Wiktionary:About Proto-Permic

Proto-Permic is the reconstructed ancestor of the Permic languages (Komi languages and Udmurt).

Transcription

For the sake of consistency, the following transcription is chosen for Wiktionary:

Proto-Permic consonants

		labial	labiodental	dental	alveolar	palatal	palatovelar
Stop	voiceless	*p		*t		*ť	*k
	voiced	*b		*d		*ď	*g
Fricative	voiceless			*s	*š	*ś
	voiced	*w	*v	*z	*ž	*ź	*j
Affricate	voiceless				*č	*ć
	voiced				*ǯ	*ʒ́
Nasal		*m		*n		*ń	*ŋ
Lateral				*l		*ľ
Trill				*r

Proto-Permic vowels

	Front		Central		Back
	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
Close	*i	*ü		*u̇		*u
Close-Mid	*e	*ö		*ȯ		*o
Open-Mid	*ɛ	*ɔ̈		*ɔ̇		*ɔ
Open	*ä				*a	*å

The vowel *y may be used to denote the unrounded central vowel in the reconstructions by Csúcs (2005). The vowels *ᴕ and *ᴕ̈ are used for uncertain back and front vowels respectively.

Vowel correspondences in Permic languages (word-initial syllable)
Proto-Permic	Old Komi	Komi-Zyrian	Komi-Permyak	Komi-Yazva	Udmurt	Finnic	notes
*a	𐍐	а	а	a	а	*a, *ä
*å	𐍐	а	а	a	у	*a
*ä	𐍩	ӧ	ӧ	ӧ	е	*ä, *e, *i	Dialectally, Udmurt *ä > ӧ
*ɔ	𐍩	о	о	о	у	*ä, *e, *i, *ö, *ü	Irregularly, Udmurt *ɔ > а
*o	𐍞	о	о	у	у	*a, *ë, *i, *o, *u	Udmurt *wo- > ва- Beserman *wo- > ўа- Irregularly, Udmurt *o > ы/и Irregularly, Beserman *o > ө
*ɛ	𐍔	е	е	е	о	*ä, *e, *i (*ö, *ü)	Next to palatals, Udmurt *ɛ > е Irregularly, Udmurt *ɛ > e
*e	𐍱	е	е	и	о	*ä, *e, *i (*ö, *ü)	Next to palatals, Udmurt *e > е Irregularly, Udmurt *e > e
*ɔ̇	𐍩	ӧ	ӧ	ӧ	о	*ä mainly	Before *l, Udmurt *ɔ̇ > а Irregularly, Udmurt *ɔ̇ > а
*ȯ	𐍩	ӧ	ӧ	ӱ	ӧ	*o, *u mainly	Udmurt unstressed *ȯ > ы Beserman unstressed *ȯ > ө
*ɔ̈	𐍩	ӧ	ӧ	ӧ	ӧ	*ö, *ü	Udmurt unstressed *ɔ̈ > у Irregularly, Komi *ɔ̈ > е
*ö	𐍞	о	о	у	у	*ä, e, i, ö, ü	Beserman *ö > ө
*u̇	𐍨	ы	ы	ө	ы	*u, *ü mainly	Beserman *u̇ > ө
*i	𐍙	и	и	и	и	*i, *e mainly
*u	𐍣	у	у	у	у	*a, *o mainly	Irregularly, Udmurt *u > ы/и Irregularly, Beserman *u > ө
*ü	𐍣	у	у	у	у	*ä, *e *i, *ö, *ü	Beserman *ü > ө Irregularly, Udmurt *u > ы/и

Vowel correspondences in Permic languages (non-initial syllable)
Proto-Permic	Old Komi	Komi-Zyrian	Komi-Permyak	Komi-Yazva	Udmurt	notes
*a	𐍐	а	а	a	а / о
*ä	𐍩	ӧ	ӧ	ө	е
*i	𐍙 / 𐍨	и / ы	и / ы	и / ө	и / ы / у	different realisations in dialectal Udmurt

Descendants

All Proto-Permic reconstructions should either feature at least one Komi and one Udmurt descendant or any one Permic descendant, provided that a Proto-Uralic ancestor is reconstructed. The current standard for listing descendants is as such:

* Komi:
** {{desc|koi|}}
** {{desc|urj-kya|}}
** {{desc|kpv|}}
*** Komi-Izhma: {{l|kpv|}}
*** Komi-Pechora: {{l|kpv|}}
** {{desc|urj-koo|}}
* {{desc|udm|}}
** Beserman: {{l|udm|}}

Sources

The main sources for Proto-Permic reconstructions are works by V. I. Lytkin, including {{R:kpv:KESK}}.

Another main work is {{R:urj:Csucs:2005}}, which however should mainly be used for alternative reconstructions. Alternative reconstructions from this work may be given under the header ===Alternative forms=== and given an {{alternative form of}} template.

References

• V. I. Lytkin (1957) Историческая грамматика коми языка, Syktyvkar: Коми книжное издательство
• V. I. Lytkin (1964) Истоический вокализм пермсих языков, Moscow: Наука
• Lytkin, V. I., Gulyaev, E. S., editors (1970), Краткий этимологический словарь коми языка [Brief Etymological Dictionary of the Komi Language]‎^[1] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka
• Sándor Csúcs (2005) Die Rekonstruktion der Permischen Grundsprache (Bibliotheca Uralica; 13) (in German), Akadémiai Kiadó, →ISBN
• Aikio, Ante (2020) “Studies in Uralic Etymology V: Permic Etymologies”, in Linguistica Uralica‎^[2], volume 57, number 3, Estonian Academy Publishers, →ISSN, pages 161–179