A treaty of friendship, also known as a friendship treaty, is a common generic name for any treaty establishing close ties between countries. Friendship treaties have been used for agreements about use and development of resources, territorial integrity, access to harbours, trading lanes and fisheries, and promises of cooperation. Whilst not common, there are some treaties agreeing to some forms of military alliance which have use friendship terminology in their titles,[1] as well as some non-aggression pacts. Additionally, friendship treaties have also signalled an independent relationship with emerging states.[2]

History

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Ancient Greeks distinguished between three different types of friendships between two polities: Philiai, symmachia, and epimachia. Both symmachia and epimachia were types of alliances, with the former committing States to support each other in battle and the latter requiring parties to assist each other if one suffered an invasion. Philiai, then, made the important distinction of denoting friendship between polities but did not give the treaty partners the status of allies. Romans had a similar word amicitia, which was a state of diplomatic relations which could coexist with an alliance, or exist without it. The Romans employed a practice of establishing peace and friendship with polities on its peripheries, though in practice these relationships were usually built on unequal treaties, requiring the neighbour to support Rome militarily, though not necessarily the reverse.[1]

In most cases, the friendship treaties are not based on equal partnership. This is particularly the case in treaties between aboriginal nations and the colonizers, both in America and in the Pacific, throughout the Colonial era. These treaties, often written primarily in the language of the coloniser, manipulated the terminology of friendship by the larger powers in order to create an environment of trust, primarily for the benefit of themselves. While promising protection in return for these benefits, the treaties are more subtle ways of accessing resources for commercial exploitation of smaller nations.[1]

Since the early 2000s, friendship in international relations has been under closer analysis. Whilst friendship terminology had always been used in discourse and diplomacy, the analysis of friendship in international relations had been dismissed as merely being synonymous with good relations. In 2007, Felix Berenskoetter called for the inclusion of friendship analysis into international relations and since then a modest body of literature around the concept has been formed.[3][4]

Terminology

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In the Soviet Union, Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance or Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (Russian: Договор о дружбе, сотрудничестве и взаимопомощи) was a standard Russian language reference to various treaties both internally, between the Soviet Republics, and externally, with countries considered friendly. This terminology is still in use for some post-Soviet states. The terminology was used in many so-called "friendship treaties" the Soviet Union made, but also was used in the Warsaw Pact.[5]

In the United States, these types of treaties are commonly a Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation. More than a hundred "Treaties of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation" have been signed since independence. Since 1946, these treaties have dealt with commercial matters concerned with the protection of persons, natural and juridical, and of the property and interests of such persons. They define the treatment each country owes the nationals of the other; their rights to engage in business and other activities within the boundaries of the former; and the respect due them, their property and their enterprises.[5]

List of friendship treaties

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List of Friendship Treaties
Signatories Treaty Date Signed
Mosquito Nation
  Great Britain
Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 16 March 1740
  France
  United States
Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–France) 6 February 1778
  Morocco
  United States
Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship 28 June 1786
  Ottoman Empire
  United States
Treaty of Tripoli (Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary) 4 November 1796
  Johor
  United Kingdom
Singapore Treaty of Friendship and Alliance[6] 6 February 1819
  Johor
  United Kingdom
Crawfurd Treaty (Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between the Honourable East India Company, and the Sultan and the Temenggong of Johore)[7][8] 2 August 1824
  Argentina
  United Kingdom
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Between Argentina and the United Kingdom 1825
  Hawaii
  United States
Hawaii-United States Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation 1849
  Brunei
  United States
Brunei–United States Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Commerce and Navigation 23 June 1850
  Japan
  United Kingdom
Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty 14 October 1854
  Korea
  United States
United States–Korea Treaty of 1882 1882
  Brazil
  Japan
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Brazil and Japan[9] 1895
  Tonga
  United Kingdom
Treaty of Friendship between Tonga and the United Kingdom. 1900
  Bolivia
  Chile
Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1904) 20 October 1904
  Mongolia
  Tibet
Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet 11 January 1913
  Persia
  Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship 26 February 1921
  Turkey
  Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Treaty of Moscow (1921)[note 1] 16 March 1921
  Germany
  United States
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Relations between Germany and the United States of America 8 December 1923
  Kingdom of Italy
  Ethiopian Empire
Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928 (Italo–Ethiopian Treaty of Friendship and Arbitration) 2 August 1928
  Portugal
  Spain
Portuguese–Spanish Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression 17 March 1939
  Nazi Germany
  Soviet Union
German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation 23 August 1939
  Nazi Germany
  Turkey
German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship 18 June 1941
  Ecuador
  Peru
Rio Protocol aka Protocol of Friendship and Peace 29 January 1942
  China
  Soviet Union
Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 14 August 1945
  China
  United States
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of China 4 November 1946
  Finland
  Soviet Union
Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 8 April 1948
  India
  Bhutan
1949 Indo-Bhutan Treaty of Peace and Friendship 9 August 1949
  India
    Nepal
1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship 31 July 1950
  Greece
  Turkey
  Yugoslavia
Balkan Pact (1953) 28 February 1953
  Netherlands
  United States
DAFT (Dutch-American Friendship Treaty) 27 March 1956
  Indonesia
  Malaya
Treaty of Friendship between the Federation of Malaya and the Republic of Indonesia[10] 17 April 1959
  North Korea
  Soviet Union
The DPRK-Soviet Union Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance[11] 6 July 1961
  China
  North Korea
Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty 11 July 1961
  New Zealand
  Samoa
Treaty of Friendship 1 August 1962
  France
  West Germany
Élysée Treaty aka Treaty of Friendship 22 January 1963
  India
  Soviet Union
Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation August 1971
  Bangladesh
  India
Indo-Bangla Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace 19 March 1972
  Australia
  Japan
Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation 16 June 1976
  Portugal
  Spain
Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Spain and Portugal 2 November 1977
  China
  Japan
Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China 12 August 1978
  Afghanistan
  Soviet Union
Soviet-Afghan Treaty of Friendship[12] 12 December 1978
  Cambodia
  Vietnam
Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation[13] 1979
  Kiribati
  United States
Treaty of Tarawa aka Treaty of Friendship Between the United States of America and the Republic of Kiribati 20 September 1979
  Equatorial Guinea
  Spain
Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Spain and Equatorial Guinea of 1980 23 October 1980
  Argentina
  Chile
Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina 29 November 1984
  Finland
  Russia
Neighborhood agreement (Naapuruussopimus [fi]) on Friendship, Basics of relationships, Territorial integrity and Cooperation[14] 20 January 1992
  Kazakhstan
  Russia
Kazakh-Russian Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance[15] 25 May 1992
  Tajikistan
  Russia
Russia-Tajikistan Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance[16] 25 May 1993
  Russia
  Ukraine
Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty 31 May 1997
  North Korea
  Russia
North Korea-Russia Treaty of 2000 [ja] 9 February 2000
  China
  Russia
2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship 16 July 2001
  Italy
  Libya
2008 Treaty of Benghazi[17] 30 August 2008
  1. ^ The preamble of the treaty stating that it is a "Treaty of Friendship and Brotherhood"

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Devere, Heather; Mark, Simon; Verbitsky, Jane (2011-12-01). "The Language of Friendship in International Treaties". International Politics. 48. doi:10.1057/ip.2010.34.
  2. ^ Devere, Heather (2014). "Friendship in International Treaties". Friendship and International Relations. pp. 182–198. doi:10.1057/9781137396341_10. ISBN 978-1-349-48459-1.
  3. ^ "Friendship and Positive Peace: Conceptualising Friendship in Politics and International Relations (in Politics and Governance)". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2020-03-09.
  4. ^ Berenskoetter, Felix (2007-09-01). "Friends, There Are No Friends? An Intimate Reframing of the International". Millennium: Journal of International Studies. 35 (3): 647–676. doi:10.1177/03058298070350031501. ISSN 0305-8298.
  5. ^ a b Walker, Herman. "Modern treaties of friendship, commerce and navigation". Minnesota Law Review.
  6. ^ "Treaty of Friendship and Alliance". www.roots.gov.sg. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
  7. ^ "1824 Treaty of Friendship and Alliance | Infopedia". eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
  8. ^ "Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between the Honourable East India Company, and the Sultan and the Temenggong of Johore (1824)". Jus Mundi. 1824-08-02.
  9. ^ Ninomiya, Masato O centenário do Tratado de Amizade, Comércio e Navegação entre Brasil e Japão November 18, 2011
  10. ^ Treaty of Friendship between the Federation of Malaya and the Republic of Indonesia.
  11. ^ Studies), Marie DuMond (Center for Strategic and International. "1961 Treaty of Friendship Cooperation and Mutual Assistance Between..." www.documentcloud.org. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
  12. ^ Whitney, Craig R. (1978-12-06). "20-Year Treaty Moves Afghans Closer to Soviet". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
  13. ^ Pobzeb Vang, Five Principles of Chinese Foreign Policies
  14. ^ Lukacs, John (1992). "Finland Vindicated". Foreign Affairs. 71 (4): 50–63. doi:10.2307/20045309. JSTOR 20045309.
  15. ^ "Russia-Kazakhstan | Russia-Kazakhstan relations | The Embassy of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Kazakhstan". www.rfembassy.kz. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
  16. ^ "Relations of Tajikistan with Russia | Ministry of foreign affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan". mfa.tj. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
  17. ^ Ronzitti, Natalino. "The Treaty on Friendship, Partnership and Cooperation between Italy and Libya: New Prospects for Cooperation in the Mediterranean?" (PDF). www.gla.ac.uk. Bulletin of Italian Politics Vol. 1, No. 1, 2009, 125-133.