Song was an ancient Chinese state during the Zhou dynasty with its capital at Shangqiu. The state was founded soon after King Wu of Zhou conquered the Shang dynasty to establish the Zhou dynasty in 1046 BC. It was conquered by the state of Qi in 286 BC, during the Warring States period. Confucius is traditionally considered to have been a descendant of a Song nobleman who moved to the state of Lu.[1]
Song 宋 | |||||||
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| 11th century BC–286 BC | |||||||
 Map of Zhou dynasty states, including Song | |||||||
| Status | State | ||||||
| Capital | Shangqiu (商丘) | ||||||
| Religion | Chinese folk religion, ancestor worship, Taoism | ||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||
| History | |||||||
• Established | 11th century BC | ||||||
• Conquered by Qi | 286 BC | ||||||
| Currency | Chinese coin | ||||||
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| Song | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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.svg) "Song" in ancient seal script (top) and modern regular (bottom) Chinese characters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 宋 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Origin
editKing Zhou of Shang, Di Xin was the younger brother of Zi Qi—who was said in legends to have ruled Gija Joseon in the 11th century BCE—and Zi Yan (子衍), later rulers of Zhou's vassal state Song, father of Wu Geng.
After King Wu of Zhou overthrew the last ruler of Shang, marking the transition to the Zhou dynasty, the victor was honor-bound by a stricture of feudal etiquette known as Er Wang San Ke to allow the defeated house of Shang to continue offering sacrifices to their ancestors. As a result, for a time Shang became a vassal state of Zhou, with the Shang heir Wu Geng allowed to continue ancestor worship at Yin.
However, after King Wu's death, Wu Geng fomented a rebellion with an alliance of eastern states, and was killed by the Duke of Zhou. Another Shang royal family descendant, Weizi, was granted land at Shangqiu, the 'hill of Shang', where the capital of the new state of Song was built.
A sign of its descent from the Shang is that the state of Song in its early period followed the succession principle of agnatic seniority, rather than agnatic primogeniture like the Zhou.
History
editIn 701 BC, a political marriage between Lady Yong of Song (宋雍氏) and Duke Zhuang of Zheng—as well as the capture of Zhai Zhong (祭仲), a leading warrior—empowered Song to manipulate the administration of Zheng.
In 651, Duke Huan of Song (宋桓公) died, leaving the district to be ruled by Duke Xiang, who reigned from 651 to 637. He was considered a hegemon by some, but was unable to maintain that role. He eventually fell to the troops of Chu.
In 355, Dai Ticheng (戴剔成), a distant relative of the ruling royal line and once a minister of Duke Huan II, managed to usurp the throne. In 328, Dai Yan, a younger brother of Ticheng, took the throne and declared himself to be King Kang of Song, with Ticheng murdered or exiled. The king was ambitious and had succeeded in beating troops from Chu, Wei and Qi and annexing Teng. However, the kingdom was finally annexed by Qi in 286, with troops from Chu and Wei serving on behalf of Qi. Qin, which had been an ally of Song, refused to intervene for strategic and diplomatic reasons after being convinced by Su Dai from Wei. Su's predictions were proven correct and Qin benefited from the downfall of its former ally.
The philosopher Mozi references this state in the chapter "Obvious Existence of Ghosts", in which he mentions a number of Spring and Autumn Annals, including those of the Zhou, Yan, and Qi. The Spring and Autumn Annals of Song has not survived.
Rulers
editUnless otherwise indicated, the ruler is the son of his predecessor.
- Weizi (Qi 啟), brother of the last king of Shang, Di Xin
- Weizhong 微仲 (Yan 衍), younger brother of the above
- Ji, Duke of Song 宋公稽
- Duke Ding 宋丁公 (Shen 申)
- Duke Min I 宋湣公 (Gong 共), alleged ancestor of Confucius[1]: 14–15
- Duke Yang 宋煬公 (Xi 熙), younger brother of the above
- Duke Li 宋厲公 (Fusi 鮒祀), son of Duke Min I
- Duke Xi 宋僖公 (Ju 舉), 859–831
- Duke Hui 宋惠公 (Jian 覵), 830–800
- Duke Ai 宋哀公, 799
- Duke Dai 宋戴公, 799–766
- Duke Wu 宋武公 (Sikong 司空), 765–748
- Duke Xuan 宋宣公 (Li 力), 747–729
- Duke Mu 宋穆公 (He 和), 728–720, younger brother of the above
- Duke Shang 宋殤公 (Yuyi 與夷), 719–711
- Duke Zhuang 宋莊公 (Feng 馮), 710–692
- Duke Min II 宋閔公 (Jie 捷), 691–682
- You, Duke of Song 宋公游, assassinated less than 3 months after accession.
- Duke Huan I 宋桓公 (Yuyue 御說), 681–651, younger brother of Duke Min II
- Duke Xiang (Zifu 茲父), 650–637
- Duke Cheng 宋成公 (Wangchen 王臣), 636–620
- Yu, Duke of Song 宋公禦, younger brother of the above, assassinated less than one month after accession.
- Duke Zhao I 宋昭公 (Chujiu 杵臼), 619–611, son of Duke Cheng
- Duke Wen 宋文公 (Bao 鮑), 610–589, younger brother of the above
- Duke Gong 宋共公 (Xia 瑕), 588–576
- Duke Ping 宋平公 (Cheng 成), 575–532
- Duke Yuan 宋元公 (Zuo 佐), 531–517
- Duke Jing 宋景公 (Touman 頭曼), 516–451
- Duke Zhao II 宋昭公 (De 得), 450–404, great-grandson of Duke Yuan; possibly 468–404, making him one of the longest-reigning monarchs.
- Duke Dao 宋悼公 (Gouyou 購由), 403–396
- Duke Xiu 宋休公 (Tian 田), 395–373
- Duke Huan II 宋桓公 (Bibing 辟兵), 372–370
- Lord Ticheng of Song 宋剔成君, 369–329, descendant of the 11th duke, Dai
- Yan, King of Song 宋王偃, King Kang 宋康王, 328–286, younger brother of the above
Family tree
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Descendants
editConfucius is traditionally considered to have been a descendant of the Dukes of Song. His descendants hold the honorary title Duke Yansheng.
The title of Duke of Song and "Duke Who Continues and Honours the Yin" (殷紹嘉公) were bestowed upon Kong An by the Eastern Han dynasty because he was part of the Shang dynasty's legacy.[2][3] This branch of the Kong family is a separate branch from the line that held the title of Marquis of Fengsheng village and later Duke Yansheng.
Song in astronomy
editSong is represented by the star Eta Ophiuchi in the asterism Left Wall, Heavenly Market enclosure (see Chinese constellation).[4]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Eno, Robert (2003). "The background of the Kong family of Lu and the origins of Ruism". Early China. 28. Cambridge University Press: 1–41. doi:10.1017/S0362502800000651. JSTOR 23354229. Eno concludes of Confucius's ancestry that the descent from Song nobility has been constructed to serve an ideological purpose. However he rejects the stronger statement that Confucius's immediate parentage is also fabricated, as proposed by Creel and Jensen.Jensen, Lionel (1995). "Wise man of the wilds: fatherlessness, fertility, and the mythic exemplar Kongzi". Early China. 20. Cambridge University Press: 407–437. doi:10.1017/S0362502800004570. JSTOR 23351776. p. 409Creel, Herlee G. (1949). Confucius: the Man and the Myth. New York City: John Day. pp. 297–298.Cited in Eno.
- ^ de Crespigny, Rafe (28 December 2006). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD). Brill. pp. 389–. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
- ^ 《汉书·杨胡朱梅云传》：初，武帝时，始封周后姬嘉为周子南君，至元帝时，尊周子南君为周承休侯，位次诸侯王。使诸大夫博士求殷后，分散为十余姓，郡国往往得其大家，推求子孙，绝不能纪。时，匡衡议，以为"王者存二王后，所以尊其先王而通三统也。其犯诛绝之罪者绝，而更封他亲为始封君，上承其王者之始祖。《春秋》之义，诸侯不能守其社稷者绝。今宋国已不守其统而失国矣，则宜更立殷后为始封君，而上承汤统，非当继宋之绝侯也，宜明得殷后而已。今之故宋，推求其嫡，久远不可得；虽得其嫡，嫡之先已绝，不当得立。《礼记》孔子曰：'丘，殷人也。'先师所共传，宜以孔子世为汤后。"上以其语不经，遂见寝。
- ^ (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 6 月 23 日