Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/lěkъ
Proto-Slavic
editEtymology 1
editFrom Proto-Indo-European *loykʷós, cognate with Ancient Greek λοιπός (loipós, “remaining”). Akin to Lithuanian laĩkas (“time”), Latvian laĩks (“time, weather”).
The only certain meaning is “remaining”. There are varying hypotheses regarding the secondary meanings attested in South Slavic dialects:
- Bezlaj: Derived from the titual etymology via semantic shift remaining → filtered → fine, delicate.
- Skok: Dialectal South Slavic innovation, derived from Etymology 2. Possibly related to Romanian oleacă (“a little”).
It is unclear if modern Bulgarian за́лека (záleka, “subtly, with attention to detail”) (possibly also и́злека (ízleka, “barely”), поле́ка (poléka, “steadily, gradually”)), Serbo-Croatian zȁlijek (“for a while, for a bit”) descend from *lěkъ or are recent corruptions of Proto-Slavic *lьgъkъ (“light”).
Adjective
edit*lě̑kъ[1]
Declension
editIndefinite declension of *lěkъ (hard)
singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | **lěkъ | **lěka | **lěko |
genitive | **lěka | **lěky | **lěka |
dative | **lěku | **lěcě | **lěku |
accusative | **lěkъ | **lěkǫ | **lěko |
instrumental | **lěkomь | **lěkojǫ | **lěkomь |
locative | **lěcě | **lěcě | **lěcě |
vocative | **lěče | **lěko | **lěko |
dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
nominative | **lěka | **lěcě | **lěcě |
genitive | **lěku | **lěku | **lěku |
dative | **lěkoma | **lěkama | **lěkoma |
accusative | **lěka | **lěcě | **lěcě |
instrumental | **lěkoma | **lěkama | **lěkoma |
locative | **lěku | **lěku | **lěku |
vocative | **lěka | **lěcě | **lěcě |
plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
nominative | **lěci | **lěky | **lěka |
genitive | **lěkъ | **lěkъ | **lěkъ |
dative | **lěkomъ | **lěkamъ | **lěkomъ |
accusative | **lěky | **lěky | **lěka |
instrumental | **lěky | **lěkami | **lěky |
locative | **lěcěxъ | **lěkaxъ | **lěcěxъ |
vocative | **lěci | **lěky | **lěka |
Definite declension of *lěkъ (hard)
singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | **lěkъjь | **lěkaja | **lěkoje |
genitive | **lěkajego | **lěkyję̇ | **lěkajego |
dative | **lěkujemu | **lěcěji | **lěkujemu |
accusative | **lěkъjь | **lěkǫjǫ | **lěkoje |
instrumental | **lěkyjimь | **lěkǫjǫ | **lěkyjimь |
locative | **lěcějemь | **lěcěji | **lěcějemь |
vocative | **lěkъjь | **lěkaja | **lěkoje |
dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
nominative | **lěkaja | **lěcěji | **lěcěji |
genitive | **lěkuju | **lěkuju | **lěkuju |
dative | **lěkyjima | **lěkyjima | **lěkyjima |
accusative | **lěkaja | **lěcěji | **lěcěji |
instrumental | **lěkyjima | **lěkyjima | **lěkyjima |
locative | **lěkuju | **lěkuju | **lěkuju |
vocative | **lěkaja | **lěcěji | **lěcěji |
plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
nominative | **lěciji | **lěkyję̇ | **lěkaja |
genitive | **lěkъjixъ | **lěkъjixъ | **lěkъjixъ |
dative | **lěkyjimъ | **lěkyjimъ | **lěkyjimъ |
accusative | **lěkyję̇ | **lěkyję̇ | **lěkaja |
instrumental | **lěkyjimi | **lěkyjimi | **lěkyjimi |
locative | **lěkyjixъ | **lěkyjixъ | **lěkyjixъ |
vocative | **lěciji | **lěkyję̇ | **lěkaja |
Derived terms
edit- *otъlěkъ (“remainder”)
Descendants
edit- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
Further reading
edit- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “лек”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1987), “*lěka/*lěkъ I”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 14 (*labati – *lěteplъjь), Moscow: Nauka, page 191
- Zhuravlyov, A. F., editor (2011), “*otъlěkъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 37 (*otъgryzati (sę) – *otъpasti), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 124
- Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1986), “лек¹”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 3 (крес¹ – мѝнго¹), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 351
- “laikas”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
References
edit- ^ Furlan, Metka (2017) “lek²”, in Novi etimološki slovar slovenskega jezika, ZRC SAZU: “Psln. *lě̑k m ‘majhna/neznatna količina’”
Etymology 2
edit- Typically viewed as a Germanic loanword[1], either directly borrowed from Gothic *𐌻𐌴𐌺𐍃 (*lēks, “healer”) (< Proto-Germanic *lēkiz) or secondarily coined from *lěčiti (“to heal”) + *-ъ, itself derived from the aforementioned source. Further akin to Old Irish líaig (“healer”).
- Mladenov, Skok: Of inherited origin, originally conveying “enchantment, spell”, possibly akin to Ancient Greek ληκέω (lēkéō, “to make noise”).
- Bezlaj, Gołąb: Substantivized from Etymology 1, perhaps via residue → product, fine quantity (of brewing, preparation) → medicine.
Standard objection against the Germanic origin is that no Germanic language conveys the instrumental meaning “medicine”.
Noun
editAlternative forms
edit- *lěka f
Declension
editDeclension of *lě̃kъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm b)
singular | dual | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | *lě̃kъ | *lě̄kà | *lě̄cì |
genitive | *lě̄kà | *lě̄kù | *lě̃kъ |
dative | *lě̄kù | *lě̄kòma | *lě̄kòmъ |
accusative | *lě̃kъ | *lě̄kà | *lě̄kỳ |
instrumental | *lě̄kъ̀mь, *lě̄kòmь* | *lě̄kòma | *lě̃ky |
locative | *lě̄cě̀ | *lě̄kù | *lě̃cěxъ |
vocative | *lěče | *lě̄kà | *lě̄cì |
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.
Derived terms
edit- *lěkati, *lěkovati (“to alleviate, to heal”)
- *lěčiti (“to cure”)
- *lěčьba, *lěkoba (“treatment, therapy”)
Descendants
edit- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Bulgarian: лек m (lek); (dialectal) лека́ f (leká)
- Macedonian: лек (lek)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic script: ле̑к m
- Latin script: lijȇk, lȇk m
- Slovene: lẹ̑k (tonal orthography)
- West Slavic:
- Non-Slavic:
- Romanian: leac
Further reading
edit- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “лека”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1987), “*lěka/*lěkъ II”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 14 (*labati – *lěteplъjь), Moscow: Nauka, page 192
- Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1986), “лек²”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 3 (крес¹ – мѝнго¹), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 351
References
edit- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Pronk-Tiethoff, Saskia E. (2013) The Germanic loanwords in Proto-Slavic[1], Amsterdam - New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 106: “PSl. *lěkъ ‘medicine’ (m. o-stem) (ap B)”
- ^ Newerkla, Stefan Michael (2011) “lék”, in Sprachkontakte Deutsch – Tschechisch – Slowakisch: Wörterbuch der deutschen Lehnwörter im Tschechischen und Slowakischen: historische Entwicklung, Beleglage, bisherige und neue Deutungen (Schriften über Sprachen und Texte; 7) (in German), 2nd edition, Frankfurt: Peter Lang, →ISBN, page 104
- ^ Snoj, Marko (2016) “lek¹”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *lě̑kъ”
Categories:
- Proto-Slavic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Proto-Slavic lemmas
- Proto-Slavic adjectives
- Proto-Slavic hard adjectives
- Proto-Slavic terms derived from Germanic languages
- Proto-Slavic terms borrowed from Gothic
- Proto-Slavic terms derived from Gothic
- Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-ъ
- Proto-Slavic nouns
- Proto-Slavic masculine nouns
- Proto-Slavic hard o-stem nouns
- Proto-Slavic hard masculine o-stem nouns
- Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm b