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Thomas Heyward Jr.

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For other people with similar names, see Thomas Heywood (disambiguation) and Thomas Hayward.

Thomas Heyward Jr. (July 28, 1746 – March 6, 1809) was an American Founding Father, lawyer, jurist, and politician.[1] Heyward was active politically during the Revolutionary Era. As a member of the Continental Congress representing South Carolina, he signed the Declaration of Independence and Articles of Confederation. Heyward's imprisonment in Florida by the British for nearly a year and the loss of a considerable number of slaves led to his being proclaimed a martyr of the revolution.

Thomas Heyward Jr.
Portrait of Heyward by Phillippe Abraham Peticolas, c. 1805
Born(1746-07-28)July 28, 1746
St. Luke's Parish, Province of South Carolina
DiedMarch 6, 1809(1809-03-06) (aged 62)
Old House, South Carolina, United States
Resting placeHeyward Family Cemetery, Old House
Known forsigner of the United States Declaration of Independence
Signature

Life

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Heyward was born in St. Luke's Parish (now known as Jasper County),[2][3] South Carolina, the son of Mary (Miles) and Daniel Heyward.[4] He was educated at home, then traveled to England to study law where he was a member of the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple. He was elected to the Continental Congress in 1775 and the following year was the last delegate to sign the Declaration of Independence.[5]

Heyward returned to South Carolina in 1778 to serve as a judge. In 1778, he presided over a trial in which several persons were tried for treason; they were convicted and executed within view of the British lines.[6] In command of a militia force, he was taken prisoner by the British during the siege of Charleston. On August 27, 1780, British troops took him from his Charleston home (presently owned by the Charleston Museum) at 87 Church Street and detained him in the Old Exchange Building. They confiscated all of his slaves, and although he later reclaimed some of them, 130 were permanently confiscated and transported to sugar plantations in Jamaica,[7] a loss of $50,000 in property.[8] It was this loss of slaves that resulted him being later proclaimed by the press as a martyr of the revolution.[6] Hours after being arrested, he and 28 other "ringleaders of the rebellion" were relocated to a guard ship in the harbor. On September 4, they were transported to St. Augustine, Florida, and remained there for about 11 months until they were freed in a prisoner exchange.[9] While in prison, Heyward transposed a popular English song, "God Save the King" into "God Save the States".[10]

In 1784, he was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society.[11] He continued to serve as a judge after the war, retiring from the bench in 1798. He is buried at Old House Plantation near Ridgeland, South Carolina.[12] The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.[13]

In 1970, when the Supreme Court ordered that public schools must be integrated, a group associated with the White Citizen's Council opened a school named Thomas Heyward Academy in Ridgeland, South Carolina.[14][15]

Marriage and family

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The Thomas Heyward House at 18 Meeting St., Charleston, South Carolina, a fine example of Adamesque design

Heyward was married twice, at age 26 and at age 40, and each wife was named Elizabeth. His first wife, born in 1753, was the daughter of Colonel John and Sarah Gibbes Mathews and the sister of South Carolina governor John Mathews. She died in childbirth in 1782 in Philadelphia, where she had gone to be with Heyward upon his release as a prisoner of war. She is buried there in St. Peter's Episcopal Church yard. They had six children, but only one son, Daniel, survived childhood.

His second wife was the daughter of Colonel Thomas and Mary Elliott Savage of Charleston. They had three children who lived to adulthood: Thomas, William and Elizabeth. Notable descendants include DuBose Heyward, whose novel and later stage play Porgy portrayed Black African-Americans and was transformed by George Gerswhin into Porgy and Bess, an American opera that achieved both credit as a musical masterpiece and criticism for pervasive racism.[16][17]

 
Coat of Arms of Thomas Heyward, Jr.

In addition to his wives, he impregnated at least one of the women he enslaved, making him the grandfather of Thomas E. Miller, one of only five African Americans elected to Congress from the South in the 1890s.[18] At one time, the Heyward family had the largest slaveholding in the United States.[19]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Bernstein, Richard B. (2009). "Appendix: The Founding Fathers, A Partial List". The Founding Fathers Reconsidered. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 176–180. ISBN 978-0199832576.
  2. ^ Champlin, Kelly. "Ghosts of Thomas Heyward's past". Jasper County Sun. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
  3. ^ National Park Services. "Biographical Sketches: Thomas Heyward Jr". Retrieved February 20, 2014.
  4. ^ Peeples, Robert E. H. (1965). "A Miles Genealogy: A Family of South Carolina Planters". The South Carolina Historical Magazine. 66 (4): 229–240. JSTOR 27566602.
  5. ^ "The Declaration and its signers". Sacramento Bee. July 4, 1923. p. 26.
  6. ^ a b "Signers of Declaration who later became martyrs". Bristol Herald. Bristol, Vermont. July 9, 1914. p. 3.
  7. ^ Goodrich, Charles A (1856). Lives of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence. William Reed & Co.
  8. ^ Lee, Henry (July 4, 1963). "Declaration of Independence signers paid big price for freedom". Nashville Banner. p. 3.
  9. ^ "The Charleston Museum | News and Events » the Taking of Thomas Heyward".
  10. ^ "Heyward: rebel songwriter". Colorado Springs, Colorado: Colorado Springs Gazette-Telegraph. July 4, 1976. p. 5AA.
  11. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
  12. ^ "Old House Plantation, Jasper County (Address Restricted)". National Register Properties in South Carolina. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.
  13. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  14. ^ "White Parents Flee Public Schools". Federal Times. Army Times Publishing Company. January 1, 1971.
  15. ^ Hawes, Jennifer; Adcox, Seanna; Bowers, Paul; Moore, Thad; Smith, Glenn (November 14, 2018). "No accident of history". The Post and Courier. Retrieved February 24, 2021. Thomas Heyward Academy opened in rural Jasper County in 1970, the year that most districts in South Carolina desegregated under court order. It was one of dozens of private schools that opened to white students as the state resisted integration in the late 1960s and 1970s.
  16. ^ "Thomas Heyward Jr". The Society of the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
  17. ^ Standifer, James (November–December 1997). "The Complicated Life of Porgy and Bess". Humanities. Archived from the original on February 11, 2005. The most incongruous, contradictory cultural symbol ever created in the Western World.
  18. ^ Glass, Andrew (April 8, 2018). "Final member of a generation of Southern black lawmakers dies, April 8, 1938". Politico. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
  19. ^ Dusinberre, William (1996). Them Dark Days: Slavery in the American Rice Swamps. Oxford University Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780198025108.
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