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m clean up Spanish lemmas (use {{alter}}, fix indentation errors, templatize categories and quotes, detemplatize English links, clean up manual pronunciations, use {{bor}}/{{inh}} when appropriate for some pages, use {{lb|es|relational}}, {{given name}} fixes, etc.) (manually assisted)
m templatize topical categories for langcode=en using {{C}}; templatize langname categories for langcode=en using {{cln}}
 
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===Etymology===
{{root|en|ine-pro|*dewk-}}
Borrowed from {{bor|en|la|dux||leader}}. {{doublet|en|duke|doge|duc|duke}}.
 
===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|en|/dʌks/}}
* {{audio|en|EN-AU ck1 dux.ogg|Audio (a=AU)}}
* {{descrhymes|ocen|ducʌks|bors=1}}▼
* {{homophones|en|ducks}}
 
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# {{lb|en|UK|Australia|New Zealand}} The top (male or female) academic student in a [[school]], or in a [[year]] of school; the top student in a specified academic discipline.
#: {{syn|en|valedictorian|q1=North America}}
#* '''{{quote-book|en|year=1849''', |author=Wilhelm Steven, ''|title=The History of the High School of Edinburgh'', [|pageurl=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=f7VLAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA191&dq=%22dux%22|%7C%22duxes%22|%7C%22duces%22+-intitle:%22dux%22+-inauthor:%22%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sapIT6KcCY-XmQWxrdmrDg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22dux%22|%7C%22duxes%22|%7C%22duces%22%20-intitle%3A%22dux%22%20-inauthor%3A%22%22&f=false |page =191],
#*: |passage={{...}}on the motion of Sir John Marjoribanks, Bart., Lord Provost, unanimously resolved, July 27, 1814, “that there be annually presented by the town of Edinburgh to the boy at the head of the Greek class, taught by the rector of the High School, a gold medal of the same value [five guineas] as that annually presented to the '''dux''' of the Latin class.”}}
#* '''{{quote-book|en|year=1999''', |author=Keith Scott, ''|title=Gareth Evans'', [|pageurl=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=IbDL3fI961YC&pg=PA29&dq=%22dux%22|%7C%22duxes%22|%7C%22duces%22+school+-intitle:%22dux%22+-inauthor:%22dux%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FsBIT42EL-GUiAeIhKmEDg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22dux%22|%7C%22duxes%22|%7C%22duces%22%20school%20-intitle%3A%22dux%22%20-inauthor%3A%22dux%22&f=false |page =29],
#*: |passage=He finished the year '''dux''' of Form III with an average 90 per cent over eight subjects. The school did not award end-of-year marks in fourth and fifth forms, but Evans′ report for those years shows he passed all subjects in both years and was again '''dux''' in Form V.}}
#* '''{{quote-book|en|year=2010''', |author=Roger K. A. Allen, ''|title=Ballina Boy'', [|pageurl=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=sRoQeWZFSwsC&pg=PA28&dq=%22dux%22|%7C%22duxes%22|%7C%22duces%22+school+-intitle:%22dux%22+-inauthor:%22dux%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KcdIT9D4DcjvmAWgk5iIDg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22dux%22|%7C%22duxes%22|%7C%22duces%22%20school%20-intitle%3A%22dux%22%20-inauthor%3A%22dux%22&f=false |page =28],
#*: |passage=This school was where my father had been '''dux''' in his senior year in 1937 just as his father had been '''dux''' at the Rockhampton Grammar School<sup>27</sup> before the turn of the 19th century.}}
#* '''{{quote-book|en|year=2011''', |author=A. Lydiard, ''|title=Running to the Top'', [|pageurl=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=qw_FyJ97-JIC&pg=PA17&dq=%22dux%22|%7C%22duxes%22|%7C%22duces%22+school+-intitle:%22dux%22+-inauthor:%22dux%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KcdIT9D4DcjvmAWgk5iIDg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22dux%22|%7C%22duxes%22|%7C%22duces%22%20school%20-intitle%3A%22dux%22%20-inauthor%3A%22dux%22&f=false |page =17],
#*: |passage=Quite a few who became national athletic champions were also '''duxes''' or top academic pupils at their schools.}}
# {{lb|en|historical}} A high-ranking commander in the Roman army, responsible for more than one legion.
# {{lb|en|music}} The [[subject]] of a [[fugue]], answered by the [[comes]].
 
====Synonyms====▼
* {{sense|top student}} {{l|en|valedictorian}}
 
====Related terms====
* {{l|en|duke}}
* {{descl|esen|dux|bor=1 bellorum}}▼
* {{l|en|doge}}
 
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* {{anagrams|en|a=dux|UXD}}
 
[[Category:English {{cln|en|nouns with irregular plurals]]}}
[[Category:{{C|en:|People]]}}
 
==Azerbaijani==
----
{{az-variant|дух|دوخ}}
 
===Etymology===
From {{bor|az|ru|дух}}.
 
===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|az|[duχ]}}
* {{audio|az|LL-Q9292 (aze)-Zardabi Bakuvi-dux.wav|a=Baku}}
 
===Noun===
{{az-noun}}
 
# {{lb|az|colloquial|proscribed}} [[courage]]
#: {{syn|az|göt|q1=vulgar|cəsarət}}
#: {{uxi|az|[[bunu]] [[eləmək]] [[üçün]] '''dux''' [[lazım]]dır!|it takes '''courage''' to do this!}}
#: {{uxi|az|[[buna]] '''duxum''' [[çatmaq|çatmır]]|I lack the '''courage''' to do this}}
 
▲====SynonymsDeclension====
{{az-decl-noun|u|x}}
 
===Further reading===
* {{R:az:Obastan}}
 
==Latin==
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===Etymology===
{{root|la|ine-pro|*dewk-}}
From {{af|la|dūcō|-s|t1=lead|pos1=verb|pos2=noun-forming suffix}}.
From {{inh|la|itc-pro|*duks}}, from {{inh|la|ine-pro||*déwk-s}}, root nomen agentis from {{m|ine-pro|*dewk-||to lead}}, whence {{m|la|dūcō||I lead}}.
 
===Pronunciation===
Line 56 ⟶ 78:
 
# [[leader]], [[head]]
#* {{Q|la|Virgil|Aeneid|1|363-364|quote=“[...] Portantur avārī / Pygmaliōnis opēs pelagō; '''dux''' fēmina factī.”|trans=“[...] The wealth of avaricious Pygmalion they carry across the sea, a woman the '''leader''' of the deed.”<br/>(Venus tells Aeneas about Dido. See: {{w|Pygmalion of Tyre}}.)}}
# [[commander]], [[general]], [[captain]]
# [[prince]], [[ruler]]
# [[guide]], [[cicerone]], [[conductor]]
# {{lb|la|Medieval Latin}} [[duke]]
# (ambiguous example quotation; various possible interpretations)
#: {{coordinate terms|la|ducissa}}
#* {{Q|la|Virgil|Aeneid|4|124-125|quote=“[...] Spēluncam Dīdō '''dux''' et Troiānus eandem<br/>dēvenient. [...].”|trans=“Dido, [as] the '''[ruler/leader/guide?]''', and the Trojan '''[ruler/captain?]''' [Aeneas] will arrive at the same cavern.”<br/>(Ambiguity: ''Queen'' Dido, ''ruler'' of Carthage, here may be a ''guide, who is “leading the way”'' into the cave. Aeneas, on the other hand, ''leads'' the Trojans as their ''chieftain or captain.'' The alliteration of “Dido dux” aligns the word with the queen; however, the juxtaposition can also be understood as Dido and Aeneas being “side-by-side” as they enter together.)}}
 
====Usage notes====▼
During the Roman Republic, ''{{Ww|dux}}'' could refer to anyone who commanded troops including foreign leaders but was not a formal military rank. In writing his commentaries on the Gallic Wars, Julius Caesar uses the term only for Celtic generals, with one exception for a Roman commander who held no official rank.▼
 
====Declension====
{{la-ndecl|dux<3>}}
 
▲====Usage notes====
▲During the Roman Republic, ''{{W|dux}}'' could refer to anyone who commanded troops including foreign leaders but was not a formal military rank. In writing his commentaries on the Gallic Wars, Julius Caesar uses the term only for Celtic generals, with one exception for a Roman commander who held no official rank.
====Derived terms====
* {{l|la|archidux}} {{qualifier|Medieval}}
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====Descendants====
{{top2}}
* Inherited:
* {{desc|grc|δούξ|gloss=leader|bor=1}}, {{l|grc|δούκα|pos=acc.sg.}}
** {{desc|gkmfur|δούξ}}, {{l|gkm|δούκα|pos=acc.sg.dûs}}
*** {{desc|ellij|δούκαςdûxe|gloss=dukeDûxe}}
*** {{desc|itlmo|duca|bor=1dus}}
**** {{descdesctree|rovec|ducă|bor=1doxe}}
* Borrowed:
***** {{desc|ro|duce|id=duke|der=1|unc=1}}
*** {{desc|scn|duca|bor=1|grc|δούξ|gloss=leader|δούκα|pos2=acc.sg.}}
*** {{desc|xclgkm|դուքսδούξ|borδούκα|pos2=1acc.sg.}}
**** {{desc|hyel|դուքսδούκας|gloss=duke}}
**** {{descdesctree|enit|duxduca|bor=1}}
***** {{desc|fur|dûsduche|bor=1}}
***** {{desc|itro|ducă|bor=1}} {{desc|ro|duce|id=duke|der=1|unc=1|nolb=1}}
**** {{desc|furscn|ducheduca|bor=1}}
*** {{desc|lijxcl|dûxe}}, {{l|lijդուքս|Dûxebor=1}}
**** {{desc|frohy|duc|gloss=duke|bor=1դուքս}}
** {{desc|enmen|dukedux|bor=1}}
*** {{desc|enit|dukeduce|bor=1}}
*** {{desc|gaoc|diúcduc|bor=1}}
** {{desc|fro|duc|gloss=duke|bor=1}} {{desc|fro|duchesse|t=duchess|der=1|g=f|nolb=1}} {{see desc}}
*** {{desc|gv|duic|bor=1}}
*** {{desc|gdes|diùcdux|bor=1}}
*** {{desc|cy|dug|bor=1}}
*** {{desc|kw|duk|bor=1}}
*** {{desc|br|duk|bor=1}}
** {{desctree|frm|duc}}
** {{desc|jer|duc|gloss=duke}}
** {{desc|nrf|du}}
** {{desc|ca|duc|bor=1}}
** {{desc|pt|duque|bor=1}}
** {{desc|es|duque|bor=1}}
** {{desctree|fro|duchesse||duchess|der=1|g=f}}
▲* {{desc|oc|duc|bor=1}}
▲* {{desc|es|dux|bor=1}}
* {{desctree|vec|Doxe}}
{{bottom}}
{{C|la|Leaders|People}}▼
 
===References===
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* {{R:Sihler 1995}}
* {{R:ine:IEW}}
 
{{C|la|Leaders|Military|Nobility}}
----
▲{{C|la|Leaders|People}}
 
==Middle English==
 
===Noun===
{{head|enm|noun}}
 
# {{tlb|enm|Early ME}} {{alt form|enm|duk|t=duke|id=duke}}
 
==Spanish==
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===Etymology===
Borrowed from {{bor+|es|la|dux}}. {{doublet|es|duque}}.
 
===Pronunciation===
* {{es-IPApr}}
 
===Noun===
{{es-noun|m|dux#}}
 
# [[doge]] {{gloss|chief magistrate in the republics of Venice and Genoa}}
 
===Further reading===
* {{R:es:DRAE}}
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