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[[File:Theodor Herzl.jpg|thumb|right|[[Theodor Herzl]] was the founder of the modern Zionist movement. In his 1896 pamphlet {{Lang|de|[[Der Judenstaat]]}}, he envisioned the founding of a future [[Homeland for the Jewish people|independent Jewish state]] during the 20th century.]]
'''Zionism''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|z|aɪ|.|ə|n|ɪ|z|əm}} {{respell|ZY|ə|niz|əm}}; {{lang-he|צִיּוֹנוּת|Ṣīyyonūt}}, {{IPA|he|tsijoˈnut|IPA}}; derived from ''[[Zion]]'') is an ethnic or ethno-cultural [[Nationalism|nationalist]]<ref name="Conforti 2024">{{cite journal |last=Conforti |first=Yitzhak |date=March 2024 |title=Zionism and the Hebrew Bible: from religious holiness to national sanctity |journal=[[Middle Eastern Studies (journal)|Middle Eastern Studies]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=483–497 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2023.2204516 |doi-access=free |issn=1743-7881 |lccn=65009869 |oclc=875122033 |s2cid=258374291}}</ref>{{refn|group=fn|Zionism has been described either as a form of [[ethnic nationalism]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Medding |first=P. Y. |year=1995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=22iwFNfIWMwC&pg=PA11 |title=Studies in Contemporary Jewry: XI: Values, Interests, and Identity: Jews and Politics in a Changing World |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]/Institute of Contemporary Jewry, [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] |isbn=978-0-19-510331-1 |access-date=March 11, 2019 |page=11}}</ref> or as a form of [[Ethnic nationalism|ethno]]-[[cultural nationalism]] with [[civic nationalist]] components.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gans |first=Chaim |year=2008 |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340686.001.0001/acprof-9780195340686 |title=A Just Zionism: On the Morality of the Jewish State |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-986717-2 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340686.001.0001 |access-date=March 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227181827/https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340686.001.0001/acprof-9780195340686 |archive-date=December 27, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} [[Social movement|movement]] that emerged in [[History of Europe#From revolution to imperialism (1789–1914)|Europe]] in the late 19th century and aimed for the re-establishment of a [[homeland for the Jewish people]]
Zionism initially emerged in [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]] as a [[national revival]] movement in the late 19th century, in reaction to newer waves of [[antisemitism]] and as a consequence of the [[Haskalah]], or Jewish Enlightenment.<ref name="Conforti 2024"/><ref name="Shillony2012">{{cite book|author=Ben-Ami Shillony|author-link=Ben-Ami Shillony|title=Jews & the Japanese: The Successful Outsiders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OvzPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|year=2012|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-0396-2|page=88|quote=(Zionism) arose in response to and in imitation of the current national movements of Central, Southern, and Eastern Europe|access-date=November 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225204640/https://books.google.com/books?id=OvzPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|archive-date=December 25, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="LeVineMossberg2014">{{cite book|last1=LeVine|first1=Mark|last2=Mossberg|first2=Mathias|title=One Land, Two States: Israel and Palestine as Parallel States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnVAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA211|year=2014|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-95840-1|page=211|quote=The parents of Zionism were not Judaism and tradition, but anti-Semitism and nationalism. The ideals of the [[French Revolution]] spread slowly across Europe, finally reaching the [[Pale of Settlement]] in the [[Russian Empire]] and helping to set off the [[Haskalah]], or Jewish Enlightenment. This engendered a permanent split in the Jewish world, between those who held to a halachic or religious-centric vision of their identity and those who adopted in part the racial rhetoric of the time and made the Jewish people into a nation. This was helped along by the wave of [[pogrom]]s in [[Eastern Europe]] that set two million Jews to flight; most wound up in [[United States|America]], but some chose Palestine. A driving force behind this was the [[Hovevei Zion]] movement, which worked from 1882 to develop a Hebrew identity that was distinct from [[Judaism]] as a religion.|access-date=March 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117165546/https://books.google.com/books?id=vnVAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA211|archive-date=November 17, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gelvin2014">{{cite book|last=Gelvin|first=James L.|title=The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDaZAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA93|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-47077-4|page=93|quote=The fact that [[Palestinian nationalism]] developed later than Zionism and indeed in response to it does not in any way diminish the legitimacy of Palestinian nationalism or make it less valid than Zionism. All nationalisms arise in opposition to some "other". Why else would there be the need to specify who you are? And all nationalisms are defined by what they oppose. As we have seen, Zionism itself arose in reaction to anti-Semitic and exclusionary nationalist movements in Europe. It would be perverse to judge Zionism as somehow less valid than European anti-Semitism or those nationalisms. Furthermore, Zionism itself was also defined by its opposition to the indigenous Palestinian inhabitants of the region. Both the "conquest of land" and the "conquest of labor" slogans that became central to the dominant strain of Zionism in the [[Yishuv]] originated as a result of the Zionist confrontation with the Palestinian "other".|access-date=March 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117183517/https://books.google.com/books?id=GDaZAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA93|archive-date=November 17, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> During this period, Palestine [[Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem|was part]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref name="RCohen">{{cite book |last=Cohen |first=Robin |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgesurveyo00robi |title=The Cambridge Survey of World Migration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-521-44405-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgesurveyo00robi/page/504 504] |quote=Zionism Colonize palestine. |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="JGelvin">{{cite book |last=Gelvin |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5FwAT5fx03IC&q=the%20Basel%20program%20colonisation%20of%20Palestine&pg=PA52 |title=The Israel–Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-88835-6 |edition=2nd |page=51 |access-date=February 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220003633/https://books.google.com/books?id=5FwAT5fx03IC&lpg=PA52&dq=the%20Basel%20program%20colonisation%20of%20Palestine&pg=PA52 |archive-date=February 20, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Ilan Pappe, ''The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine'', 2006, pp. 10–11</ref> The arrival of Zionist settlers to Palestine during this period is widely seen as the start of the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]. Throughout the first decade of the Zionist movement, some Zionist figures, including [[Theodor Herzl]], supported alternative options to Palestine in several places such as "[[Uganda Scheme|Uganda]]" (actually parts of [[British East Africa]] today in [[Kenya]]), [[Argentina]], [[Cyprus]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[Mozambique]], and the [[Sinai Peninsula]],<ref name="Rovner2014" /> but this was rejected by most of the movement. This process was seen by the emerging Zionist movement as an "[[Gathering of Israel|ingathering of exiles]]" (''kibbutz galuyot''), an effort to put a stop to the exoduses and persecutions that have marked [[Jewish history]] by bringing the Jewish people back to their [[History of ancient Israel and Judah|historic homeland]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gamlen|first=Alan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1iCWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57|title=Human Geopolitics: States, Emigrants, and the Rise of Diaspora Institutions|year=2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-883349-9|language=en|access-date=March 2, 2021|archive-date=January 11, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111180739/https://books.google.com/books?id=1iCWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
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