羯

Translingual

Han character

羯 (Kangxi radical 123, 羊+9, 15 strokes, cangjie input 廿手日心女 (TQAPV), four-corner 8652₇, composition ⿰羊曷)

Derived characters

𭌅

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 953, character 29
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28537
Dae Jaweon: page 1398, character 19
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3136, character 10
Unihan data for U+7FAF

Chinese

trad.		羯
simp. ^#		羯

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羯

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 羯
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (曷) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
愒	kʰaːds, kʰrads, *kʰrad
馤	*qaːds
靄	qaːds, qaːd
餲	qraːds, qrads, ɡaːd, qaːd
喝	qraːds, qʰoːb, *qʰaːd
揭	kʰrads, ked, kʰrad, ɡrad, kad, ɡad
偈	ɡrads, ɡrad
猲	kʰob, qʰaːd, *qʰad
葛	*kaːd
輵	*kaːd
獦	klaːd, rab
渴	kʰaːd, ɡrad
嵑	*kʰaːd
暍	qʰaːd, qad
曷	*ɡaːd
褐	*ɡaːd
鶡	*ɡaːd
毼	*ɡaːd
蝎	*ɡaːd
鞨	ɡaːd, ɢljad
遏	*qaːd
齃	*qaːd
堨	*qaːd
擖	kʰreːd, kraːd, *r'aːb
楬	kʰraːd, ɡrad, *ɡad
朅	*kʰrad
藒	*kʰrad
竭	ɡrad, ɡad
碣	ɡrad, ɡad
羯	*kad
鍻	*kad
歇	*qʰad
蠍	*qʰad
謁	*qad

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kad) : semantic 羊 (“sheep; goat”) + phonetic 曷 (OC *ɡaːd).

Etymology

“wether”: Sino-Tibetan; cognate with 羖 (OC *klaːʔ, “(black) ram”), as well as Kinnauri [script needed] (kʰas), Chitkuli Kinnauri [script needed] (kʰa), [script needed] (kʰɘs, “sheep”) (Schuessler, 2007).; Alternatively, Wang (1982) relates this word to 割 (OC *kaːd, “to cut”).

“Jie people”: Borrowed from Jie. Possibly of Yeniseian origin. Pulleyblank (1962) connects the ethnonym to Proto-Yeniseian *cewç (“stone”). Vovin et al. (2016) additionally proposes *keˀt (“person, human being”) as a possible etymon. This character was likely chosen to transcribe the indigenous name of the tribe for its pejorative meaning (ibid.).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jié (jie²)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄝˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): kit³ / git³
Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): giad⁵
Jin (Wiktionary): jieh⁴
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kiat

(Teochew, Peng'im): giêg⁴ / giag⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jié
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄝˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jié
  - Wade–Giles: chieh²
  - Yale: jyé
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jye
  - Palladius: цзе (cze)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: kit³ / git³
  - Yale: kit / git
  - Cantonese Pinyin: kit⁸ / git⁸
  - Guangdong Romanization: kid³ / gid³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiːt̚³/, /kiːt̚³/
Hakka
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: giad⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /kiat̚¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: jieh⁴
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕiəʔ²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiat
  - Tâi-lô: kiat
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiad
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kiɛt̚³²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛt̚⁵/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛt̚³²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kiɛt̚³²/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɛt̚³²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: giêg⁴ / giag⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiek / kiak
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiek̚²/, /kiak̚²/

Middle Chinese: kjot

Rime
Character	羯
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	月 (67)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	居謁切
Baxter	kjot
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨɐt̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kiɐt̚/
Shao Rongfen	/kiɐt̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɨat̚/
Li Rong	/kiɐt̚/
Wang Li	/kĭɐt̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/kɨ̯ɐt̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jie
Expected Cantonese Reflex	git³

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*kad/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	羯
Reading #	1/1
No.	5058
Phonetic component	曷
Rime group	月
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*kad/

Definitions

羯

castrated buck caprid; wether
Jie people (a small, extinct tribe that once lived in North China)
(Hakka) to castrate; to neuter; to emasculate

Synonyms

(to castrate): 閹割／阉割 (yāngē), 去勢／去势 (qùshì)

Compounds

Descendants

→ English: Jie, Chieh

References

“羯”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

羯

(Hyōgai kanji)

barbarian
(more specifically) the Jie people, a certain tribe that lived to the north of China in antiquity (see Chinese 羯 (jié) for details)

Readings

Compounds

羯(かっ)鼓(こ) (kakko, “a kind of two-headed tensioned drum”)
羯(かっ)鼓(こ)舞(まい) (kakkomai, “a dance in noh performed to the beat of a kakko drum”)
羯(かっ)鼓(こ)物(もの) (kakkomono, “the fourth act in a noh play, consisting of a kakko-mai dance”)
羯(かっ)鼓(こ)踊(おどり) (kakko odori, “a kind of folk dance performed to the beat of a kakko drum”)
羯(かつ)磨(ま) (katsuma)
羯(こん)磨(ま) (konma)
羯(こん)磨(ま)金(こん)剛(ごう) (konma kongō, “a Buddhist implement consisting of two vajra or dorje joined in the center to form a cross shape”)

Korean

Hanja

羯 • (gal) (hangeul 갈, revised gal, McCune–Reischauer kal, Yale kal)

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Vietnamese

Han character

羯: Hán Nôm readings: yết, khiết

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