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'''Songkran''' is a Khmer word that refers to the [[Cambodian New Year]].<ref name="Chuon Nath">{{cite web|title=Chuon Nath 1966 Khmer Dictionary|url=http://sealang.net/oldkhmer/corpus.htm|website=SEAlang |at=សង្ក្រាន្ត|quote=សង្ក្រាន្ត។ សង្ក្រាន្ត 1ន. ( សំ. សង្រ្កាន្តិ ) ដំណើរឃ្លាតចាកទី; ការឈានចូលដល់; ដំណើរដែលព្រះអាទិត្យចរចូលដល់ទីចួបមួយជុំរាសិចក្រ គឺដំណើរដែលដើមនិងចុងនៃរាសិចក្រចួបគ្នា ពេញគ្រប់ជាមួយឆ្នាំ (ដំណើរដាច់ឆ្នាំចាស់ផ្លាស់ឆ្នាំថ្មី), ពិធីចូលឆ្នាំថ្មី (សង្ក្រាន្តមានបីថ្ងៃគឺថ្ងៃទី១ ជាថ្ងៃចូលឆ្នាំ, ថ្ងៃទី២ ជាពារកណ្តាល ឬហៅថា វ័នបត (ថ្ងៃខ្វាក់), ថ្ងៃទី៣ ជាពារឡើងស័ក គឺផ្លាស់ស័កថ្មីនៅថ្ងៃនេះឯង : ថ្ងៃសង្ក្រាន្ត, ពិធីសង្ក្រាន្ត។ ត្រស្តិសង្ក្រាន្ត ពិធីត្រស្តិនិងសង្ក្រាន្តដែលក្សត្រិយ៍ពីបុរាណរួមគ្នាក្នុងកាលតែមួយ។ សង់ក្រានសំ. សង្ក្រាន្តិត្រស្តិសង្ក្រាន្ត|language=Khmer}}</ref>. It is also the water-splashing festival celebration of [[Tai peoples]]<ref>A Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. (2001, Jan 1). ''Thai-Yunnan Project: The Tai World: A Digest of Articles from the Thai-Yunnan Project Newsletter, in Memory of Gehan Wijeyewardene, by Gehan Wijeyewardene, Andrew Walker and Nicholas Tapp, Dept. of Anthropology''. Oakland, CALIFORNIA: Masalai Press. 272 pp. p. 78. "water-splashing at Songkran the symbol of Tai"
* Brehm, W., [[Gita Steiner-Khamsi]], Yuto Kitamura, Shigeru Aoyagi, and [[Thongchai Winichakul]]. (2022). ''Memory in the Mekong: Regional Identity, Schools, and Politics in Southeast Asia''. New York: Teachers College Press, [[Columbia University]]. 200 pp. {{ISBN|978-080-7-76636-1}}. p. 88. "Thai and Tai people are alternately referred to, we can observe that another criterion for being Thai is “Thai culture and customs,” with an example of the celebration of Songkran Day."
</ref> in traditional [[new year]] for [[Buddhist calendar]] widely celebrated across South and Southeast Asia in [[Bangladesh]], [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Myanmar]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Thailand]], parts of [[northeast India]], parts of [[Vietnam]] and [[Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture|Xishuangbanna]], [[China]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opentimes.cn/Abstract/1223.html|title=制造传统 关于傣族泼水节及其相关新年话语的研究 |date=February 2010|accessdate=17 January 2017|publisher=Open Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/The%20Buddhist%20World%20of%20Southeast%20Asia_Swearer.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316090358/http://ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/The%20Buddhist%20World%20of%20Southeast%20Asia_Swearer.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 16, 2015|title=Donald K. Swearer The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia|website=Ahandfulofleaves.org|accessdate=7 January 2019}}</ref> begins on 13th April of the year.
== Etymology ==
The word '''Songkran''' is a Khmer word<ref name="Chuon Nath"/> used to designate the [[Cambodian New Year]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.aefek.fr/wa_files/almanach_leclere_1909.pdf |title=Revue des études ethnographiques et sociologiques, 1909-1909 |last=Leclère |first=Adhémard |date=1909 |chapter= L'almanach Cambodgien et son calendrier pour 1907-1908 |page=3 |url=https://www.aefek.fr/wa_files/almanach_leclere_1909.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.google.fr/books/edition/Le_Cambodge/tb4ySBPzkygC?hl=fr&gbpv=0&bsq=songkran%20cambodge|title=Le Cambodge |last=Aymonier |first=Etienne |date=1904 |page= 565}}</ref> and attested as early as 910 AD in the Khmer inscription K.291.<ref name="K291">{{cite web |url= http://sealang.net/oldkhmer/corpus.htm|title=Corpus of Khmer Inscriptions |website=SEA classics Khmer |at=K.291|quote=Raṅko liḥ 4 pratidina saṅkrānta. 4 liḥ of milled rice daily [and] for the New Year.}}</ref> '''Songkran'''<ref>[[Dan Beach Bradley]] et al, [[American Missionary Association]]. (1861). "PRINCIPAL HOLIDAYS OBSERVED BY SIAMESE AND OTHERS", ''Bangkok Calendar: For the year of Our Lord 1861, Coresponding to the Siamese Civil Era 1222-3 and Nearly so to the Chinese Cycle Era 4498, ... Compiled by D.B.B. (Dan Beach Bradley)''. Bangkok: American Missionary Association. p. 58. "Songkran—Occurs usually a week or two after Siamese New–Year, it being of 3 days continnanee, and much observed." pp. 113, 127, 136. "SONGKRAN—Will occur about April 12th."
* [[John Gray (archdeacon of Hong Kong)|Gray, John Henry]]. (1879). "Chapter V.: SIAM", ''A Journey Round the World in the Years 1875-1876-1877''. LONDON: Harrison and Sons. 612 pp. p. 137. "This privilege is exercised by the people during the festivals, which are respectively termed the Chinese new year, the Siamese new year, and Songkran."
* United States Department of State. (1984). "Touring and Outdoor Activities", [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102338959 ''Thailand Post Report'']. Washington, D.C.: The U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 15. "Songkran (mid-April) is Thai New Year's Day. Young girls dressed in Thai national costumes go to the banks of river in colorful processions."
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* [[Samuel J. Smith]]. (1871). "Article 75 Summary of News (Weekending Feb. 23rd, 1871.): SIAMESE KRUT", ''The Siam Repository: A Summary of Asiatic Intelligence, Vol. 3, No. 4. by Samuel J. Smith for the Year of Our Lord 1871''. Bangkok: S.J. Smith's Office. p. 225. "At the palace will be publicly announced the precise day of Songkrant, the Siamese astronomical new year day. It is said it will occur this year April 9th."
* The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ([[UNESCO]]). "SONGKRANT FESTIVAL IN THAILAND", ''Unesco Features: A Fortnightly Press Service'', 409(1963). p. 20. "Songkrant is very old and probably came to Thailand from Southern India, Songkrant (the accent is on the second syllable, the 't' is not pronounced) was a mythical character."
* The Siam Society Under Royal Patronage. "No. IV. The "Toa Songkrant". ตัวสงกรานต์", ''The Journal of the Siam Society'', Vol. 10., 1935. p. 63. "about the time of the Songkrant, that is March and April, for Songkrant in Siam falls on the 13th April."</ref> (outdated Thai form), is also a [[Thai language|Thai]] word<ref>V. S. Bhaskar, Government of Assam, India. (2009). "Festivals: Songkran", ''Faith & Philosophy of Buddhism''. New Delhi, India: Kalpaz Publications. 312 pp. pp. 261-262. {{ISBN|978-817-8-35722-5}}. "Songkran is a Thai word which means 'move'..."
* Taipei City Government, Taiwan (ROC). (2008). ''Teipei: 2008 Yearbook''. [臺北市年鑑2008-英文版 (In Chinese)]. Taipei: Taipei City Government Editorial Group. 386 pp. {{ISBN|978-986-0-14421-5}}. p. 269. "(Songkran) is in April, and Thai people celebrate their new year by splashing water at each other, hence the Thai name Songkran, i.e., "Water Splashing Festival."
* Komlosy, A. (2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170814175634/https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/7293/AnouskaKomlosyPhDThesis.pdf?sequence=3 ''Images Of The Dai : The Aesthetics Of Gender And Identity In Xishuangbanna'']. [Doctoral Dissertation, University of St. Andrews]. University of St. Andrews Research Repository. [https://hdl.handle.net/10023/7293 'https://hdl.handle.net/10023/7293']. p. 334. "The term Songkran is a Thai word meaning to move, here it refers to the Sun which moves into the sign of Aries at this time of the year". pp. 334–335. "The Thai term Songkran is now used by many Southeast Asia specialists to refer to the New Year festival held in many countries, including Myanmar, Laos and China."
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* '''Waan-aah-tah''' (Mon)<ref>Diphadung, S., Usupharatana, P., and Damsa-aad, P. (1977). ''Encyclopedia of ethnic groups in Thailand: Mon''. [Research Report]. Bangkok: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia, Mahidol University. Mahidol University Repository: [https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/48615 'https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/48615']. p. 22.</ref>
===
Songkran written as
* Stone Inscription of [[Phimeanakas]]<ref
=== Thailand ===▼
* Stone Inscription of Prasat Hin Pimai 2<ref>[https://db.sac.or.th/inscriptions/inscribe/detail/395 จารึกปราสาทหินพิมาย 2]. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre, Thailand. 13 Feb 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</ref> (N.M.29, K.953) 1025 CE, [[Phimai Historical Park]], [[Nakhon Ratchasima province]], written as '''Sankranti'''.<ref name=":1"/>{{rp|9}} (Read and translated by Prof. Cham Thongkhamsuwan.)
* Stone Inscription of Wat Sa Kamphaeng Yai<ref>[https://db.sac.or.th/inscriptions/inscribe/detail/511 จารึกวัดสระกำแพงใหญ่]. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre, Thailand. 13 Feb 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</ref> (S.K.1, K.374) 1042 CE, [[Sisaket province]], written as '''Vishuva Sankranti'''.<ref name=":1"/>{{rp|9}} (Read and translated by Amphai Khamtho, the Fine Art Department of Thailand.)
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* Stone Inscription of Wat Phra That Choeng Chum<ref>[https://db.sac.or.th/inscriptions/inscribe/detail/433 จารึกวัดพระธาตุเชิงชุม]. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre, Thailand. 13 Feb 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</ref> (S.N.2, K.369) 1000-1100 CE, [[Sakon Nakhon province]], written as '''Kranti''', meaning of Songkran. (Read and translated by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Santi Pakdekham, Ph.D.).<ref>The [[Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre]] (SAC). (2007). ''Inscriptions: Wat Phra That Choeng Chum, Epigraph Line 11''. Bangkok: SAC. cited in ''Inscriptions in Thailand Database Project Staffs'' (2555 B.E.), SAC., and ''Khom Script, 15th-16th Buddhist century''. Bangkok: The National Library of Thailand, NLT, 2529, pp. 284-286. "จำมลกฺรานฺต นุ ชา ปี ทุกฺ นา องฺคุยฺ". (Epigraph), "แด่สงกรานต์ และไว้ประจำแก่". (Translation).</ref>
▲=== Thailand ===
Songkran in Thai forms which being still used to present, however, the meaning is still same as Vishuva Sankranti and also referred to as Mesha Sankranti which can be found in;
* ''The Royal Chronicle of [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Krung Sri Ayutthaya]] (The edition of Luang Prasoet Aksorn Niti)'', written in 1681 the reign of [[Narai|King Narai the Great]], mentioned the word '''Songkran''' in event of [[Naresuan|King Naresuan the Great]] of [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] marched his troops against [[Taungoo]] in 1599<ref>''พระราชพงศาวดารกรุงเก่าฉบับหลวงประเสริฐ'' [The Royal Chronicle of Krung Sri Ayutthaya, the edition of Luang Prasoet (in English)]. (20th Ed.). Bangkok: The Fine Arts Department of Thailand, 1986. 78 pp. {{ISBN|978-974-9-94331-1}}</ref>{{rp|29}}<ref name=":1"/>{{rp|11}}
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==References==
{{Reflist}}
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