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'''Sampling''' is using a segment of another's musical recording as part of one's own recording.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sample – Definition and More|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sample|publisher=Merriam-Webster|accessdate=2012-04-04}}</ref> It has been integral to hip hop production since its inception. In hip-hop, the term describes a technique of splicing out or copying sections of other songs and rearranging or reworking these sections into cohesive musical patterns, or "loops." This technique was first fully explored in 1982 by [[Afrika Bambaata]], on the Soulsonic Force tape ''[[Planet Rock (song)|Planet Rock]]'', which sampled parts of dance act [[Kraftwerk]] and experienced vast public acclaim.<ref>Marisa Brown. [{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r27616|pure_url=yes}} "Planet Rock: The Album"], ''AllMusic.com''. R 27616.</ref> This was followed up on in 1986: then-'''[[Def Jam]]''' producer [[Rick Rubin]] used [[Black Sabbath]] and [[Led Zeppelin]] loops in creating the [[Beastie Boys]]' debut ''[[Licensed to Ill]]'',<ref>Stephen Thomas Erlewine. [{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r27625|pure_url=yes}} "Licensed to Ill"], ''AllMusic''.</ref> and the following year rap duo [[Eric B. & Rakim]] popularized [[James Brown]] samples with their album ''[[Paid in Full (album)|Paid in Full]]''.<ref>Steve Huey. [{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r27822|pure_url=yes}} "Paid in Full"], ''AllMusic''.</ref>
The technique took a bi-coastal turn when discovered by a young [[Dr. Dre]], whose first gig was the DJ of Afrika Bambaata-esque electrofunk group, the [[World Class Wreckin' Cru]]. In 1988, Dre began his use of sampling in hip-hop when he produced the [[N.W.A]] album ''[[Straight Outta Compton]]'', a landmark in the genre of [[gangsta rap]].<ref>Steve Huey. [{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r28139|pure_url=yes}} "Straight Outta Compton [Clean]"], ''AllMusic''.</ref> In 1989, [[Jazz]]-sampling pioneers [[Gang Starr]] followed in 1991 by [[Pete Rock & CL Smooth]] and [[A Tribe Called Quest]] both appeared on the scene, popularizing their brand,<ref>Stanton Swihart. [{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r76024|pure_url=yes}} "All Souled Out"], ''AllMusic''.</ref><ref>John Bush. [{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r28338|pure_url=yes}} "The Low End Theory"], ''AllMusic''.</ref> and sampling took on a full role in hip-hop, spreading to prominence in high-profile projects like the [[Wu-Tang Clan]]'s ''[[Enter the Wu-Tang: 36 Chambers]]'',<ref>Steven Leckart, 10.23.07. [https://www.wired.com/entertainment/music/magazine/15-11/pl_music "Wu-Tang Clan's RZA Breaks Down His Kung Fu Samples by Film and Song"], ''WIRED MAGAZINE: ISSUE 15.11''.</ref> Dr. Dre's ''[[The Chronic]]'',<ref>[Ethan Brown, (2005). ''Straight Outta Hollis, Queens Reigns Supreme: Fat Cat, 50 Cent, and the Rise of the Hip Hop Hustler''. Anchor. {{ISBN|1-4000-9523-9}}. "[Unlike] popular hip-hop producers like the Bomb Squad, Dre instead utilized a single sample to drive a song."]</ref> [[Nas (rapper)|Nas]]' ''[[Illmatic]]''<ref>Dan Love, Feb 11, 2008. [http://www.ohword.com/blog/926/deconstructing-illmatic "Deconstructing Illmatic"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325161608/http://www.ohword.com/blog/926/deconstructing-illmatic |date=2009-03-25 }}, ''Oh Word Collection''.</ref> and [[Notorious B.I.G.]]'s ''[[Ready to Die]]''.<ref>XXL staff, Thursday Mar 9 10:28 AM CST. [http://www.xxlmag.com/online/?p=408 "The Making of Ready to Die:Family Business"], ''XXL MAGAZINE''.</ref>
In the 2000s, sampling began to reach an all-time high; [[Jay-Z]]'s album ''[[The Blueprint (album)|The Blueprint]]'' helped put producers [[Kanye West]] and [[Just Blaze]] on the map for their sampling of [[soul (music)|soul]] records.<ref>''Gale: Black History Month''.</ref> Kanye West himself scored early hits with "[[Through the Wire]]" and "[[Jesus Walks (Kanye West song)|Jesus Walks]]." His 2004 album, ''[[The College Dropout]]'', included two sampled hits featuring [[Twista]] which led to the Chicago rapper's ''[[Kamikaze (album)|Kamikaze]]'' selling platinum. On September 7, 2004, however, a U.S. Court of Appeals in Nashville changed the nature of musical copyright infringement by ruling that a license is needed in every case of sampling, where previously a small portion of the song could be copied without repercussion.<ref>9/10/2004 8:57:27 PM, foxxylady. [http://www.sixshot.com/articles/4259/ "CAN HIP HOP LIVE WITHOUT SAMPLING?"], ''SixShot.com''.</ref> The law immediately began rarefying samples in hip-hop; in a 2005 interview with [[Scratch (magazine)|Scratch magazine]], Dr. Dre announced he was moving more toward instrumentation,<ref>Dec 5 2005, 05:04 PM. [http://www.mio.co.za/forums/index.php?showtopic=8682 "DR. DRE INTERVIEW FROM SCRATCH MAGAZINE"], ''Music Industry Online''.</ref> and in 2006 The Notorious B.I.G.'s 1994 debut album ''Ready to Die'' was temporarily pulled from shelves for a retroactive sample clearance issue.<ref>Dave, 3/19/2006 9:10:26 AM. [http://www.rapnewsdirect.com/0-202-261070-00.html "Hip-Hop News: Late Rapper Has Album Pulled Over Copyright Infringement"], ''Rap News Network''.</ref> As a result, more major producers and artists have moved further away from sampling and toward live instrumentation, such as Wu-Tang's [[RZA]]<ref>Morgan Steiker, July 29, 2008. [http://www.prefixmag.com/features/rza/interview/20053/ "RZA: Interview"], ''Prefixmag.com''.</ref> and [[Mos Def]].<ref>Hillary Crosley N.Y., May 30, 2008. [http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/genre/e3i2de8a18e89befee3a88722d7c1de8dd5 "Mos Def Hits The Studio With Mr. DJ "], ''Billboard''.</ref>
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