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'{{Redirect|Dredge}} {{Redirect|Dredgers|the German municipality|Dreggers}} [[File:Dredge (PSF).png|thumb|200px|right|A grab dredge]] '''Dredging''' is an [[Earthworks (engineering)|excavation]] activity or operation usually carried out at least partly underwater, in shallow seas or [[fresh water]] areas with the purpose of gathering up bottom [[sediment]]s and disposing of them at a different location. This technique is often used to keep waterways navigable. It is also used as a way to replenish sand on some public beaches, where sand has been lost because of [[coastal erosion]]. Dredging is also used as a technique for fishing for certain species of edible [[clam]]s and [[crab]]s, see [[fishing dredge]]. A dredger (or '''“dredge”''' as is the general usage in the Americas) is any device, machine, or vessel that is used to excavate and remove material from the bottom of a body of water. For example, a scoop attached to the end of a rope or pole by which a man can draw sediments up from the bottom of a pond is a dredger. Developing this idea further, a motorized crane equipped with a drag bucket or clamshell (grabber) that is used to scoop material from the bottom of a body of water is also a dredger. The crane could be located on the bank, or perhaps mounted on a barge. If the crane is mounted on a barge, the entire vessel is referred to as a dredger.<ref>http://www.dredgebrokers.com/About/AboutDredgers.php</ref> The process of dredging creates spoils (excess material), which are carried away from the dredged area. Dredging can produce materials for land reclamation or other purposes (usually construction-related), and has also historically played a significant role in [[gold mining]]. Dredging can create disturbance in [[aquatic ecosystem]]s, often with adverse impacts. ==Uses== *'''Capital''': dredging carried out to create a new [[harbour]], [[Berth (moorings)|berth]] or [[waterway]], or to deepen existing facilities in order to allow larger ships access. Because capital works usually involve hard material or high-volume works, the work is usually done using a cutter suction dredge or large trailing suction hopper dredge; but for rock works, drilling and blasting along with mechanical excavation may be used. *'''Preparatory''': work and excavation for future [[bridge]]s, [[pier]]s or [[Dock (maritime)|dock]]s/[[Wharf|wharves]], often connected with [[Foundation (architecture)|foundation]] work. *'''Maintenance''': dredging to deepen or maintain navigable [[waterway]]s or [[Channel (geography)|channels]] which are threatened to become silted with the passage of time, due to [[sediment]]ed sand and mud, possibly making them too shallow for navigation. This is often carried out with a trailing suction hopper dredge. Most dredging is for this purpose, and it may also be done to maintain the holding capacity of [[reservoir]]s or lakes. *'''[[Land reclamation]]''': dredging to mine sand, clay or rock from the seabed and using it to construct new land elsewhere. This is typically performed by a cutter-suction dredge or trailing suction hopper dredge. The material may also be used for [[flood]] or [[erosion]] control. *'''[[Beach nourishment]]''': mining sand offshore and placing on a beach to replace sand eroded by storms or wave action. This is done to enhance the recreational and protective function of the beaches, which can be eroded by human activity or by storms. This is typically performed by a cutter-suction dredge or trailing suction hopper dredge. *'''Harvesting materials''': dredging [[sediment]] for elements like [[gold]], [[diamond]]s or other valuable trace substances. *'''Seabed mining''': a possible future use, recovering natural metal [[ore]] nodules from the sea's [[abyssal plain]]s. *'''Construction materials''': dredging sand and gravels from offshore licensed areas for use in construction industry, principally for use in concrete. Very specialist industry focused in NW Europe using specialized trailing suction hopper dredgers self discharging dry cargo ashore. *'''[[eutrophication|Anti-eutrophication]]''': Dredging is an expensive option for the remediation of eutrophied (or de-oxygenated) water bodies. However, as artificially elevated phosphorus levels in the sediment aggravate the eutrophication process, controlled sediment removal is occasionally the only option for the reclamation of still waters. *'''[[Soil contamination|Contaminant]] [[Environmental remediation|remediation]]''': to reclaim areas affected by chemical spills, storm water surges (with urban runoff), and other soil contaminations. Disposal becomes a proportionally large factor in these operations. *'''Removing trash and debris''': often done in combination with maintenance dredging, this process removes non-natural matter from the bottoms of rivers and canals and harbors. *'''[[Flood prevention]]''': this can help to increase channel depth and therefore increase a channel's capacity for carrying water. *'''[[Peat extraction]]''': in former times, so-called ''dredging poles'' or ''dredge hauls'' were used on the back of small boats to manually dredge the beds of peat-moor waterways before extracting the peat for use as a fuel. This tradition has now become more or less obsolete and the tools used to do this have also changed significantly. *'''((Oyster Dredging or Harvesting)''': in Louisiana and other states with salt water estuaries capable of sustaining bottom Oyster Beds. A heavy metal retangular scoop device is towed astern of a moving boat with a chain bridle attached to a cable and winch which scoops up ousters as it drags along the bottom. The device is periodically hauled aboard and the oysters contained therin are sorted and bagged for shipment to an oyster processing facility. ===Relevance=== Without the many and almost non-stop dredging operations world wide, much of the world's commerce would be impaired, often within a few months, since much of world's goods travel by [[ship]], and need to access [[harbour]]s or seas via channels. Recreational [[boating]] also would be constrained to the smallest [[ship|vessel]]s. The majority of [[Marine (ocean)|marine]] dredging operations (and the disposal of the dredged material) will require that appropriate licences are obtained from the relevant [[regulatory]] authorities, and dredging is usually carried out by (or for) harbour companies or corresponding government agencies. When you consider the physical support systems for modern living, you may think of roads, electricity, computers, or even advances in farming and agriculture. Dredging is rarely on people’s list of life-changing technologies. Yet, without dredging, supply lines for hundreds of thousands of products would be shut down. Many of our ports and waterways would quickly become untraversable, and much of the recreation and tourism made possible by our seashores, lakes, and rivers would slowly diminish and finally cease as beaches eroded, lakes filled in, and rivers changed course. The construction industry would be severely hampered by lack of inexpensive sand and gravel, and many civil works projects – including important bridges and reservoirs – would be impossible. ==Types of dredging vessels== ===Suction=== [[Image:Geopotes 14.jpg|thumb|The Geopotes 14 lifting its boom on a canal in The Netherlands. (''gēopotēs'' is Greek for "that which drinks earth")]] :''For suction-type excavation out of water, see [[Suction excavator]].'' These operate by sucking through a long tube, like some [[vacuum cleaner]]s but on a larger scale. A plain suction dredger has no tool at the end of the suction pipe to disturb the material. This is often the most commonly used form of dredging.{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}} ====Trailing suction==== A trailing suction hopper dredger (TSHD) trails its suction pipe when working, and loads the dredge spoil into one or more hoppers in the vessel. When the hoppers are full, the TSHD sails to a disposal area and either dumps the material through doors in the hull or pumps the material out of the hoppers. Some dredges also self-offload using drag buckets and conveyors. The largest trailing suction hopper dredger in the world are currently [[Jan De Nul]]'s ''Cristobal Colon'' (launched 4 July 2008<ref>http://www.sandandgravel.com/news/article.asp?v1=11114</ref>) and its sister ship ''[http://www.theartofdredging.com/leiveiriksson.htm Leiv Eriksson]'' (launched 4 September 2009<ref>http://www.sandandgravel.com/news/article.asp?v1=11221</ref>). Main design specs for the ''Cristobal Colon'' and the ''[http://www.theartofdredging.com/leiveiriksson.htm Leiv Eriksson]'' are: 46,000&nbsp;cubic metre hopper and a design dredging depth of 155&nbsp;m.<ref>http://www.jandenul.com</ref> Next largest is ''HAM 318'' ([[Van Oord]]) with its 37,293&nbsp;cubic metre hopper and a maximum dredging depth of 101&nbsp;m. <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:XLarge cutterhead.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Replaceable pin tooth cutter head used on the largest cutter suction dredges manufactured by Ellicott Dredges]] --> ====Cutter-suction==== A cutter-suction dredger's (CSD) suction tube has a cutting mechanism at the suction inlet. The cutting mechanism loosens the bed material and transports it to the suction mouth. The dredged material is usually sucked up by a wear-resistant centrifugal pump and discharged either through a pipe line or to a barge. Cutter-suction dredgers are most often used in geological areas consisting of hard surface materials (for example gravel deposits or surface bedrock) where a standard suction dredger would be ineffective. In recent years, dredgers with more powerful cutters have been built in order to excavate harder rock without the need for blasting. The two largest cutter suction dredgers in the world are currently (as at August 2009) DEME's ''D'Artagnan'' (28,200&nbsp;kW total installed power)<ref>http://www.deme.be/</ref> and Jan De Nul's ''J.F.J. DeNul'' (27,240&nbsp;kW).<ref>http://www.jandenul.com/jdn.html</ref> both build by [http://www.IHCMerwede.com IHC Merwede]. ====Auger suction==== This process functions like a cutter suction dredger, but the cutting tool is a rotating [[Archimedean screw]] set at right angles to the suction pipe. The first widely used auger dredges were designed by Mud Cat Dredges in the 1980s which was run by National Car Rental, but is now a Division of [[Ellicott Dredges|Ellicott Dredges.]] In 1996, [http://www.imsdredge.com IMS Dredges] introduced a self-propelled version of the auger dredge that allows the system to propel itself without the use of anchors cables. During the 1980s and 1990s auger dredges were primarily used for sludge removal applications from waste water treatment plants. Today, auger dredges are used for a wider variety of applications including river maintenance and sand mining. The most common auger dredge on the global market today is the Versi-Dredge. The turbidity shroud on auger dredge systems creates a strong suction vacuum and creates much less turbidity than conical (basket) type cutterheads and that is why they are preferred for environmental type applications. The vacuum created by the shroud and the ability to convey material to the pump faster makes auger dredge systems more productive than similar sized conical (basket) type cutterhead dredges. ====Jet-lift==== These use the [[Venturi effect]] of a concentrated high-speed stream of water to pull the nearby water, together with bed material, into a pipe. ====Air-lift==== An [[Airlift (dredging device)|airlift]] is a type of small suction dredge. It is sometimes used like other dredges. At other times, an airlift is used, handheld underwater by a [[underwater diving|diver]]. It works by blowing air into the pipe, and that air, being lighter than water, rises inside the pipe, dragging water with it. There is also the Air Cloud particle suspension method, whereby air is diffused through a sea floor-mounted grid. The air-particle suspension produces clouds of sand and silt in four to twenty percent solutions to a height of one to four feet, which are then transported by favorable currents to designated locations upstream and downstream, at the same time releasing dissolved oxygen throughout the water column. The process is used for dockside deepening, silt removal in marinas, and sand bar elimination in channels and river bends. It is designed for shallow depths, less that thirty-three feet (2 bars) with minimum favorable water currents of one-half to one knot. The sea floor-mounted grid is also used for diffusion of air to alleviate hypoxic environments, or Dead Zones, in depths less than sixty-six feet (5 bars.) The working title of this method in called the Particle Removal/Reoxygenation System, and was developed in 2012. ===Bucket=== [[Image:Dredging technique schematic.png|thumb|Bucket dredging]] A [[bucket (machine part)|bucket]] dredger is equipped with a bucket dredge, which is a device that picks up [[sediment]] by mechanical means, often with many circulating buckets attached to a wheel or chain. Some bucket dredgers and grab dredgers are powerful enough to rip out coral to make a shipping channel through [[coral reef]]s. ===Clamshell=== [[Image:Grab Dredging Process.JPG|thumb|Clamshell dredging in process in [[Port Canaveral]], [[Florida]]]] A [[Grab (tool)|grab]] dredger picks up seabed material with a clam shell bucket, which hangs from an onboard crane or a [[crane barge]], or is carried by a hydraulic arm, or is mounted like on a [[dragline]]. This technique is often used in excavation of [[bay mud]]. Most of these dredges are crane barges with spuds. ===Backhoe/dipper=== A backhoe/dipper dredge has a [[backhoe]] like on some [[excavator]]s. A crude but usable backhoe dredger can be made by mounting a land-type backhoe excavator on a [[Pontoon (boat)|pontoon]]. The six largest backhoe dredgers in the world are currently the Vitruvius, the Mimar Sinan, Postnik Jakovlev (Jan De Nul), the Samson (DEME), the Simson and the Goliath (Van Oord).{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} They featured [[barge]]-mounted excavators. Small backhoe dredgers can be track-mounted and work from the bank of ditches. A backhoe dredger is equipped with a half-open shell. The shell is filled moving towards the machine. Usually dredges material is loaded in barges. This machine is mainly used in harbors and other shallow water. ===Water injection=== A water injection dredger uses a small jet to inject water under low pressure (to prevent the sediment from exploding into the surrounding waters) into the seabed to bring the sediment in suspension, which then becomes a [[turbidity current]], which flows away down slope, is moved by a second burst of water from the WID or is carried away in natural currents. Water injection results in a lot of sediment in the water which makes measurement with most hydrographic equipment (for instance: singlebeam echosounders) difficult. ===Pneumatic=== These dredgers use a chamber with inlets, out of which the water is pumped with the inlets closed. It is usually suspended from a crane on land or from a small pontoon or barge. Its effectiveness depends on depth pressure. ===Bed leveler=== [[File:Bertha being demonstrated on the Exeter Canal Basin - geograph.org.uk - 1055804.jpg|thumb|Steam dredger ''Bertha'', built 1844, on a demonstration run in 1982]]This is a bar or blade which is pulled over the seabed behind any suitable ship or boat. It has an effect similar to that of a [[bulldozer]] on land. The chain-operated steam dredger ''Bertha'', built in 1844 to a design by [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel|Brunel]] and now the oldest operational steam vessel in Britain, was of this type.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldofboats.org/boats/view/bertha/21/bertha|title=Bertha|work=World of Boats|publisher=Eyemouth Marine Centre|accessdate=27 December 2009|location=[[Eyemouth]], Scotland}}</ref> ===Krabbelaar=== This is an early type of dredger which was formerly used in shallow water in the [[Netherlands]]. It was a flat-bottomed boat with spikes sticking out of its bottom. As tide current pulled the boat, the spikes scraped seabed material loose, and the tide current washed the material away, hopefully to deeper water. ''Krabbelaar'' is [[Dutch language|Dutch]] for "scratcher". ===Snagboat=== {{Main|Snagboat}} A [[snagboat]] is designed to remove big debris such as dead trees and parts of trees from rivers and canals. ===Amphibious=== Some of these are any of the above types of dredger, which can operate normally, or by extending legs, also known as spuds, so it stands on the seabed with its hull out of the water. Some forms can go on land. Some of these are land-type backhoe excavators whose wheels are on long hinged legs so it can drive into shallow water and keep its cab out of water. Some of these may not have a floatable hull and, if so, cannot work in deep water. *[[Oliver Evans]] (1755–1819) in 1804 invented [[Oliver Evans#The Oruktor Amphibolos|an amphibious dredger]] which was America's first steam-powered road vehicle. ===Submersible=== These are usually used to recover useful materials from the seabed. Many of them travel on [[continuous track]]. A unique variant<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20090112162856/http://www.nio.org/past_events/inchoe/dredging_eia.jsp#dredging_1</ref> is intended to walk on legs on the seabed.<ref>"Concept of a mathematical model for prediction of major design parameters of a submersible dredger/miner" by Sritama Sarkar, Neil Bose, Mridul Sarkar, and Dan Walker, in "3rd Indian National Conference on Harbour and Ocean Engineering, [http://www.nio.org National Institute of Oceanography]", Dona Paula, [[Goa]] 403 004 [[India]], 7–9 December 2004</ref> ===Fishing=== [[File:Dedge haul including live clams and empty shells.jpg|thumb|Dredge haul including live clams and empty shells]] [[Fishing dredge]]s are used to collect various species of [[clam]]s [[scallop]]s, [[oyster]]s or [[crab]]s from the seabed. These dredges have the form of a scoop made of chain mesh, and are towed by a [[fishing boat]]. Careless dredging can be destructive to the seabed. Nowadays some scallop dredging is replaced by collecting via [[scuba diving]]. ===Police drag===<!-- This section is linked from [[Police drag]] --> In some [[police]] departments a small dredge (sometimes called a ''drag'') is used to find and recover objects and bodies from underwater. The bodies may be [[murder]] victims, or people who committed [[suicide]] by [[drowning]], or victims of accidents. It is sometimes pulled by people walking on the bank. [[Search and rescue]] units also often use this type of dredge in searching for bodies of missing persons. ==Disposal of materials== In a "hopper dredger", the dredged materials end up in a large onboard hold called a "hopper." A suction hopper dredger is usually used for maintenance dredging. A hopper dredge usually has doors in its bottom to empty the dredged materials, but some dredges empty their hoppers by splitting the two halves of their hulls on giant hydraulic hinges. Either way, as the vessel dredges, excess water in the dredged materials is spilled off as the heavier solids settle to the bottom of the hopper. This excess water is returned to the sea to reduce weight and increase the amount of solid material (or slurry) that can be carried in one load. When the hopper is filled with [[slurry]], the dredger stops dredging and goes to a dump site and empties its hopper. Some hopper dredges are designed so they can also be emptied from above using pumps if dump sites are unavailable or if the dredge material is contaminated. Sometimes the slurry of dredgings and water is pumped straight into pipes which deposit it on nearby land. Other times, it is pumped into [[barge]]s (also called [[scow]]s), which deposit it elsewhere while the dredge continues its work. A number of vessels, notably in the UK and NW Europe de-water the hopper to dry the cargo to enable it to be discharged onto a quayside 'dry'. This is achieved principally using self discharge bucket wheel, drag scraper or excavator via conveyor systems. When contaminated (toxic) sediments are to be removed, or large volume inland disposal sites are unavailable, dredge slurries are reduced to dry solids via a process known as dewatering. Current dewatering techniques employ either centrifuges, [http://gowatersolve.com/geotube Geotube] containers, large textile based filters or polymer [[flocculant]]/congealant based apparatus. In many projects, slurry dewatering is performed in large inland settling pits, although this is becoming less and less common as mechanical dewatering techniques continue to improve. Similarly, many groups (most notable in east Asia) are performing research towards utilizing dewatered sediments for the production of concretes and construction block, although the high organic content (in many cases) of this material is a hindrance toward such ends. ==Environmental impacts== Dredging can create disturbance to [[aquatic ecosystem]]s, often with adverse impacts. In addition, dredge spoils may contain [[toxic]] chemicals that may have an adverse effect on the disposal area; furthermore, the process of dredging often dislodges chemicals residing in [[benthic]] substrates and injects them into the [[water column]]. The activity of dredging can create the following principal impacts to the environment: *Release of toxic chemicals (including [[heavy metal (chemistry)|heavy metal]]s and [[Polychlorinated biphenyls|PCB]]) from bottom [[sediment]]s into the [[water column]]. *Short term increases in [[turbidity]], which can affect aquatic [[species]] [[metabolism]] and interfere with [[spawn (biology)|spawning]]. *Secondary effects from water column contamination of uptake of heavy metals, [[DDT]] and other persistent organic toxins, via [[food chain]] uptake and subsequent concentrations of these [[toxin]]s in higher [[organism]]s including humans. *Secondary impacts to [[marsh]] productivity from [[sedimentation]] *Tertiary impacts to [[bird|avifauna]] which may [[prey]] upon contaminated aquatic organisms *Secondary impacts to aquatic and benthic organisms' [[metabolism]] and mortality *Possible contamination of dredge spoils sites The nature of dredging operations and possible environmental impacts cause the industry to be closely regulated and a requirement for comprehensive regional environmental impact assessments with continuous monitoring. The U.S. [[Clean Water Act]] requires that any discharge of dredged or fill materials into "waters of the United States," including wetlands, is forbidden unless authorized by a permit issued by the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Army Corps of Engineers]].<ref>[[Clean Water Act]], {{USC|33|1311}}, {{USC|33|1362}}, {{USC|33|1344}}.</ref> As a result of the potential impacts to the environment, dredging is restricted to licenced areas only with vessel activity monitored closely using automatic GPS systems. ==Major dredging companies== *[[Royal Boskalis Westminster]] ([[Netherlands]]) *[[Van Oord Dredging and Marine Contractors]] ([[Netherlands]]) *[[Jan De Nul]] ([[Belgium]]) *[[DEME]] ([[Belgium]]) *[[Great Lakes Dredge and Dock Company]] ([[United States]]) *[[Cashman Dredging and Marine Contracting Company]] ([[United States]]) ==Images== <gallery> Image:Dredge No-4 (1).JPG|The 'business end' (excavator) of a [[Yukon]] dredge. Image:Dredge No-4 (2).JPG|Profile view of this Yukon dredge tied up to a [[quay]], note the size. The dredge conveys the spoils to the rear (left side) into a receiving vessel such as a [[barge]]. Image:OrisantDredger.jpg|Example of a trailing suction dredger: the ''Orisant'' in the port of [[IJmuiden]], [[Netherlands]] Image:Hong Kong dredger123.jpg|Grab dredging in [[Victoria Harbor]], [[Hong Kong]] Image:Stuyvesant_Bow.JPG|''Stuyvesant'' Image:Essayons.JPG|''Essayons'' Image:Alexander von Humboldt (empty).jpg|''Alexander von Humboldt'' of the [[Jan Pieter De Nul|Jan de Nul]] fleet Image:BurigangaDredge.JPG|Sand mining Image:Lakes Entrance Dredger April Hamer.JPG|''April Hamer'' at [[Lakes Entrance]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] Image:HR-Morris-Pipeline-Dredge.jpg|''HR Morris'' of the Manson Construction fleet, a Cutter Suction Pipeline Dredge, working on [[Mission Bay, San Diego, California|Mission Bay, San Diego, CA, USA]] Image:Barge on Neva river.jpg|Dredge ship with barges on [[Neva River|Neva bay]] in [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]] </gallery> ==See also== {{Portal box|UK Waterways|Nautical}} * [[Navigability]] * [[Queen of the Netherlands (ship)]], a big dredger * [[Peace in Africa (ship)]], a diamond-mining dredger * [[Waterway]] * [[Weeks Marine]], a dredging company * [[WT Preston]], a [[snagboat]] * [[Dredge ball joint]], connection between 2 pipes that are used to transport mixture of water and sand from a dredger to the discharging area {{Clear}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Dredge ships}} *[http://www.worldofboats.org/boats/view/bertha/21/bertha World of Boats (EISCA) Collection ~ Isambard Kingdom Brunel's Bertha] *[http://www.dredgers.nl/ Directory of Dredgers] (a close to exhaustive private collection of dredger photographs) *[http://www.idredge.com/ News and Equipment Exchange] (Latest global news and equipment) *[http://www.sandandgravel.com/ Dredging News] * [http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/7869/DredgeandSpoil.pdf Dredging and Spoil Disposal Policy] ([[pdf]])(from the [[Government of Australia|Australian Government]]) *[http://www.theartofdredging.com/ The Art of Dredging] (Knowledge sharing) *[http://www.ndc.iwr.usace.army.mil/dredge/dredge.htm USACE Dredging Information System] (from the [[Army Corps of Engineers|US Army Corps of Engineers]]) {{ModernMerchantShipTypes}} *[http://www.purz.net/index.html Particle Removal/Reoxygenation System] [[Category:Engineering vehicles]] [[Category:Coastal construction]] [[Category:Dredgers]] [[Category:Nautical terms]] [[ar:تجريف]] [[ca:Dragatge]] [[de:Baggerschiff]] [[es:Draga]] [[fr:Dragage]] [[hi:तलकर्षण]] [[id:Kapal keruk]] [[it:Dragaggio]] [[he:אוניית מחפר]] [[ms:Kapal korek]] [[nl:Baggeren]] [[ja:浚渫]] [[ko:준설]] [[no:Mudring]] [[pl:Pogłębiarka]] [[pt:Draga]] [[ro:Dragă]] [[ru:Земснаряд]] [[fi:Ruoppaus]] [[sv:Muddring]] [[uk:Драга]] [[ur:ڈریجر]] I love reagan'