Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kopьje

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Probably form the root of *kopati (“to dig”) + *-ьje (augmentative suffix), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *kаpā́ˀtei, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kep- (“to strike, beat”). Trubačev suggests, more precisely, substantivation of a possible compound like *kopьje *dervo (“stabbing wood”).

Akin to Lithuanian kapoklė (“cleaver”), Ancient Greek κοπίς (kopís, “chopper”).

Noun

*kopьjè or *kȍpьje n^[1]^[2]^[3]

javelin, spear

Declension

Most languages reflect AP b, but Serbo-Croatian and Slovene also show AP c.

Declension of *kopьjè (soft o-stem, accent paradigm b)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kopьjè	*kopь̀ji	*kopь̀ja
genitive	*kopьjà	*kopьju	*kopь̀jь
dative	*kopьjù	*kopьjema	*kopь̀jemъ
accusative	*kopьjè	*kopь̀ji	*kopь̀ja
instrumental	kopьjь̀mь, kopьjèmь^*	*kopьjema	*kopь̀ji
locative	*kopьjì	*kopьju	*kopь̀jixъ
vocative	*kopьjè	*kopь̀ji	*kopь̀ja

^* -ьmь in North Slavic, -emь in South Slavic.

Declension of *kȍpьje (soft o-stem, accent paradigm c)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kȍpьje	*kȍpьji	*kopьjà
genitive	*kȍpьja	*kopьjù	*kopь̀jь
dative	*kȍpьju	*kopьjemà	*kopьjémъ
accusative	*kȍpьje	*kȍpьji	*kopьjà
instrumental	kȍpьjьmь, kȍpьjemь^*	*kopьjemà	*kopьjí
locative	*kȍpьji	*kopьjù	*kopьjíxъ
vocative	*kȍpьje	*kȍpьji	*kopьjà

^* -ьmь in North Slavic, -emь in South Slavic.

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Belarusian: кап'ё (kapʺjó)
- Russian: копьё (kopʹjó)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: копиѥ (kopije)
- Bulgarian: ко́пие (kópie)
- Macedonian: копје (kopje)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: ко̏пље, ко̀пље
  
  Latin: kȍplje, kòplje
- Slovene: kọ́pje (tonal orthography), (archaic) kopjẹ̑
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: kopie
  - Czech: kopí
- Polish: kopia
- Slovak: kopija
- Sorbian
  - Lower Sorbian: kopje
  - Upper Sorbian: kopjo

References

^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*kopьje”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 234: “n. io ‘spear, lance’”
^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “kopьje”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b lanse, spyd (SA 150; PR 135)”
^ Snoj, Marko (2016) “kọ̄pje”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “*kopьjȅ (ali *kȍpьje)”