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{{Short description|Group of Celtic languages of Brittany, Great Britain, Ireland, and the Isle of Man}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2019}}
'''Insular Celtic languages''' are the group of [[Celtic languages]] spoken in [[Brittany]], [[Great Britain]], [[Ireland]], and the [[Isle of Man]]. All surviving Celtic
Six Insular Celtic languages are extant ( n all cases written and spoken) in two distinct groups:
==Insular Celtic s ==
The '''Insular Celtic h pothesis''' is the theory that these languages [[historical linguistics|evolved]] ogether in those places, having a later [[common descent|comm n ancestor]] than any of the [[Continental Celtic languages]] such as [[Celtiberian language|Celtiberian]], [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]], [[Galatian language|Galatian]], and [[Lepontic language|Lep ntic]], among others, all of which are long extinct. This linguistic division of Celtic languages into Insu lar and Continental contrasts with the [[Celtic languages#Classification|P/Q Celtic hypothesis]].
The proponents oft e Insular hypothesis (such as Cowgill 1975; McCone 1991, 1992; and Schrijver 1995) point to shared inn[[inflected preposition|sition]]s
* shared use of ce rtain verbal particles
* [[verb–subject–object|VSO]] word r
*
onent e Goidelic languages with [[Celtiberian language|Celtiberian]] (Q-Celtic) on the other, may be superficial, owing to a [[language contact|langu ge contact]] phenomenon. They add the identical sound shift ({{IPA|/kʷ/}} to {{IPA|/p/}}) could have occurred between those two groups. Further, the [[Italic languages]] had a similar divergence between [[Latino-Faliscan|Latino -Falisc]] nguage. Indeed, the tribe of the Pritani has [[Cruthin|Qritani]] (and, orthographically orthodox in m odern fo rm but Under the Insular hypothesis, the family tree of the insular Celtic languages is thus as foll ows: cv
cv This table lists cognates showing the developm ent of Proto-Celtic {{IPA|*/kʷ/}} to {{IPA|/p/}} in Gaulish and the Bri tt onic languages but to {{IPA|/k/}} in the Goidelic langua ges.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" rowspan=2 |
! scope="col" colspan=4 style="background:pink;" | Gaulish and Brittonic languages
! scope="col" colspan=4 style="background:lightseagreen;" | Goidelic languages
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|}
: {{note|id0}} In [[Welsh orthography]] {{angbr|u}} denotes {{IPA-cy|i|}} or {{IPA-cy|ɪ|}}
A
* the nasal is retained before a vowel, ''i̯'', ''w'', ''m'', and a liquid:
** {{lang-sga|ben}} "woman" (< {{lang|cel-x-proto|*benā}}) {{lang-sga|gainethar|links=no}} "he/she is born" (< {{lang|cel-x-proto|*gan-i̯e-tor}})
** {{lang-sga|ainb|links=no}} "ignorant" (< {{lang|cel-x-proto|*anwiss}})
* the nasal passes to ''en'' before
** {{lang-sga|benn|links=no}} "peak" (< {{lang|cel-x-proto|*banno}}) (vs. Welsh {{lang|cy|bann}})
** {{lang-mga|ro-geinn}} "finds a
* the nasal passes to ''in, im'' before a
** {{lang-sga|imb|links=no}} "butter" (vs. Breton {{lang|br|aman(en)n}}, Cornish {{lang|kw|amanyn}})
** {{lang-sga|ingen|links=no}} "nail" (vs. Old Welsh {{lang|owl|eguin}})
** {{lang-sga|tengae|links=no}} "tongue" (vs.
** {{lang|sga|ing|links=no}} "strait" (vs. Middle Welsh {{lang|wlm|eh-ang}} "wide")
==Insular Celtic as a language area==
In order to show that shared innovations are from a common descent it is necessary that they do not arise because of language contact after initial separation. A language area can result from widespread [[bilingualism]], perhaps because of [[exogamy]], and absence of sharp sociolinguistic division.
[[Ranko Matasović]] has provided a list of
* The lenition of voicel s s tops
** Raising/i-affection
**
** Apocop
** Syncope
*
**
** Loss of
**
**
** Creation of the conditional mood
*
**
** Creation of preposed definite articles
** Creation of particles expressing sentence affirmation and negation
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The Insular Celtic [[verb]] shows a peculiar feature unknown in any other attested [[Indo-European language]]: verbs have different [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugation]]al forms depending on whether they appear in absolute initial position in the sentence (Insular Celtic having [[verb–subject–object]] or VSO word order) or whether they are preceded by a preverbal [[grammatical particle|particle]]. The situation is most robustly attested in [[Old Irish language|Old Irish]], but it has remained to some extent in [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]] and traces of it are present in Middle [[Welsh language|Welsh]] as well.
Forms that appear in sentence-initial position are called '''absolute''', those that appear after a particle are called '''conjunct''' (see [[Dependent and independent verb forms]] for details). The [[paradigm]] of the [[present tense|present]] [[active voice|active]] [[indicative mood|indicative]] of the Old Irish verb {{lang|sga|beirid}} "carry" is as follows; the conjunct forms are illustrated with the
{|class="wikitable"
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 |
! scope="col" colspan=2 | Absolute
! scope="col" colspan=2 | Conjunct
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! scope="col" | English Gloss
|-
| rowspan=3 scope="row" |
| 1st person || {{lang|sga|biru}} || I carry || {{lang|sga|ní biur}} || I do not carry
|-
| |||