熊
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Translingual
editHan character
edit熊 (Kangxi radical 86, 火+10, 14 strokes, cangjie input 戈心火 (IPF), four-corner 21331, composition ⿱能灬)
References
edit- Kangxi Dictionary: page 679, character 10
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19294
- Dae Jaweon: page 1090, character 32
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2227, character 5
- Unihan data for U+718A
Chinese
edittrad. | 熊 | |
---|---|---|
simp. # | 熊 | |
alternative forms | 能 𤌶 𤠗 𪏛 𧰯 |
Glyph origin
editHistorical forms of the character 熊 | ||
---|---|---|
Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Transcribed ancient scripts File:ACC-L30032.svg L30032 File:ACC-L30033.svg L30033 File:ACC-L30034.svg L30034 File:ACC-L30035.svg L30035 File:ACC-L30036.svg L30036 File:ACC-L30037.svg L30037 File:ACC-L30038.svg L30038 File:ACC-L30039.svg L30039 File:ACC-L30040.svg L30040 File:ACC-L00946.svg L00946 File:ACC-L00947.svg L00947 File:ACC-L00948.svg L00948 File:ACC-L00949.svg L00949 File:ACC-L00950.svg L00950 | ||
References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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According to Shuowen, phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *ɢʷlɯm) : semantic 能 (“bear”) + abbreviated phonetic 炎 (OC *ɦlam).
This character originally represented an onomatopoetic word (熊熊 (xióngxióng, “(of flame) raging”)). Later its semantic component 能 (OC *nɯː, *nɯːs, *nɯːŋ, *nɯːŋʔ), the character for the Old Chinese word "bear", was borrowed for another word. This character thus began to represent the word "bear" instead.
Etymology
editFrom Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-wam. Cognate with Tibetan དོམ (dom, “bear”), Burmese ဝံ (wam) (in ဝက်ဝံ (wak-wam, “bear”)).
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xiong2
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): щүн (xün, I)
- Cantonese (Jyutping): hung4
- Gan (Wiktionary): xiung4
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): xyng1
- Northern Min (KCR): hê̤ng
- Eastern Min (BUC): hṳ̀ng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6yon
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): xiong2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄥˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: syóng
- Wade–Giles: hsiung2
- Yale: syúng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyong
- Palladius: сюн (sjun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: xiong2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xyng
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕyoŋ²¹/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: щүн (xün, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕyŋ²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: hung4
- Yale: hùhng
- Cantonese Pinyin: hung4
- Guangdong Romanization: hung4
- Sinological IPA (key): /hʊŋ²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: xiung4
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕiuŋ³⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yùng
- Hakka Romanization System: iungˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yung2
- Sinological IPA: /i̯uŋ¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yùng
- Hakka Romanization System: (r)iungˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yung2
- Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯uŋ¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: xyng1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕỹŋ¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hê̤ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /xœyŋ³³/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: hṳ̀ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /hyŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- hîm - vernacular (incl. surname);
- hiông - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: him5 / hing5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hîm / hîng
- Sinological IPA (key): /him⁵⁵/, /hiŋ⁵⁵/
- hing5 - Chenghai;
- him5 - other places.
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 熊 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕyŋ³⁵/ |
Harbin | /ɕyŋ²⁴/ | |
Tianjin | /ɕyŋ⁴⁵/ | |
Jinan | /ɕyŋ⁴²/ | |
Qingdao | /ɕiŋ⁴²/ | |
Zhengzhou | /ɕyuŋ⁴²/ | |
Xi'an | /ɕyŋ²⁴/ | |
Xining | /ɕyə̃²⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /ɕyŋ⁵³/ | |
Lanzhou | /ɕỹn⁵³/ | |
Ürümqi | /ɕyŋ⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /ɕioŋ²¹³/ | |
Chengdu | /ɕyoŋ³¹/ | |
Guiyang | /ɕioŋ²¹/ | |
Kunming | /ɕiŋ³¹/ | |
Nanjing | /ɕioŋ²⁴/ | |
Hefei | /ɕiŋ⁵⁵/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕyəŋ¹¹/ |
Pingyao | /ɕyŋ¹³/ | |
Hohhot | /ɕỹŋ³¹/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /ɦioŋ²³/ |
Suzhou | /ɦioŋ¹³/ | |
Hangzhou | /ɦioŋ²¹³/ | |
Wenzhou | /joŋ³¹/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /ɕyʌ̃⁴⁴/ |
Tunxi | /ɕin⁴⁴/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /ɕioŋ¹³/ |
Xiangtan | /ɕin¹²/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /ɕiuŋ⁴⁵/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /iuŋ¹¹/ |
Taoyuan | /ʒuŋ¹¹/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hoŋ²¹/ |
Nanning | /juŋ²¹/ | |
Hong Kong | /huŋ²¹/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hiɔŋ³⁵/ /him³⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /hyŋ⁵³/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xœyŋ³³/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /him⁵⁵/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /hiɔŋ³¹/ |
- Middle Chinese: hjuwng
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.[ɢ]ʷ(r)əm/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷlɯm/
Definitions
edit熊
- bear (mammal) (Classifier: 頭/头 m; 隻/只 m c mn)
- (colloquial) to scold (Can we add an example for this sense?)
- (colloquial) timid; cowardly
- (Northeastern Mandarin) to bully; to extort
- (gay slang) bear (large, hairy man, especially a homosexual one)
- (archaic, Muping and Xining Mandarin, Xinzhou Jin) black bear
- 吉夢維何?
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Jí mèng wéi hé?
Wéi xióng wéi pí,
Wéi huǐ wéi shé. [Pinyin] - What dreams are lucky?
They have been about black bears and brown bears;
They have been about asps and adders.
維熊維羆、
維虺維蛇。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
吉梦维何?
维熊维罴、
维虺维蛇。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
- a surname: Xiong (mainland China); Hsiung (Taiwan); Hung (Hong Kong)
- 熊十力 ― Xióng Shílì ― Xiong Shili (20th-century Chinese philosopher)
Synonyms
edit- (bear):
- (to scold):
- 僝僽 (chánzhòu) (literary)
- 叱罵/叱骂 (chìmà)
- 叱責/叱责 (chìzé)
- 吆喝 (colloquial)
- 呲 (cī)
- 呲兒/呲儿 (cīr)
- 呵叱 (hēchì)
- 呼喝 (hūhè) (literary)
- 呲打 (cīda) (Northeastern Mandarin)
- 呵斥 (hēchì)
- 呵責/呵责 (hēzé) (literary)
- 喝叱
- 嗔怪 (chēnguài) (literary)
- 嗔著/嗔着 (chēnzhe) (colloquial)
- 怒 (nù) (Classical Chinese)
- 怪 (guài)
- 怨怪 (Xiamen Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
- 怪罪 (guàizuì)
- 批評/批评 (pīpíng)
- 指摘 (zhǐzhāi)
- 指斥 (zhǐchì)
- 指責/指责 (zhǐzé)
- 指點/指点 (zhǐdiǎn)
- 捋 (Quanzhou Hokkien)
- 摘 (literary, or in compounds)
- 撻伐/挞伐 (tàfá) (literary, figurative)
- 數落/数落 (shǔluo) (informal)
- 數說/数说 (shǔshuō)
- 斥斥 (Xiamen Hokkien)
- 斥罵/斥骂 (chìmà)
- 斥責/斥责 (chìzé)
- 歸咎/归咎 (guījiù)
- 歸罪/归罪 (guīzuì)
- 派
- 激勵/激励 (jīlì) (literary)
- 申斥 (shēnchì)
- 痛罵/痛骂 (tòngmà)
- 聲討/声讨 (shēngtǎo)
- 訓/训 (xùn) (literary, or in compounds)
- 訓斥/训斥 (xùnchì)
- 詬病/诟病 (gòubìng) (literary)
- 說/说
- 說話/说话 (shuōhuà)
- 謗議/谤议 (bàngyì) (literary)
- 譴責/谴责 (qiǎnzé)
- 責備/责备 (zébèi)
- 責怪/责怪 (zéguài)
- 責罵/责骂 (zémà)
- 責難/责难 (zénàn)
- 貶斥/贬斥 (biǎnchì) (literary)
- 貶責/贬责 (biǎnzé)
- 賴/赖 (lài)
- 非議/非议 (fēiyì)
- 非難/非难 (fēinàn)
- 體斥/体斥 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
- (timid):
- (black bear):
Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 黑熊 | |
Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 黑瞎子 |
Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 熊 |
Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 狗黑子, 黑瞎子 |
Xining | 狗熊, 熊 | |
Xuzhou | 狗黑子, 狗熊, 黑狗熊, 黑瞎子 | |
Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 狗熊 |
Ürümqi | 狗熊 | |
Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 狗熊 |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 熊人 |
Gan | Lichuan | 烏熊, 狗熊 |
Jin | Xinzhou | 狗熊, 熊 |
Southern Min | Xiamen | 烏熊 |
Wu | Danyang | 狗熊 |
Compounds
edit- 丸熊
- 人熊 (rénxióng)
- 仲熊
- 內熊/内熊
- 北極熊/北极熊 (běijíxióng)
- 和熊
- 夢兆熊羆/梦兆熊罴
- 夢熊/梦熊
- 夢熊之喜/梦熊之喜
- 夢熊羆/梦熊罴
- 大熊星座
- 大熊湖 (Dàxiónghú)
- 大熊貓/大熊猫 (dàxióngmāo)
- 封熊
- 小熊星座
- 小熊貓/小熊猫 (xiǎoxióngmāo)
- 小貓熊/小猫熊 (xiǎomāoxióng)
- 憑熊/凭熊
- 有熊
- 柙虎樊熊
- 棕熊 (zōngxióng)
- 椶熊/棕熊
- 海熊
- 浣熊 (huànxióng)
- 消熊
- 灰熊 (huīxióng)
- 無尾熊/无尾熊 (wúwěixióng)
- 熊丸
- 熊丸之教
- 熊侯
- 熊僚
- 熊包
- 熊占
- 熊夢/熊梦
- 熊威
- 熊子國/熊子国
- 熊崗/熊岗
- 熊巖/熊岩
- 熊席
- 熊幡
- 熊心豹膽/熊心豹胆
- 熊戲/熊戏
- 熊掌 (xióngzhǎng)
- 熊據虎跱/熊据虎跱
- 熊旂/熊旗
- 熊旗
- 熊昱
- 熊本 (Xióngběn)
- 熊樣/熊样 (xióngyàng)
- 熊樣兒/熊样儿
- 熊武
- 熊河 (Xiónghé)
- 熊渠
- 熊渠子
- 熊灘/熊滩 (Xióngtān)
- 熊烝
- 熊熊 (xióngxióng)
- 熊熊烈火 (xióngxiónglièhuǒ)
- 熊狼
- 熊狸
- 熊環/熊环
- 熊白
- 熊瞎子 (xióngxiāzi)
- 熊經/熊经
- 熊經鳥伸/熊经鸟伸
- 熊經鳥引/熊经鸟引
- 熊經鳥曳/熊经鸟曳
- 熊經鳥申/熊经鸟申
- 熊經鴟顧/熊经鸱顾
- 熊羆/熊罴
- 熊羆之士/熊罴之士
- 熊羆之祥/熊罴之祥
- 熊羆入夢/熊罴入梦
- 熊耳
- 熊耳兵
- 熊耳杯
- 熊肪
- 熊背
- 熊腊
- 熊腰虎背
- 熊膰
- 熊膽/熊胆 (xióngdǎn)
- 熊虎 (xiónghǔ)
- 熊虎之士
- 熊虎士
- 熊虎將/熊虎将
- 熊虺
- 熊蛇
- 熊蜂 (xióngfēng)
- 熊螭
- 熊蟻/熊蚁
- 熊衣
- 熊豹
- 熊貓/熊猫 (xióngmāo)
- 熊貔
- 熊足
- 熊蹯
- 熊車/熊车
- 熊軍/熊军
- 熊軒/熊轩
- 熊軾/熊轼
- 熊軾轓/熊轼𰺜
- 熊轓/熊𰺜
- 熊集 (Xióngjí)
- 熊韜豹略/熊韬豹略
- 熊飛/熊飞
- 熊館/熊馆
- 熊首轓/熊首𰺜
- 熊騎/熊骑
- 熊魚/熊鱼
- 牛熊證/牛熊证 (niúxióngzhèng)
- 狗熊 (gǒuxióng)
- 玄熊
- 畫熊/画熊
- 畫荻丸熊/画荻丸熊
- 當熊/当熊
- 白熊 (báixióng)
- 維熊/维熊
- 綠熊席/绿熊席
- 老熊當道/老熊当道
- 耍熊
- 耍狗熊
- 虎背熊腰 (hǔbèixióngyāo)
- 虎體熊腰/虎体熊腰 (hǔtǐxióngyāo)
- 衣狐坐熊
- 袋熊 (dàixióng)
- 裝熊/装熊
- 豬熊/猪熊
- 豭熊
- 貂熊 (diāoxióng)
- 貓熊/猫熊 (māoxióng)
- 非熊
- 非熊兆
- 非熊賣屠/非熊卖屠
- 非熊非羆/非熊非罴
- 飛熊/飞熊
- 飛熊入夢/飞熊入梦
- 飾熊/饰熊
- 馬來熊/马来熊 (mǎlái xióng)
- 馬熊/马熊 (mǎxióng)
- 馮媛當熊/冯媛当熊
- 驢熊/驴熊
- 魚與熊掌/鱼与熊掌
- 黃熊/黄熊
- 黄熊
- 黑熊 (hēixióng)
Japanese
editKanji
editReadings
editCompounds
edit- 牡熊 (osukuma): a male bear
- 子熊 (kokuma): a bear cub
- 小熊 (kokuma): a species of small bear
- 白熊 (shirokuma): a white bear (polar bear)
- 灰色熊 (haīrokuma): a grizzly bear
- 北極熊 (hokkyokuguma): a polar bear
- 黒熊 (kurokuma): the Asian black bear
- 熊笹 (kumazasa): bamboo grass (Sasa veitchii)
- 熊葛 (kumatsuzura): common vervain (Verbena officinalis)
- 熊手 (kumade): bamboo rake
- 熊襲 (Kumaso): the Kumaso people
- 雌熊 (mesukuma): a female bear; a she-bear
- 熊本 (Kumamoto): Kumamoto
Etymology
editKanji in this term |
---|
熊 |
くま Grade: 4 |
kun'yomi |
From Old Japanese. First cited in the Kojiki of 712.[1]
Further derivation is uncertain. Possibilities include:
- Might be cognate with Japanese 隈 (kuma, “inside corner; inner bend; hollow or hole in something”), perhaps from the way that bears often live in dens.[2]
- Might also or separately be cognate with Middle Korean 곰〯 (kwǒm, “bear”), whose archaic form */koma/ is preserved as the first element of the toponym 고마〮ᄂᆞᄅᆞ (Kwòmánòlò, literally “Bear-ford”). Thus, a cognate of Korean 곰 (gom, “bear”) and Baekje 金馬 (*kəma/*kuma, “bear”).
- Might be an areal Wanderwort, borrowed from Old Chinese 熊 (OC *ɢʷlɯm) and ultimately deriving from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-wam. See also the etymology notes in the *d-wam entry.
Pronunciation
edit- (Tokyo) くま [kùmáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[3][4][5]
- (Tokyo) くま [kúꜜmà] (Atamadaka – [1])[3][4][5]
- IPA(key): [kɯ̟ma̠]
Noun
edit- [from 712] a bear (large mammal of family Ursidae)
- [from 1701] (slang) hairiness in general; (more specifically) a bear, an otter (a hairy man, especially one who is gay)
- [???] (theater) standing room only audience members in the pit (from the way the standing section would often have a metal railing or fence separating it, resembling a bear cage)
Usage notes
editAs with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as クマ.
Derived terms
edit- 穴熊 (anaguma): Meles meles, the Eurasian badger
- 洗熊 (araiguma): a raccoon
Prefix
edit- [from 712] prefixed to other nouns for animals or plants to indicate large size or great strength, relative to other varieties
Derived terms
edit- 熊鼠 (kumanezumi): Rattus rattus, the black rat
References
edit- ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ^ Entry at Nihon Jiten (in Japanese)
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
Korean
editEtymology
editFrom Middle Chinese 熊 (MC hjuwng).
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅘᅮᇰ (Yale: hhwùng) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[1] | 곰〯 (Yale: kwǒm) | 우ᇰ (Yale: wùng) |
Pronunciation
edit- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [uŋ]
- Phonetic hangul: [웅]
Hanja
editCompounds
editReferences
edit- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]
Okinawan
editKanji
editReadings
editEtymology
editKanji in this term |
---|
熊 |
くま Grade: 4 |
kun'yomi |
Cognate with Japanese 熊 (kuma, “bear”) and Korean 곰 (gom).
Pronunciation
editNoun
edit熊 (kuma)
References
edit- “くま【熊】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.
Vietnamese
editHan character
edit- bear
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