View source for 6th Army (Wehrmacht)

{{Short description|German field army (1939–1945)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name                     = 6th Army
| native_name                   = {{nativename|de|6. Armee|paren=omit}}
| image                         = 6th Army Logo.svg
| caption                       = 
| dates                         = 10 October 1939 – 2 February 1943<br />5 March  1943 – 9 May 1945
| country                       = {{flag|Nazi Germany}}
| branch                        = {{army|Nazi Germany}}
| type                          = [[Field army]]
| role                          = 
| size                          = '''Battle of Stalingrad 1942/43''':<br>360,000{{sfn|Shirer|1960|p= 838}}<br />–124,000 (18 December 1942–February 1943 March 11,000 soldiers   ){{sfn|Ziemke|2002|p= 69}}<br>'''9 October 1943''' ([[Battle of the Dnieper]]):<br>217,857<ref>Armeeoberkommando 6, IVa. Betr.: Verpflegungsstärken. Stand: 9.10.43. NARA T312, R1481, F000177.</ref><br>'''1 February 1944''' ([[Nikopol–Krivoi Rog offensive|Nikopol-Krivoy Rog offensive]])<br>260,000<ref>Frieser, Karl-Heinz. The Eastern Front 1943–1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts. Oxford University Press, 2017, p. 467.</ref><br>'''1 March 1944''' ([[Dnieper–Carpathian offensive|Dnieper-Carpathian offensive]]):<br>286,297<ref>OKH Organisationsabteilung (I). Nr. I/161628/44 g.Kdos. Notiz. Iststärke des Feldheeres Stand 1.3.1944. Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (BA-MA) RH 2/1341, fol. 12.</ref><br>'''1 April 1944''' ([[Odessa Offensive]]):<br>188,551<ref>OKH Organisationsabteilung (I). Nr. I/17245/44 g.Kdos. Notiz. Iststärke des Feldheeres Stand 1.4.1944. Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (BA-MA) RH 2/1341, fol. 16.</ref>
| command_structure             = 
| garrison                      = 
| past_commanders               = 
| notable_commanders            = [[Walther von Reichenau]]<br />[[Friedrich Paulus]]<br />[[Maximilian Fretter-Pico]]<br />[[Hermann Balck]] 
| patron                        = 
| motto                         = 
| colors                        = 
| march                         = 
| mascot                        = 
| battles                       = {{Tree list}}
* [[World War II]]
** [[Battle of Belgium]]
*** [[Battle of Gembloux (1940)]]
** [[Battle of France]]
*** [[Case Yellow]]
*** [[Case Red]]
** [[Operation Barbarossa]]
*** [[Battle of Uman]]
*** [[Battle of Kiev (1941)]]
*** [[First Battle of Kharkov]]
** [[Second Battle of Kharkov]]
** [[Case Blue]]
*** [[Operation Fischreiher]]
**** [[Battle of Voronezh (1942)|Battle of Voronezh]]
**** [[Battle of Kalach]]
**** [[Battle of Stalingrad]]
** [[Donbas strategic offensive (July 1943)|Donbass Offensive (July 1943)]]
** [[Donbas strategic offensive (August 1943)|Donbass Offensive (August 1943)]]
** [[Battle of the Dnieper]]
*** [[Melitopol Offensive]]
** [[Dnieper–Carpathian Offensive]]
*** [[Nikopol–Krivoi Rog Offensive]]
*** [[Bereznegovatoye–Snigirevka Offensive]]
*** [[Odessa Offensive]]
** [[Battle of Romania]]
*** [[Second Jassy-Kishinev Offensive]]
** [[Budapest Offensive]]
*** [[Siege of Budapest]]
*** [[Operation Konrad]]
** [[Operation Spring Awakening]]
** [[Vienna Offensive]]
{{tree list/end}}
}}

The '''6th Army''' ({{langx|de|6. Armee}}) was a [[field army]] of the [[German Army (1935-1945)|German Army]] during [[World War II]]. It is widely known for its defeat by and subsequent surrender to the [[Red Army]] at the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] on 2 February 1943. It committed war crimes at [[Babi Yar]] while under the command of Field Marshal [[Walther von Reichenau]] during [[Operation Barbarossa]].

The 6th Army was reformed in March 1943, and participated in fighting in Ukraine and later Romania, before being almost completely destroyed in the [[Second Jassy-Kishinev Offensive]] in August 1944. Following this it would fight in Hungary, attempting to [[Operation Konrad III|relieve Budapest]], and subsequently retreating into Austria in the Spring of 1945. 6th Army surrendered to US Army forces on 9 May 1945.

==Western campaigns==
The 6th Army was formed on 10 October 1939 with General [[Walther von Reichenau]] in command through the redesignation of the [[10th Army (Wehrmacht)|10th Army]] that had fought during the [[Invasion of Poland]].

During [[Battle of France|the invasion of the Low Countries]] the 6th Army saw active service linking up with paratroopers and destroying fortifications at [[Eben Emael]], [[Liège]], and [[Namur (city)|Namur]] during the [[Battle of Belgium]]. The 6th Army was then involved in the breakthrough of the Paris defences on 12 June 1940, before acting as a northern flank for German forces along the [[Normandy]] coast during the closing stages of the [[Battle of France]].

==Eastern Front, 1941–43==
The 6th Army took part in [[Operation Barbarossa]] as the spearhead of [[Army Group South]]. Reichenau died in an aircraft accident while being transported to a hospital after a heart attack in January 1942.{{sfn|Adam|Ruhle|2015|pp=1-2}} He was succeeded by his former chief of staff, General [[Friedrich Paulus]].{{sfn|Ziemke|Bauer|1987|p=158}} Paulus led the 6th Army to a major victory at the [[Second Battle of Kharkov]] during the spring of 1942.{{sfn|Ziemke|2002|p=33}}

===Case Blue===
[[File:Map Battle of Stalingrad-en.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.4|The Soviet counter-attack at Stalingrad {{legend-line|solid#dd0000 2px|German front, 19 November}} {{legend-line|solid#ff6600 2px|German front, 12 December}} {{legend-line|solid #009a00 2px|German front, 24 December}} {{legend|#c3c3c3|border=solid grey 1px|Soviet advance, 19–28 November}}]]

On 28 June 1942, Army Group South launched [[Case Blue]], the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]]'s summer offensive into southern Russia.{{sfn|Ziemke|2002|p=18}} The goals of the operation were to secure both the oil fields at [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]], and the city of [[Stalingrad]] on the river [[Volga]] to protect the forces advancing into the Caucasus.{{sfn|Ziemke|2002|pp=15-16}}

=== Battle of Stalingrad ===
{{Main|Battle of Stalingrad|Operation Uranus}}
Two months after the beginning of Case Blue, the 6th Army reached the outskirts of Stalingrad on 23 August.{{sfn|Ziemke|2002|pp=40-41}} On the same day, over 1,000 aircraft of the [[Luftflotte 4]] bombed the city, killing many civilians.

Stalingrad was defended by the [[62nd Army (Soviet Union)]] under the command of General [[Vasily Chuikov]].{{sfn|Ziemke|2002|p=42}} Despite German air superiority over Stalingrad, and with more artillery pieces than the Red Army, progress was reduced to no more than several meters a day. Eventually, by mid November, the 62nd Army had been pushed to the banks of the Volga, but the 6th Army was unable to eliminate the remaining Soviet troops.{{sfn|Ziemke|2002|p=46}}

On 19 November the [[Stavka]] launched [[Operation Uranus]], a major offensive by Soviet forces on the flanks of the German army.{{sfn|Ziemke|2002|p=53}} The first pincer attacked far to the west of the [[Don River, Russia|Don]], with the second thrust beginning a day later attacking far to the south of Stalingrad.{{sfn|Ziemke|2002|pp=53-54}} The 6th Army's flanks were protected by Romanian troops, who were quickly routed, and on 23 November, the pincers met at [[Kalach-na-Donu]], thereby encircling the 6th Army.{{sfn|Ziemke|2002|p=57}} A relief attempt was launched on 12 December by [[Hermann Hoth]]'s [[4th Panzer Army]], codenamed [[Operation Winter Storm]]. Despite initial progress, capturing the town of Verkhne-Kumsky and reaching the river Myshkova, the 4th Panzer Army was eventually halted and later forced to withdraw due to the threat posed to its rear by [[Operation Little Saturn]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Beevor | first = Antony | title = Stalingrad | publisher = Penguin | date = 1999 | location = London | page = 298}}</ref> Also contributing to Winter Storm's failure was Adolf Hitler's refusal to approve of Operation Thunderclap, a planned breakout attempt by the 6th Army, to occur simultaneously.<ref>{{cite book | last = Beevor | first = Antony | title = Stalingrad | publisher = Penguin | date = 1999 | location = London | page = 299}}</ref>{{sfn|Ziemke|2002|pp=63-64}} 

The 6th Army surrendered between 31 January and 2 February 1943.{{sfn|Ziemke|2002|p=79}} German casualties were 147,200 killed and wounded and over 91,000 captured, the latter including Field Marshal Paulus, 24 generals and 2,500 officers of lesser rank.{{sfn|Ziemke|2002|p=79}} Only 5,000 would survive Soviet internment and return to Germany after the war.{{sfn|Shirer|1960|p=838}}

==Redeployment==
A new 6th Army was deployed by renaming ''[[Army Detachment Hollidt|Armee-Abteilung Hollidt]]'' on 5 March 1943 under the command of General [[Karl-Adolf Hollidt]].{{sfn|Ziemke|2002|p=137}}

This new 6th Army later fought in [[Ukraine]] and [[Romania]] as part of [[Army Group South]] until transferred to [[Army Group A]] (later renamed to [[Army Group South Ukraine]]).{{sfn|Ziemke|2002|p=242}} In May 1944, the 6th Army became part of Army Group Dumitrescu, commanded by the Romanian general [[Petre Dumitrescu]]. The Army Group also included the [[Romanian 3rd Army]]. This instance marked the first time in the war when German commanders came under the actual (instead of nominal) command of their foreign allies.<ref>[[Samuel W. Mitcham]]... except when they were commanded by Giovani Messe in the Tunisian campaign.
Stackpole Books, 2007, ''The German Defeat in the East, 1944–45'', p. 163</ref> This came one month after Dumitrescu became the 5th non-German recipient of the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]] with Oak Leaves (4 April 1944).<ref>Walther-Peer Fellgiebel, Helion & Company Limited, 2003, ''Elite of the Third Reich: The Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, 1939–45'', p. 94</ref> The 6th army was encircled and almost entirely destroyed during the [[Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive]] carried out by the Soviets.{{sfn|Ziemke|2002|pp=353–355}}

In October 1944, under the command of General [[Maximilian Fretter-Pico]], the 6th Army encircled and destroyed three Soviet corps of Mobile Group Pliyev under the command of [[Issa Pliyev]] in the [[Battle of Debrecen]].{{sfn|Ziemke|2002|p=362}} During this time, the 6th Army had the [[Hungarian Second Army]] placed under its command, and it was known as "Army Group Fretter-Pico" (''Armeegruppe Fretter-Pico'').{{sfn|Ziemke|2002|p=359}}

Command passed to General [[Hermann Balck]] on 23 December 1944.{{sfn|Ziemke|2002|p=385}} In December 1944, one of the 6th Army's subordinate units, the [[IX Waffen Mountain Corps of the SS (Croatian)|IX SS Mountain Corps]], was encircled in [[Budapest]].{{sfn|Ziemke|2002|pp=384–386}} [[IV SS Panzer Corps]] was transferred to the 6th Army's command{{sfn|Ziemke|2002|p=386}} and a series of relief attempts, codenamed [[Operation Konrad]], was launched during the 46-day-long [[Siege of Budapest]].{{sfn|Ziemke|2002|pp=433–437}}

After the failure of Konrad III, the 6th Army was made part of "[[Army Group Balck]]" (''Armeegruppe Balck''). This army group fell back to the area near [[Lake Balaton]]. Several units, including the III Panzer Corps, took part in [[Operation Spring Awakening]], while the rest of the Sixth Army provided defence for the left flank of the offensive, in the region west of [[Székesfehérvár]]. After the failure of the offensive, the army held the line until the Soviet [[Vienna Offensive]] on 16 March 1945.{{sfn|Ziemke|2002|p=452}} This offensive tore a gap in the 6th Army between the IV SS Panzer Corps and the [[Hungarian Third Army|3rd Hungarian Army]] (subordinated to Balck's command), shattering the formation.{{sfn|Ziemke|2002|p=453}} By the end of March 1945, the 6th Army was retreating towards Vienna.{{sfn|Ziemke|2002|p=455}} It surrendered to the U.S. Army on 9 May 1945.

==Structure (as of October 1944)==
* IV Panzer Corps
* LXXII Army Corps
* III Panzer Corps
* Hungarian II Army Corps
* Hungarian Group ''Flnta''
* Army Reserve

==War crimes==
{{Main|Bila Tserkva massacre|Severity Order}}

===Bila Tserkva massacre===
Soon after the beginning of [[Operation Barbarossa]], the Sixth Army's surgeon, the staff doctor Gerhart Panning, learned about captured Russian [[expanding bullet]]s by using Jewish POWs. To determine the effects of this type of ammunition on German soldiers, he decided to test them on other human beings after asking [[Sicherheitsdienst|SD]] member and ''SS-[[Standartenführer]]'' [[Paul Blobel]] for some "guinea pigs" (Jewish POWs).<ref name="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union Symposium Presentations">{{citation|chapter-url=http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/publications/occasional/2005-10/paper.pdf |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Center For Advanced Holocaust Studies |title=The Holocaust in the Soviet Union Symposium Presentations |chapter=The Holocaust and Colonialism in Ukraine: A Case Study of the Generalbezirk Zhytomyr, Ukraine, 1941–1944 |first1=Wendy |last1=Lower |author-link=Wendy Lower |page=6 |year=2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816044021/http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/publications/occasional/2005-10/paper.pdf |archive-date=16 August 2012 }}</ref>

In July 1941 while conducting operations in [[Right-bank Ukraine]], the Sixth Army bloodlessly captured the Ukrainian town of [[Bila Tserkva]]. Immediately after the town's capitulation, Sixth Army police units separated the Jewish population of the town into a [[ghetto]] and required that they wear the [[Star of David]] as identification. Two weeks after the occupation, members of ''[[Einsatzgruppen]]'' marched the Jews out of the town, 800 men and women in all, to be shot. The Sixth Army provided logistical support for this massacre, providing drivers, guards, weapons and ammunition. Afterwards ninety children aged twelve and under were left, their parents having been killed the night before. A staff officer with the division that made the town their headquarters wrote of their conditions:

{{Quotation|''"The rooms were filled with about 90 children. There was an indescribable amount of filth; Rags, diapers, refuse lay everywhere. Countless flies cover the children, some of whom were naked. Almost all of the children were crying or whimpering. The stench was unbearable. In the above mentioned case, measures were taken against women and children which were no different from atrocities committed by the enemy."''.|Lieutenant Colonel [[Helmuth Groscurth]] (1941)<ref name="BBC2">
{{cite web
 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXnA66h--Go
  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/vXnA66h--Go |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=The Wehrmacht: Warcrimes (part 2)
 |access-date=2013-11-03
 |publisher=BBC
}}{{cbignore}}</ref>{{Rp|06:18}}}}

Groscurth himself sought out the district commander and insisted that the execution must be stopped. Sixth Army headquarters was faced with a decision on what to do with the children left behind now that their parents had been murdered. The division commander passed the decision up to [[Walter von Reichenau]], then commander of the Sixth Army, who personally authorized the massacre.<ref name="BBC2"/>{{rp|06:54}} All the children were murdered<ref name="BBC2"/>{{rp|07:27}} by Sixth Army regulars. Groscurth, appalled by the murders, wrote to his wife that "We cannot and should not be allowed to win this war".<ref>{{cite book | last = Beevor | first = Antony | title = Stalingrad | publisher = Penguin | date = 1999 | location = London | page = 56}}</ref>

===Severity Order===
The army's commander, [[Walther von Reichenau]], a committed, fanatical Nazi, had this to say about the expected conduct of soldiers under his command. The order said, in part<ref>{{Cite book|title=Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for Stalingrad|last=Craig|first=William|year=1973}}</ref>

{{Quotation|''"The most important objective of this campaign against the [[Jewish Bolshevism|Jewish-Bolshevik]] system is the complete destruction of its sources of power and the extermination of the Asiatic influence in European civilization.''

''In this eastern theatre, the soldier is not only a man fighting in accordance with the rules of the art of war, but also the ruthless standard bearer of a national conception and the avenger of bestialities which have been inflicted upon German and racially related nations. For this reason the soldier must learn fully to appreciate the necessity for the severe but just retribution that must be meted out to the subhuman species of Jewry. A further purpose of this retribution is the annihilation of revolts in hinterland which, [[Stab-in-the-back myth|as experience proves]], have always been caused by Jews.''

''Das wesentlichste Ziel des Feldzuges gegen das jüdisch-bolschewistische System ist die völlige Zerschlagung der Machtmittel und die Ausrottung des asiatischen Einflusses im europäischen Kulturkreis.''

''Der Soldat ist im Ostraum nicht nur ein Kämpfer nach den Regeln der Kriegskunst, sondern auch Träger einer unerbittlichen völkischen Idee und der Rächer für alle Bestialitäten, die deutschem und artverwandtem Volkstum zugefügt wurden. Deshalb muss der Soldat für die Notwendigkeit der harten aber gerechten Sühne am jüdischen Untermenschentum volles Verständnis haben. Sie hat den weiteren Zweck, Erhebungen im Rücken der Wehrmacht, die erfahrungsgemäß stets von Juden angezettelt wurden, im Keime zu ersticken.''}}

— Conduct of Troops in Eastern Territories

Immediately after this order was issued, Sixth Army records show a dramatic increase in shootings, rapes and massacres committed by Sixth Army constituent units. The [[BBC]] upon examining the now released records of the Sixth Army, stated that there were "so many executions, and so many victims that it was impossible to keep them a secret."<ref name="BBC2"/>{{rp|08:13}}

<!--- During their march of destruction across Ukraine, the Sixth Army was implicated in massacres, rapes and plundering in [[Vinnytsia]], [[Babi Yar|Kiev]], and [[Kharkov]]. After the war, [[Erich von Manstein|defeated German commanders]] [[Verlorene Siege|argued]] that the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|Army]] had only a limited role in the war crimes, with the deprivations being caused by the ''Einsatzgruppen'' and SS divisions. However, the occupation of [[Kharkov]] gives the lie to those assertions. The city never became part of [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]] because of its proximity to the front. The staff of the LV. Armeekorps acted as the occupational authority, using 57.ID as occupation force. Generalmajor Anton Dostler was ''Stadtkommandant'' until December 13, when he was succeeded by Generalleutnant [[Alfred von Puttkamer]], and Kharkov was transferred to the ''[[Heeresgebiet]]'' of the Sixth Army and put under the joint authority of the ''Stadtkommandant'' and [[Feldkommandantur 757]].

German troops acting under the authority of the ''Reichenau-Befehl'' of October 10 (effectively an order to kill anybody associated with [[communism]]) terrorized the population that was left after the battle. Many of the Soviet [[commanders]]' corpses were hung off balconies to strike fear in the remaining population. Many people frantically began to flee, causing chaos.-->
The Sixth Army confiscated large quantities of food to be used by its troops, creating acute food shortages in Ukraine. By January 1942, around one-third of the [[Kharkov]]'s 300,000 remaining inhabitants suffered from starvation. Many would die in the cold winter months.<ref>{{harvnb|Margry|2001|p=9}}</ref> Civilians survived the famine by making stews out of boiled leather and sawdust, and making omelets out of coagulated blood. Survivors bitterly remembered these "meals" for the rest of their lives.<ref name="BBC1">{{cite web
 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?HhYi3iYrwMY
 |title=The Wehrmacht: Warcrimes (part 1)
 |access-date=2013-11-03
 |publisher=BBC
}}</ref>

==Commanders==

;Commanding officers
{{Officeholder table start
| showorder          = y
| showimage          = y
| officeholder_title = Commander
| showtermlenght     = y
| showparty          = n
| showdefencebranch  = n
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order             = 1
| image             = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-B05284, Walter v. Reichenau.jpg
| military_rank     = ''Generalfeldmarschall''
| officeholder      = [[Walter von Reichenau]]
| officeholder_sort = Reichenau, Walther 
| born_year         = 1884
| died_year         = 1942
| term_start        = 10 October 1939
| term_end          = 29 December 1941
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|1939|10|10|1941|12|29}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order             = 2
| image             = Friedrich Paulus by Johannes Hähle.jpg
| military_rank     = ''Generalfeldmarschall''
| officeholder      = [[Friedrich Paulus]]
| officeholder_sort = Paulus, Friedrich 
| born_year         = 1890
| died_year         = 1957
| term_start        = 30 December 1941
| term_end          = 31 January 1943
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|1941|12|30|1943|01|31}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order             = 3
| image             = Karl Hollidt 238-OMT-XII-D-008 001.jpg
| military_rank     = ''Generaloberst''
| officeholder      = [[Karl-Adolf Hollidt]]
| officeholder_sort = Hollidt, Karl
| born_year         = 1891
| died_year         = 1985
| term_start        = 5 March 1943
| term_end          = 7 April 1944
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|1943|03|05|1944|04|07}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order             = 4
| image             = 
| military_rank     = ''General der Artillerie''
| officeholder      = [[Maximilian de Angelis]]
| officeholder_sort = Angelis, Maximilian 
| born_year         = 1889
| died_year         = 1974
| term_start        = 8 April 1944
| term_end          = 16 July 1944
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|1944|04|08|1944|07|16}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order             = 5
| image             = 
| military_rank     = ''General der Artillerie''
| officeholder      = [[Maximilian Fretter-Pico]]
| officeholder_sort = Fretter, Maximilian 
| born_year         = 1892
| died_year         = 1984
| term_start        = 17 July 1944
| term_end          = 22 December 1944
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|1944|07|17|1944|12|22}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order             = 6
| image             = Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-732-0118-03, Hermann Balck (cropped).jpg
| military_rank     = ''General der Panzertruppe''
| officeholder      = [[Hermann Balck]]
| officeholder_sort = Balck, Hermann 
| born_year         = 1893
| died_year         = 1982
| term_start        = 23 December 1944
| term_end          = 8 May 1945
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|1944|12|23|1945|05|08}}
}}
{{Officeholder table end}}

;Chief of staff
{{Officeholder table start
| showorder          = y
| showimage          = y
| officeholder_title = Chief of staff
| showtermlenght     = y
| showparty          = n
| showdefencebranch  = n
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order             = 1
| image             = 
| military_rank     = ''Generalleutnant''
| officeholder      = [[Arthur Schmidt (general)|Arthur Schmidt]]
| officeholder_sort = Schmidt, Arthur 
| born_year         = 1895
| died_year         = 1987
| term_start        = 15 May 1942
| term_end          = 3 February 1943
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|1942|05|15|1943|03|03}}
}}
{{Officeholder table end}}

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|20em}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Adam |first1=Wilhelm|last2=Ruhle|first2=Otto|translator=Tony Le Tissier|title=With Paulus at Stalingrad|publisher=Pen and Sword Books Ltd.|location=United Kingdom|year=2015|isbn=9781473833869}}
* {{cite contribution |last1=Boll |first1=Bernd |last2=Safrian | first2=Hans | contribution=On the Way to Stalingrad |title=War of Extermination: The German Military in World War II |editor = Hannes Heer |editor-link1 = Hannes Heer | editor2 = Klaus Naumann| editor-link2 = Klaus Naumann (historian) |pages=237–271 |location=New York |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=2004 |isbn=1-57181-232-6 }}
* {{cite book |last = Margry |first = Karel |title = The Four Battles for Kharkov |publisher = Battle of Britain International |year = 2001 |location = London, England }}
* {{cite book|last1=Shirer|first1=William L.|title=The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich|url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofthirdr00shir|url-access=registration|date=1960|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=United States|isbn=0-671-72868-7}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ziemke|first1=Earl F.|last2=Bauer|first2=Magna E.|title=Moscow to Stalingrad: Decision in the East|date=1987|publisher=Center of Military History, US Army|location=Washington D.C.|isbn=9780160019425}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ziemke|first1=Earl F.|title=Stalingrad to Berlin: The German Defeat in the East|date=2002|publisher=Center of Military History, US Army|location=Washington D.C.|isbn=9781780392875}}
{{refend}}

{{Armies of the German Army}}
{{Battle of Stalingrad}}

[[Category:Field armies of Germany in World War II|06]]
[[Category:German units at the Battle of Stalingrad]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1939]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1945]]
[[Category:Babi Yar]]
[[Category:Holocaust perpetrators in Ukraine]]