway.com |title=Cincinnati's Abandoned Subway |access-date=December 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727041551/http://www.thecincinnatisubway.com/ |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cincinnati-transit.net/subway.html |title=CINCINNATI SUBWAY |access-date=February 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217185715/http://www.cincinnati-transit.net/subway.html |archive-date=February 17, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wlwt.com/news/supplier-issues-may-delay-cincinnati-streetcar-delivery/34525774 |title=Report: Supplier issues may delay Cincinnati streetcar delivery |date=August 4, 2015 |access-date=February 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223052949/http://www.wlwt.com/news/supplier-issues-may-delay-cincinnati-streetcar-delivery/34525774 |archive-date=February 23, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://citybeat.com/cincinnati/article-28129-top_10_misrepresentations_of_the_cincinnati_streetcar_project.html |title=Top 10 Misrepresentations of the Cincinnati Streetcar Project |access-date=February 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716001911/http://www.citybeat.com/cincinnati/article-28129-top_10_misrepresentations_of_the_cincinnati_streetcar_project.html |archive-date=July 16, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/news/2016/08/03/it-s-official-streetcar-is-under-budget.html |title=It's official: Cincinnati Streetcar is under budget – Cincinnati Business Courier |access-date=August 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911200443/http://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/news/2016/08/03/it-s-official-streetcar-is-under-budget.html |archive-date=September 11, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Today the streetcar boasts over 3.5 miles of track and 16 hours of service per day on weekdays.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/streetcar/how-to-ride/hours-route-and-station-stops/ |title=Hours, Route and Station Stops |website=www.cincinnati-oh.gov |access-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923221526/https://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/streetcar/how-to-ride/hours-route-and-station-stops/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It had an annual ridership of over 846,000 in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/streetcar/about-the-streetcar/ridership-data/ |title=Cincinnati Bell Connector &#124; Ridership data - Streetcar |access-date=September 8, 2023 |archive-date=March 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327033421/https://insights.cincinnati-oh.gov/stories/s/Streetcar-Ridership/n7hm-3f4b/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Cincinnati is served by the [[Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority]] (SORTA), the [[Transit Authority of Northern Kentucky]] (TANK) and the [[Clermont Transportation Connection]]. SORTA and TANK primarily operate {{Convert|40|ft|m|adj=on}} diesel buses, though some lines are served by longer articulated or hybrid-engine buses. SORTA buses operate under the "Metro" name and are referred to by locals as such.

A system of public staircases known as the [[Steps of Cincinnati]] guides pedestrians up and down the city's many hills. In addition to practical use linking hillside neighborhoods, the 400 stairways provide visitors with scenic views of the Cincinnati area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/dote/dote-programs/hillside-steps/ |title=Hillside Steps – Transportation & Engineering |publisher=Cincinnati-oh.gov |access-date=July 10, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524113925/http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/dote/dote-programs/hillside-steps/ |archive-date=May 24, 2013}}</ref>

Cincinnati is served by [[Amtrak]]'s ''[[Cardinal (train)|Cardinal]]'', an intercity passenger train which makes three weekly trips in each direction between Chicago and New York City through [[Cincinnati Union Terminal]].

===Roadways===
[[File:Fort Washington Way at night.jpg|thumb|[[Fort Washington Way]], one of Cincinnati's major freeways]]
Bus traffic is heavy in Cincinnati. Several motor coach companies operate out of Cincinnati, making trips within the Midwest and beyond. The city has a [[Orbital road|beltway]], [[Interstate 275 (Ohio)|Interstate 275]] (which is the third-longest beltway overall in the United States at {{Convert|85|mi|km|sp=us|disp=or}}) and a spur, [[Interstate 471]], to [[Kentucky]]. It is also served by [[Interstate 71 (Ohio)|Interstate 71]], [[Interstate 74 (Ohio)|Interstate 74]], [[Interstate 75 (Ohio)|Interstate 75]] and numerous U.S. highways: [[U.S. Highway 22 (Ohio)|US 22]], [[U.S. Highway 25 (Ohio)|US 25]], [[U.S. Highway 27 (Ohio)|US 27]], [[U.S. Highway 42 (Ohio)|US 42]], [[U.S. Route 50 in Ohio|US 50]], [[U.S. Highway 52 (Ohio)|US 52]], and [[U.S. Highway 127 (Ohio)|US 127]]. The [[Riverfront Transit Center]], built underneath 2nd Street, is about the size of eight football fields. It is only used for sporting events and school field trips. At its construction, it was designed for public transit buses, charter buses, school buses, city coach buses, light rail, and possibly commuter rail. When not in use for sporting events, it is closed off and rented to a private parking vendor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.go-metro.com/about-metro/about2/doingbusiness/doingbusinesswithmetro/riverfront-transit-center |title=Riverfront Transit Center |access-date=February 14, 2020 |archive-date=July 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728141550/https://www.go-metro.com/about-metro/about2/doingbusiness/doingbusinesswithmetro/riverfront-transit-center |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wcpo.com/news/local-news/i-team/i-team-48-million-transit-station-sits-empty |title=I-Team: $48 million transit station sits empty |first=Brendan |last=Keefe |date=October 31, 2011 |access-date=February 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216100317/http://www.wcpo.com/news/local-news/i-team/i-team-48-million-transit-station-sits-empty |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thetransportpolitic.com/2009/07/07/cincinnatis-riverfront-transit-center-attracts-criticism/ |title=Cincinnati's Riverfront Transit Center Attracts Criticism |date=July 7, 2009 |access-date=February 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112215226/http://www.thetransportpolitic.com/2009/07/07/cincinnatis-riverfront-transit-center-attracts-criticism/ |archive-date=November 12, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Air===
The city is served by [[Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport]] ([[IATA]]: '''CVG''') which is located in [[Hebron, Kentucky]]. The airport is a focus city for [[Allegiant Air]] and a global cargo hub for both [[Amazon Air]] and [[DHL Aviation]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DHL opens super-hub at CVG |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/news/2013/06/13/dhl-opens-super-hub-at-cvg.html |date=June 13, 2013 |author=Wetterich, Chris |work=Cincinnati Business Courier |access-date=January 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205005754/http://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/news/2013/06/13/dhl-opens-super-hub-at-cvg.html |archive-date=December 5, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The airport offers non-stop passenger service to over 50 destinations in North America and to European cities including [[Paris]] and [[London]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CVG Airport - Nonstop Destinations |url=https://www.cvgairport.com/nonstopdestinations |website=CVG Airport |access-date=26 September 2023 |archive-date=October 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001162014/https://www.cvgairport.com/nonstopdestinations |url-status=live }}</ref> CVG is the 6th busiest airport in the United States by cargo traffic and is additionally the fastest-growing cargo airport in North America.

Other airports include [[Lunken Airport|Cincinnati Municipal Lunken Airport]] ([[IATA]]: LUK) which has daily service on commercial charter flights. The airport serves as a hub for [[Ultimate Air Shuttle]] and [[Flamingo Air (Cincinnati airline)|Flamingo Air]].

==Notable people==
{{main|List of people from Cincinnati}}

==Sister cities==
Cincinnati's [[Sister city|sister cities]] are:<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities |url=https://www.cincinnatisistercity.org/sister-cities |publisher=Cincinnati Sister City Association |access-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105110200/https://www.cincinnatisistercity.org/sister-cities |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mayor Cranley welcomes Mayor Akel Biltaji to Cincinnati |url=https://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/mayor/news/mayor-cranley-welcomes-mayor-akel-biltaji-to-cincinnati/ |publisher=City of Cincinnati |date=June 10, 2015 |access-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-date=September 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905162827/http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/mayor/news/mayor-cranley-welcomes-mayor-akel-biltaji-to-cincinnati/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|JOR}} [[Amman]], Jordan
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Gifu]], Japan
*{{flagicon|ZWE}} [[Harare]], Zimbabwe
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Kharkiv]], Ukraine
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liuzhou]], China
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Munich]], Germany
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mysore]], India
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nancy, France|Nancy]], France
*{{flagicon|TWN}} [[New Taipei City|New Taipei]], Taiwan
{{Div col end}}
{{clear}}

==See also==
* [[City Plan for Cincinnati]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Cincinnati]]
* [[USS Cincinnati|USS ''Cincinnati'']], 5 ships
* [[Vine Street, Cincinnati]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* George W. Engelhardt, ''Cincinnati: The Queen City''. Cincinnati, Ohio: George W. Engelhardt Co., 1901.
* Charles Frederic Goss, ''Cincinnati: The Queen City, 1788–1912''. In Four Volumes. Chicago: S.J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1912.
** [https://archive.org/details/cincinnatiqueen01compgoog Volume 1] | [https://archive.org/details/cincinnatiqueenc02goss Volume 2] | [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081826855&view=1up&seq=7&skin=2021 Volume 3] | [https://archive.org/details/cincinnatiqueen03compgoog Volume 4]
* {{cite book |title=Centennial History of Cincinnati and Representative Citizens |first=Charles Theodore |last=Greve |location=Chicago |publisher=Biographical Publishing Company |date=1904 |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eJxABLtxX60C&pg=PA507 |via=Google Books}}
* Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. ''Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980'' (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. [https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_r8s1 online]; see index at pp.&nbsp;406–411 for list.
* William C. Smith, [https://archive.org/details/queencityyesterd00smit ''Queen City Yesterdays: Sketches of Cincinnati in the Eighties'']. Crawfordsville, Indiana: R. E. Banta, 1959.
* {{cite book |title=Cincinnati: From River City to Highway Metropolis |first=David |last=Stradling |location=Mount Pleasant, South Carolina |publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]] |year=2003 |page=67ff |isbn=978-0-7385-2440-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_D3qf9b1s-gC}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Cincinnati|Cincinnati}}
* [https://cincinnati-oh.gov/ Official website]
* [http://cincinnatiparks.com/ Cincinnati Parks] – Official City of Cincinnati Public Parks website
* [https://www.cincyusa.com/ Greater Cincinnati Convention & Visitors Bureau]
* [https://cincinnatiusa.com/ Cincinnati USA: Official Visitors and Tourist Site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131110024002/http://www.oscarwildeinamerica.org/lecture-tour/patti-in-cincinnati.html Adelina Patti and Oscar Wilde in Cincinnati 1882]

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[[Category:Cincinnati| ]]
[[Category:1788 establishments in the Northwest Territory]] <!-- This was in the Northwest Territory (1787–1803) at the time -->
[[Category:Cities in Hamilton County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Cities in Ohio]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1788]]