Edit filter log

'@@ -23,21 +23,21 @@ * [[Annapurna Labs]] * [[AWS Elemental]] -* NICE -* [[Twitch.tv|Twitch]] +* NICE<ref>{{Cite web |title=NICE - an AWS Company |url=https://www.nice-software.com/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/SpPpN |archive-date=18 Feb 2021 |access-date=4 Jan 2019 |website=nice-software.com}}</ref> +* [[Twitch.tv|Twitch]]<ref name="acqtwi">{{Cite news |title=Amazon's $970 million purchase of Twitch makes so much sense now - it's all about the cloud |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/amazons-970-million-purchase-of-twitch-makes-so-much-sense-now-its-all-about-the-cloud/articleshow/51434468.cms |date=17 Mar 2016 |access-date=9 Mar 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.is/4j3Ek |archive-date=23 Mar 2021 |publisher=Business Insider |last1=Weinberger |first1=Matt}}</ref> }} | author = | editor = | launch_date = {{plainlist| -* [[Web service]]s: {{start date and age|2002|07}}{{efn|Launched in July 2002, the Amazon Web Services platform exposes technology and product data from Amazon and its affiliates, enabling developers to build innovative and entrepreneurial applications on their own.}} -* [[Cloud computing]]: {{start date and age|2006|03}}{{efn|In 2006, Amazon Web Services (AWS) began offering IT infrastructure services to businesses in the form of web services -- now commonly known as cloud computing.}} +* [[Web service]]s: {{start date and age|2002|07}}{{efn|Launched in July 2002, the Amazon Web Services platform exposes technology and product data from Amazon and its affiliates, enabling developers to build innovative and entrepreneurial applications on their own.<ref name="2002launch2006relaunch">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015165250/http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=176060&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=830816 |archive-date=15 Oct 2015 |url-status=dead |url=http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=176060&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=830816 |title=Amazon - Press Room - Press Release |website=phx.corporate-ir.net |access-date=June 8, 2017}}</ref>}} +* [[Cloud computing]]: {{start date and age|2006|03}}{{efn|In 2006, Amazon Web Services (AWS) began offering IT infrastructure services to businesses in the form of web services -- now commonly known as cloud computing.<ref name="amazon">{{cite web |url=http://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/ |title=About AWS |date=September 2011 |access-date=May 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005123855/http://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/ |archive-date=5 Oct 2012}}</ref>}} }} -| revenue = {{increase}} US$46 billion (2020) -| operating_income = {{increase}} US$13.5 billion (2020) -| alexa = +| revenue = {{increase}} US$46 billion (2020)<ref name="2020sales">{{Cite web |title=Exclusive with AWS chief Andy Jassy: The wakeup call for cloud adoption |url=https://siliconangle.com/2020/11/30/exclusive-aws-chief-andy-jassy-wakeup-call-cloud-adoption/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/c3XsC |date=30 Nov 2020|archive-date=15 Feb 2021 |last1=Furrier |first1=John |access-date=18 Feb 2021 |website=}}</ref> +| operating_income = {{increase}} US$13.5 billion (2020)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazon Web Services posts record $13.5B in profits for 2020 in Andy Jassy's AWS swan song |archive-url=https://archive.is/jk0X0 |archive-date=18 Feb 2021 |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2021/amazon-web-services-posts-record-13-5b-profits-2020-andy-jassys-aws-swan-song/ |date=2 Feb 2021 |access-date=18 Feb 2021 |website=geekwire.com |last1=Bishop |first1=Todd}}</ref> +| alexa = <!-- {{increase}} {{steady}} {{decrease}} [http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/example.com ##] (US/Global, MM/YYYY) --> | current_status = Active | footnotes = | key_people = {{plainlist| -* [[Andy Jassy]] (CEO) -* Adam Selipsky (CEO-elect) +* [[Andy Jassy]] (CEO)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2016/04/07/amazon-three-ceos-wilke-jassy-bezos/|title=Amazon Now Has Three CEOs|website=fortune.com|access-date=November 16, 2017}}</ref> +* Adam Selipsky (CEO-elect)<ref>{{Cite pr |title=AWS announces next CEO |url=https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/company-news/aws-announces-next-ceo |date=23 Mar 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.is/SC0jM |archive-date=23 Mar 2021 |access-date=23 Mar 2021 |website=aboutamazon.com }}</ref> * Stephen Schmidt ([[Chief information security officer|CISO]]) * Matt Garman @@ -46,5 +46,5 @@ * Babik Parvez * James Hamilton -* +* <ref>{{cite news |title=Amazon Web Services' Org Chart: Here's the internal map of the 95 most powerful executives under cloud boss Andy Jassy |archive-url=https://archive.is/CXqzK |archive-date=4 Dec 2020 |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-web-services-org-chart-under-ceo-andy-jassy-2020-12 |date=2 Dec 2020 |access-date=9 Mar 2021 |last1=Kim |first1= Eugene |first2=Ashley |last2=Stewart |first3=Shayanne |last3=Gal |publisher=Business Insider}}</ref> }} }} @@ -52,3 +52,158 @@ '''Amazon Web Services''' ('''AWS''') is a subsidiary of [[Amazon.com|Amazon]] providing [[Software as a service|on-demand]] [[cloud computing]] [[computing platform|platform]]s and [[Application programming interface|APIs]] to individuals, companies, and governments, on a metered pay-as-you-go basis. These cloud computing [[web services]] provide a variety of basic abstract technical infrastructure and [[distributed computing]] building blocks and tools. One of these services is [[Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud]] (EC2), which allows users to have at their disposal a [[Virtualization|virtual]] [[Computer cluster|cluster of computer]]s, available all the time, through the Internet. AWS's version of virtual computers emulates most of the attributes of a real computer, including hardware [[central processing unit]]s (CPUs) and [[graphics processing unit]]s (GPUs) for processing; local/[[Random-access memory|RAM]] memory; hard-disk/[[Solid-state drive|SSD storage]]; a choice of operating systems; networking; and pre-loaded application software such as [[web server]]s, [[database]]s, and [[customer relationship management]] (CRM). -The AWS technology is implemented at [[server farm]]s throughout the world, and maintained by the Amazon subsidiary. Fees are based on a combination of usage (known as a "Pay-as-you-go" model), hardware, operating system, software, or networking features chosen by the subscriber required [[Availability (system)|availability]], [[Redundancy (engineering)|redundancy]], [[Computer security|security]], and service options. Subscribers can pay for a single virtual AWS computer, a dedicated physical computer, or clusters of either. As part of the subscription agreement, +The AWS technology is implemented at [[server farm]]s throughout the world, and maintained by the Amazon subsidiary. Fees are based on a combination of usage (known as a "Pay-as-you-go" model), hardware, operating system, software, or networking features chosen by the subscriber required [[Availability (system)|availability]], [[Redundancy (engineering)|redundancy]], [[Computer security|security]], and service options. Subscribers can pay for a single virtual AWS computer, a dedicated physical computer, or clusters of either. As part of the subscription agreement,<ref name="AWSagreement" /> Amazon provides security for subscribers' systems. AWS operates from many global geographical regions including 6 in North America.<ref name="GlobalInfrastructure">{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/global-infrastructure/|title = AWS Global Infrastructure|date = December 22, 2016 |access-date = December 22, 2016}}</ref> + +Amazon markets AWS to subscribers as a way of obtaining large scale computing capacity more quickly and cheaply than building an actual physical server farm.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://aws.amazon.com/what-is-cloud-computing/|title= What is Cloud Computing by Amazon Web Services &#124; AWS|access-date= July 17, 2013}}</ref> All services are billed based on usage, but each service measures usage in varying ways. As of 2017, AWS owns a dominant 33% of all cloud ([[Infrastructure as a service|IaaS]], [[Platform as a service|PaaS]]) while the next two competitors [[Microsoft Azure]] and [[Google Cloud Platform|Google Cloud]] have 18%, 9% respectively according to Synergy Group.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Aug 3|first1=Joe Panettieri •|last2=2020|date=2020-08-03|title=Cloud Market Share 2020: Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google, IBM|url=https://www.channele2e.com/channel-partners/csps/cloud-market-share-2020-amazon-aws-microsoft-azure-google-ibm/|access-date=2020-10-12|website=ChannelE2E|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Infographic: Amazon Leads $100 Billion Cloud Market|url=https://www.statista.com/chart/18819/worldwide-market-share-of-leading-cloud-infrastructure-service-providers/|access-date=2020-10-12|website=Statista Infographics|language=en}}</ref> + +== Services == +{{Main|Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud|Amazon Simple Storage Service}} +As of 2021, AWS comprises over 200<ref name="techradar">{{cite web|date=2021-03-01|title=Cloud computing with AWS|url=https://aws.amazon.com/what-is-aws/|website=aws.amazon.com}}</ref> products and services including [[Computation|computing]], [[Storage virtualization|storage]], [[Computer network|networking]], [[database]], [[analytics]], [[Application service provider|application services]], [[Software deployment|deployment]], [[Systems management|management]], [[machine learning]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Journal|first=David Mosca {{!}} The Jersey|date=2021-04-14|title=Jersey City’s ElectrifAi a leader in artificial intelligence software for business|url=https://www.nj.com/hudson/2021/04/jersey-citys-electrifai-a-leader-in-artificial-intelligence-software-for-business.html|access-date=2021-04-21|website=nj|language=en}}</ref> [[Mobile application development|mobile]], [[Programming tool|developer tool]]s, and tools for the [[Internet of Things]]. The most popular include [[Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud]] (EC2), [[Amazon Simple Storage Service]] (Amazon S3), [[Amazon Connect]], and [[AWS Lambda]] (a [[Serverless computing|serverless function]] enabling serverless [[Extract, transform, load|ETL]] e.g. between instances of EC2 & S3).<ref name="mostpopularservices">{{cite web|date=2019-08-31|title=Top 10 AWS Services according to popularity|url=https://medium.com/faun/top-10-aws-services-according-to-popularity-bd78eea2f7a9|website=medium.com}}</ref> + +Most services are not exposed directly to end users, but instead offer functionality through APIs for developers to use in their applications. Amazon Web Services' offerings are accessed over [[HTTP]], using the [[Representational State Transfer|REST]] architectural style and [[SOAP (protocol)|SOAP]] protocol for older APIs and exclusively [[JSON]] for newer ones. + +== History == +{{Further|Timeline of Amazon Web Services}} + +===Founding (2000–2005) === +[[File:Amazon.com_web_services_2002.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|Early AWS logo building blocks along a [[sigmoid curve]] depicting [[recession shapes#V-shaped|recession]] followed by growth.]] +[[File:AWSSummit2013NYC2.JPG|thumb|right|AWS Summit 2013 event in NYC.]] + +The genesis of AWS was when in the early {{decade|2000}}, experience with building ''Merchant.com'', Amazon's e-commerce-as-a-service platform for third-party retailers to build their own web-stores, made them pursue service-oriented architecture as a means to scale their engineering operations<ref name="horsemouth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hbs.edu/forum-for-growth-and-innovation/podcasts/disruptive-voice/Pages/podcast-details.aspx?episode=15834284|title=Podcast - Forum for Growth & Innovation - Harvard Business School|website=www.hbs.edu |archive-url=https://archive.is/tBpsj |archive-date=4 Feb 2021}}</ref><ref name=foraws>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive Profile: Andy Jassy of Amazon Web Service (AWS) And His Trillion Dollar Cloud Ambition |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/siliconangle/2015/01/28/andy-jassy-aws-trillion-dollar-cloud-ambition/?sh=2afd0029321e |date=28 Jan 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.vn/LlB4c |archive-date=3 Feb 2021 |access-date=3 Feb 2021 |work=[[Forbes]] |last1=Furrier |first1=John }}</ref><ref name="tcaws">{{Cite news |title=How AWS came to be |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/07/02/andy-jassys-brief-history-of-the-genesis-of-aws/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/cvgPj |date=2 Jul 2016 |archive-date=21 Jan 2021 |access-date=1 Feb 2021 |last1=Miller |first1=Rob |publisher=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref>{{r|crnaws}}<ref name="hilabs">{{Cite video |title=Fireside Chat with Michael Skok and Andy Jassy: The History of Amazon Web Services |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d2dyGDqrXLo |date=21 Oct 2013 |access-date=9 Feb 2021 |website=youtube.com |publisher=[[Harvard Business School]] }}</ref><ref name="vdynamo">{{Cite web |title=Amazon DynamoDB – a Fast and Scalable NoSQL Database Service Designed for Internet Scale Applications |url=http://www.allthingsdistributed.com/2012/01/amazon-dynamodb.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/8fx0n |date=18 Jan 2012 |archive-date=1 Jan 2013 |last1=Vogels |first1=Werner |website=allthingsdistributed.com}}</ref>{{r|vogels}} led by the then [[Chief Technology Officer|CTO]], Allan Vermeulen.<ref name="brad">{{Cite book |title=The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yG3PAK6ZOucC |isbn=9781448127511 |year=2013 |publisher=[[Transworld Publishers|Transworld]] |last1=Stone |first1=Brad |via=books.google.com}}</ref> + +Around the same timeframe, Amazon sought out to create "a shared [[Information Technology|IT]] platform" so its engineering organizations which were spending 70% of their time on "undifferentiated heavy-lifting" such as IT and infrastructure problems could focus on customer-facing innovation instead.<ref name=aselip>{{Cite video |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=6PiyzyWXiIk&t=300 |title=Amazon Web Services - Adam Selipsky at USI |publisher=USI Events |people=Adam Selipsky |language=en |time=5m |via=youtube.com |date=6 Sep 2013 |access-date=9 Mar 2021}}</ref> Besides, in dealing with unusual peak traffic patterns especially during [[Economics_of_Christmas|the holiday season]], migrating services to commodity Linux hardware, and reliance on [[open source software]] already had Amazon's Infrastructure team, led by Tom Killalea,{{r|tompeak}} Amazon's first [[CISO]],<ref>{{Cite pr |title=Former Amazon CISO Tom Killalea Joins Carbon Black Board |url=https://www.carbonblack.com/press-releases/former-amazon-ciso-tom-killalea-joins-carbon-black-board/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/Wv7AZ |archive-date=14 Mar 2021 |access-date=9 Mar 2021 |website=carbonblack.com}}</ref> run their data centers and associated services in a "fast, reliable, cheap" way.<ref name="tompeak">{{Cite web |title=LinuxWorld: Amazon's two faces present IT challenge |url=https://www.networkworld.com/article/2329864/linuxworld--amazon-s-two-faces-present-it-challenge.html |date=21 Jan 2004 |archive-url=https://archive.is/Bhwbw |archive-date=11 Mar 2021 |last1=Cowley |first1=Stacy |publisher=IDG News |via=networkworld.com}}</ref> + +In July 2002, ''Amazon.com Web Services'', managed by Colin Bryar,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Colin Bryar |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/colinbryar/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/TF3GW |access-date=5 Feb 2021 |archive-date=5 Feb 2021 |website=linkedin.com |quote=Director, Amazon Associates and Amazon Web Services Programs. Dates Employed Mar 1998 – Jul 2003. Owned the overall P&L for the Amazon Associates (affiliate marketing) and one of the first public facing Amazon web service for developers, now called the Amazon Product API. Managed the software development, product management, and customer service teams for these two programs, spanning five countries. The Amazon Product API launch in July 2002 was the first commercial Amazon sdk that targeted third party developers to build applications on top of Amazon software platform.}}</ref> launched its first [[web service]]s opening up the Amazon.com platform to all developers.<ref>{{Cite pr |title=Amazon.com Launches Web Services; Developers Can Now Incorporate Amazon.com Content and Features into Their Own Web Sites; Extends "Welcome Mat" for Developers |archive-url=https://archive.is/dx9Qj |url=https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazoncom-launches-web-services |archive-date=5 Feb 2021 |date=16 Jul 2002 |agency=Amazon, Inc. |access-date=5 Feb 2021}}</ref> Over a hundred applications were built on top of it by 2004.<ref name="tomlinux">{{Cite web |title=Amazon lauds Linux infrastructure |archive-url=https://archive.is/4R3YA |archive-date=11 Mar 2021 |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240054229/Amazon-lauds-Linux-infrastructure |date=22 Jan 2004 |first1=Stacy |last1=Cowley |via=computerweekly.com |publisher=IDG News}}</ref> This unexpected developer interest took Amazon by surprise and convinced them that developers were "hungry for more."{{r|aselip}} + +By the Summer of 2003, Andy Jassy had taken over Bryar's portfolio<ref name="working">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgn5DwAAQBAJ |title=Working Backwards: Insights, Stories, and Secrets from Inside Amazon |last1=Bryar |first1=Colin |last2=Carr |first2=Bill |via=books.google.com |isbn=9781529033854 |year=2021 |publisher=[[Pan MacMillan]]}}</ref> at [[Rick Dalzell]]'s behest, after Vermeulen, who was Bezos' first pick, declined the offer.{{r|brad}} Jassy subsequently laid down the vision for an "Internet [[Operating System|OS]]"{{r|horsemouth}}{{r|tcaws}}{{r|hilabs}}<ref name="telaws">{{Cite news |title=Goliath vs Goliath...Amazon takes on Apple and Google |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/9770827/Goliath-vs-Goliath...Amazon-takes-on-Apple-and-Google.html |date=30 Dec 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.is/N6nFD |archive-date=4 Feb 2021 |access-date=4 Feb 2021 |publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |last1=Rushton |first1=Katherine }}</ref> made up of foundational infrastructure primitives that alleviated key impediments to shipping software applications faster.{{r|horsemouth}}{{r|foraws}}{{r|tcaws}}{{r|hilabs}}{{r|vogels}} By fall 2003,{{r|horsemouth}}{{r|tcaws}} [[databases]], [[Cloud storage|storage]], and [[compute]] were identified as the first set of infrastructure pieces that Amazon should launch.{{r|horsemouth}}{{r|tcaws}}{{r|aselip}} + +Jeff Barr, an early AWS employee, credits Vermeulen, Jassy, Bezos, himself, and a few others for coming up with the idea of what would evolve into [[Amazon EC2|EC2]], [[Amazon S3|S3]], and [[Amazon RDS|RDS]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=15 Years of AWS Blogging! |url=https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/15-years-of-aws-blogging/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/ph21l |date=11 Nov 2019 |archive-date=5 Feb 2021 |access-date=5 Feb 2021 |website=aws.amazon.com |last1=Barr |first1=Jeff }}</ref> whilst Jassy recalls that being a result of brainstorming for about a week with "ten of the best [[software engineering|technology]] minds and ten of the best [[product management]] minds" on about ten different Internet applications and the most primitive building blocks required to build them.{{r|hilabs}} [[Werner Vogels]] puts down Amazon's desire to make the process of "invent, launch, reinvent, relaunch, start over, rinse, repeat" as fast as it could be to have led them to breakdown [[big company|organizational structures]] with "two-pizza teams"{{efn|A team shouldn't be any bigger than could be fed with two pizzas.<ref>{{Cite web |archive-url=https://archive.is/hupHf |title=The two-pizza rule and the secret of Amazon's success |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/apr/24/the-two-pizza-rule-and-the-secret-of-amazons-success |date=24 Apr 2018 |archive-date=14 Mar 2021 |access-date=9 Mar 2021 |website=theguardian.com |last1=Hern |first1=Alex}}</ref>}} and [[Software_architecture|application structures]] with [[distributed computing|distributed systems]];{{efn|Larger software applications broken down in to smaller services.<ref name="velocity">{{Cite magazine |title=Velocity in Software Engineering |volume=17 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://archive.is/OaYSx |url=https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=3352692 |date=29 Jul 2019 |access-date=9 Mar 2021 |archive-date=12 Mar 2021 |publisher=[[ACM.org]] |first1=Tom |last1=Killalea}}</ref>}} and that these changes ultimately paved way for the formation of AWS<ref name="vogels">{{Cite web |title=Modern applications at AWS |archive-url=https://archive.is/lWPof |archive-date=14 Sep 2019 |url=https://www.allthingsdistributed.com/2019/08/modern-applications-at-aws.html |date=28 Aug 2019 |first1=Werner |last1=Vogels |website=allthingsdistributed.com}}</ref> and its mission "to expose all of the atomic-level pieces of the Amazon.com platform".<ref>{{Cite web |title=S3 - The Amazon Simple Storage Service |archive-url=https://archive.is/7NEjb |url=https://www.allthingsdistributed.com/2006/03/s3.html |date=13 Mar 2006 |archive-date=13 Mar 2021 |access-date=9 Mar 2021 |website=allthingsdistributed.com |last1=Vogels |first1=Werner}}</ref> According to [[Brewster Kahle]], co-founder of [[Alexa Internet]] which was acquired by Amazon in 1999, his start-up's compute infrastructure helped Amazon solve its [[big data]] problems and later informed the innovations that underpinned AWS.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What I Learned from Jeff Bezos: How to Bring Millions of Books to Billions of People |url=https://www.macfound.org/press/semifinalist-perspectives/what-i-learned-jeff-bezos-aka-how-bring-millions-books-billions-people/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802040741/https://www.macfound.org/press/semifinalist-perspectives/what-i-learned-jeff-bezos-aka-how-bring-millions-books-billions-people/ |url-status=dead |date=1 Aug 2017 |archive-date=2 Aug 2017 |lay-url=https://macfound.medium.com/what-i-learned-from-jeff-bezos-aka-how-to-bring-millions-of-books-to-billions-of-people-445a89ebd7fb}}</ref> + +Jassy assembled a founding team of 57 employees from a mix of engineering and business backgrounds to kick-start these initiatives,{{r|hilabs}}<ref name="crnaws">{{cite news|title=Andy Jassy: Amazon's $6 Billion Man|url=http://www.crn.com/news/cloud/300077657/andy-jassy-amazons-6-billion-man.htm |last=McLaughlin |first=Kevin |date=4 August 2015 |publisher=[[CRN (magazine)|CRN]] |access-date=12 October 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.is/sIQ1e |archive-date=3 Feb 2021}}</ref> with a majority of the hires coming from outside the company;{{r|hilabs}} Jeff Lawson, [[Twilio]] CEO,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Twilio CEO Lawson: A Lesson From Amazon's Bezos |archive-url=https://archive.is/y1Nwj |archive-date=12 Mar 2021 |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/twilio-ceo-lawson-a-lesson-from-amazons-bezos-1488424640 |date=1 Mar 2017 |last1=Ray |first1= Tiernan |website=barrons.com }}</ref> Adam Selipsky, [[Tableau Inc|Tableau]] CEO,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adam Selipsky, sales and marketing head at Amazon Web Services, leaving company |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2016/adam-selipsky-sales-marketing-head-amazon-web-services-reportedly-leaving-company/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/tFRh7 |date=15 Aug 2016 |archive-date=14 Mar 2021 |last1=Richman |first1=Dan |website=geekwire.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tableau CEO lured from Amazon AWS with millions in cash, stock options |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2016/11/07/tableau-ceo-amazon-adam-selipsky-cloud-computing.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/TUDQb |date=7 Nov 2016 |archive-date=14 Mar 2021 |last1=Coombs |first1=Casey |publisher=Puget Sound Business Journal |via=bizjournals.com}}</ref> Mikhail Seregine,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Startups Aren't Dead, Says ClayValet Founder in Wake of Shutdown |archive-url=https://archive.is/Q4oTZ |archive-date=8 Apr 2021 |url=https://xconomy.com/seattle/2008/10/29/startups-arent-dead-says-clayvalet-founder-in-wake-of-shutdown/ |date=29 Oct 2008 |access-date=9 Mar 2021 |last1=Gregory |first1=Huang |website=xconomy.com |location=[[Seattle]]}}</ref> Co-founder at Outschool<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mikhail Seregine - Co-Founder @ Outschool {{!}} Crunchbase Person Profile |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/person/mikhail-seregine |archive-url=https://archive.is/LQ5Qw |archive-date=8 Apr 2021 |access-date=9 Mar 2021 |website=crunchbase.com}}</ref> among them. + +In late 2003, the concept for compute, which would later launch as [[Amazon EC2|EC2]], was reformulated when Chris Pinkham and Benjamin Black presented a paper internally describing a vision for Amazon's retail computing infrastructure that was completely standardized, completely automated, and would rely extensively on web services for services such as storage and would draw on internal work already underway. Near the end of their paper, they mentioned the possibility of selling access to virtual servers as a service, proposing the company could generate revenue from the new infrastructure investment.<ref name="PinkhamBlack2003Paper">{{cite web|url=http://blog.b3k.us/2009/01/25/ec2-origins.html |title=Benjamin Black– EC2 Origins |publisher=Blog.b3k.us |date=January 25, 2009 |access-date=July 17, 2013}}</ref>{{reliable|date=February 2021}} Thereafter Pinkham and lead developer Christopher Brown developed the Amazon EC2 service, with a team in [[Cape Town]], South Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/amazons-game-changing-cloud-was-built-by-some-guys-in-south-africa-2012-3 |title=Amazon's Game-Changing Cloud Was Built By Some Guys In South Africa |author=Bort, Julie |date=March 28, 2012 |work=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=May 16, 2012}}</ref> + +In November 2004, the first AWS [[IaaS|infrastructure service]] launched for public usage: [[Amazon Simple Queue Service|Simple Queue Service]] (SQS).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aws.typepad.com/aws/2004/11/amazon_simple_q.html |title=Amazon Web Services Blog: Amazon Simple Queue Service Beta |website=aws.typepad.com |date=November 9, 2004 |access-date=July 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041217191947/http://aws.typepad.com/aws/2004/11/amazon_simple_q.html |archive-date=17 Dec 2004}}</ref> + +=== S3, EC2, and other first generation services (2006–2010) === +{{incomplete|section|SimpleDB, MechanicalTurk, Elastic Block Store, Elastic Beanstalk, Relational Database Service, DynamoDB, CloudWatch, Simple Workflow, CloudFront, Availability Zones|date=March 2021}}<!-- missing MechanicalTurk, SimpleDB, RDS, EBS, DynamoDB, BeanStalk, CloudWatch, SWF, CloudFront, AvailabilityZone launch and others --> +On [[March 14]] 2006, [[Amazon S3]] [[cloud storage]] launched<ref name=pieday>{{Cite pr |title=Amazon Web Services Launches |agency=Amazon, Inc. |url=https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazon-web-services-launches-amazon-s3-simple-storage-service |access-date=5 Feb 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.is/LPvpz |archive-date=5 Feb 2021}}</ref> followed by EC2 in August 2006.<ref name=ec2l>{{Cite web |title=Amazon EC2 Beta |url=https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/amazon_ec2_beta/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/2SIST |date=25 Aug 2006 |archive-date=5 Feb 2021 |website=aws.amazon.com |last1=Barr |first1=Jeff}}</ref> [[Andy Jassy]], AWS founder and vice president in 2006, said at the time that Amazon S3 (one of the first and most scalable elements of AWS) "helps free developers from worrying about where they are going to store data, whether it will be safe and secure, if it will be available when they need it, the costs associated with server maintenance, or whether they have enough storage available. Amazon S3 enables developers to focus on innovating with data, rather than figuring out how to store it."<ref name="2002launch2006relaunch" /> Pi Corporation, a startup [[Paul Maritz]] co-founded, was the first beta-user of [[Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud|EC2]] outside of Amazon,{{r|hilabs}} whilst [[Microsoft]] was among EC2's first [[Big Business|enterprise]] customers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Computing in the cloud |archive-url=https://archive.is/jAiNd |date=26 Dec 2006 |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2549084/computing-in-the-cloud.html |archive-date=10 Mar 2021 |access-date=9 Mar 2021 |publisher=[[Computer World]] |last1=Gralla |first1=Preston}}</ref> Later that year, [[SmugMug]], one of the early AWS adopters, attributed savings of around [[USD|US$]]400,000 in storage costs to S3.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazon's New Direction |url=https://archive.fortune.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2006/10/01/8387086/index.htm |date=15 Mar 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.is/bm8Xr |archive-date=10 Mar 2021 |access-date=9 Mar 2021 |website= |last1=Kelleher |first1=Kevin}}</ref> + +In September 2007, AWS announced annual ''Start-up Challenge'', a contest with prizes worth [[USD|$]]100,000 for entrepreneurs and software developers based in the US using AWS services such as S3 and EC2 to build their businesses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Announcing the Amazon Web Services Start-up Challenge |url=https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/announcing-the-2/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/id54U |archive-date=25 Mar 2021 |date=12 Sep 2007 |last1=Barr |first1=Jeff |website=aws.amazon.com}}</ref> The first edition saw participation from [[Justin.tv]],{{r|schall1}} which Amazon would later acquire in 2014.{{r|acqtwi}} [[Ooyala]], a online media company,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Where does Google go next? |url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/05/09/technology/where_does_google_go.fortune/index.htm|archive-url=https://archive.is/oEzsJ |date=12 May 2008 |archive-date=25 Mar 2021 |last1=Lashinsky |first1=Adam |publisher=[[CNN]] }}</ref> was the eventual winner.<ref name=schall1>{{Cite web |title=And the Winner is... |url=https://www.allthingsdistributed.com/2007/12/and_the_winner_is.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/wdT5U |archive-date=25 Mar 2021 |date=6 Dec 2007 |last1=Vogels |first1=Werner |website=allthingsdistributed.com}}</ref> + +Additional AWS services from this period include [[Amazon SimpleDB|SimpleDB]], [[Amazon Mechanical Turk|Mechanical Turk]], [[Amazon Elastic Block Store|Elastic Block Store]], [[AWS Elastic Beanstalk|Elastic Beanstalk]], [[Amazon Relational Database Service|Relational Database Service]], [[Amazon DynamoDB|DynamoDB]], [[Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud#Amazon CloudWatch|CloudWatch]], Simple Workflow, [[Amazon CloudFront|CloudFront]], and Availability Zones. + +=== Growth (2010–2015) === + +In November 2010, it was reported that all of Amazon.com's retail sites had migrated to AWS.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slideshare.net/AmazonWebServices/2011-aws-tour-australia-closing-keynote-how-amazoncom-migrated-to-aws-by-jon-jenkins |title=2011 AWS Tour Australia, Closing Keynote: How Amazon.com migrated to AWS, by Jon Jenkins |publisher=Amazon Web Services |date= July 14, 2011 |access-date=December 16, 2013}}</ref> Prior to 2012, AWS was considered a part of Amazon.com and so its revenue was not delineated in Amazon financial statements. In that year industry watchers for the first time estimated AWS revenue to be over $1.5 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikibon.org/wiki/v/Cloud_Computing_2013%3A_The_Amazon_Gorilla_Invades_the_Enterprise |title=Cloud Computing 2013: The Amazon Gorilla Invades The Enterprise |publisher=Wikibon |access-date=July 17, 2013}}</ref> + +On 27 November 2012, AWS hosted its first major annual conference, ''re:Invent'' with focus on AWS' partners and ecosystem,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos Will Address Cloud Partners at AWS re:Invent |url=https://www.channelfutures.com/business-models/amazon-ceo-jeff-bezos-will-address-cloud-partners-at-aws-reinvent |archive-url=https://archive.is/wyRIL |archive-date=10 Mar 2021 |access-date=9 Mar 2021 |website=channelfutures.com}}</ref> with over 150 sessions.<ref name="freinventblog">{{Cite web |title=Get Ready to Register for AWS re:Invent |url=https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/get-ready-to-register-for-aws-reinvent/ |date=17 Jul 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.is/6ngy2 |archive-date=10 Mar 2021 |website=aws.amazon.com |first1=Jeff |last1=Barr}}</ref> The three-day event was held in Las Vegas because of its relatively cheaper connectivity with locations across the United States and the rest of the World.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AWS re:Invent - Why Attend? |url=http://awsmedia.s3.amazonaws.com/AWS_re_Invent_Why_Attend.pdf |date= |archive-url=https://archive.is/LGhBT |archive-date=10 Mar 2021 |website=awsmedia.s3.amazonaws.com }}</ref> Andy Jassy and Werner Vogels presented keynotes, with Jeff Bezos joining Vogels for a fireside chat.{{r|net1}} AWS opened early registrations at [[USD|US$]]1099 per head for their customers{{r|freinventblog}} from over 190 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AWS re:Invent |url=https://www.allthingsdistributed.com/2012/05/aws-reinvent.html |date=9 May 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.is/0MhzM |archive-date=10 Mar 2021 |website=allthingsdistributed.com |first1=Werner |last1=Vogels}}</ref> On stage with Andy Jassy at the event which saw around 6000 attendees, [[Reed Hastings]], CEO at [[Netflix]], announced plans to migrate 100% of Netflix's infrastructure to AWS.<ref name=net1>{{Cite web |title=AWS Re:Invent was Awesome! |url=https://netflixtechblog.com/aws-re-invent-was-awesome-280c29ec00cc |date=3 Dec 2012 |archive-date=10 Mar 2021 |access-date=9 Mar 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.is/7UFnU |website=netflixtechblog.com |first1=Adrian |last1=Crockcroft}}</ref> + +To support industry-wide training and skills standardization, AWS began offering a certification program for computer engineers, on April 30, 2013, to highlight expertise in cloud computing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2036960/amazon-web-services-launches-new-certification-program.html |title=AWS began offering a certification program for computer engineers with expertise in cloud computing. |publisher=www.pcworld.com |date=May 1, 2013 | access-date=November 8, 2013}}</ref> Later that year, in October, AWS launched ''Activate'', a program for start-ups worldwide to leverage AWS credits, third-party integrations, and free access to AWS experts to help build their business.<ref>{{Cite news |title='The first one's free, kid.' Amazon launches AWS Activate to get startups hooked |archive-url=https://archive.is/t0dUa |url=https://venturebeat.com/2013/10/11/the-first-ones-free-kid-amazon-launches-aws-activate-to-get-startups-hooked/ |date=11 Oct 2013 |archive-date=23 Mar 2021 |last1=O'Dell |first1=J |publisher=[[Venture Beat]] }}</ref> + +In 2014, AWS launched its partner network entitled APN (AWS Partner Network) which is focused on helping AWS-based companies grow and scale the success of their business with close collaboration and best practices.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/apn/apn-blog-launch/|title=Announcing the Launch of the AWS Partner Network (APN) Blog|date=2014-11-21|website=Amazon Web Services|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=EdgeIQ Orchestration for AWS|url=https://aws.amazon.com/iot/partner-solutions/edgeiq-orchestration/|access-date=2020-10-09|website=Amazon Web Services, Inc.|language=en-US}}</ref> + +In January 2015, Amazon Web Services acquired [[Annapurna Labs]], an Israel-based microelectronics company reputedly for US$350–370M.<ref name="reut_Amaz">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/01/22/us-annapurna-m-a-amazon-com-idUSKBN0KV0SG20150122|title=Amazon to buy Israeli start-up Annapurna Labs|work=Reuters|access-date=2015-01-24}}</ref><ref name="extr_Amaz">{{Cite web|url=http://www.extremetech.com/computing/198140-amazon-buys-secretive-chip-maker-annapurna-labs-for-350-million|title=Amazon buys secretive chip maker Annapurna Labs for $350 million|work=ExtremeTech|access-date=2015-01-24}}</ref> + +In April 2015, Amazon.com reported AWS was profitable, with sales of $1.57 billion in the first quarter of the year and $265 million of operating income. Founder [[Jeff Bezos]] described it as a fast-growing $5 billion business; analysts described it as "surprisingly more profitable than forecast".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-32442268|title=Amazon web services 'growing fast'|work=BBC News}}</ref> In October, Amazon.com said in its Q3 earnings report that AWS's operating income was $521 million, with operating margins at 25 percent. AWS's 2015 Q3 revenue was $2.1 billion, a 78% increase from 2014's Q3 revenue of $1.17 billion.<ref>[https://www.wired.com/2015/10/get-used-to-amazon-being-a-profitable-company/ Get Used to Amazon Being a Profitable Company] Wired. October 22, 2015.</ref> 2015 Q4 revenue for the AWS segment increased 69.5% y/y to $2.4 billion with 28.5% operating margin, giving AWS a $9.6 billion run rate. In 2015, [[Gartner]] estimated that AWS customers are deploying 10x more infrastructure on AWS than the combined adoption of the next 14 providers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gartner.com/doc/reprints?id=1-2G2O5FC&ct=150519&st=sb|title=Gartner Reprint|website=www.gartner.com|access-date=April 6, 2016}}</ref> + +=== Market leadership (2016–present) === + +James Hamilton, who leads AWS' compute, data center, and network design,<ref>{{Cite web |title=At Amazon, It's OK to Be Gray |date=25 May 2017 |url=https://www.lightreading.com/enterprise-cloud/digital-transformation/at-amazon-its-ok-to-be-gray/a/d-id/733170 |archive-url=https://archive.is/bYKgQ |archive-date=29 Mar 2021 |website=lightreading.com |first1=Mitch |last1=Wagner }}</ref> wrote a retrospective article in 2016 to highlight the ten-year history of the online service from 2006 to 2016. As an early fan and outspoken proponent of the technology, he had joined the AWS engineering team in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://perspectives.mvdirona.com/2016/03/a-decade-of-innovation/|title=A Decade of Innovation – Perspectives}}</ref> + +In 2016 Q1, revenue was $2.57 billion with net income of $604 million, a 64% increase over 2015 Q1 that resulted in AWS being more profitable than Amazon's North American retail business for the first time.<ref>[https://www.theverge.com/2016/4/28/11530336/amazon-q1-first-quarter-2016-earnings Amazon's earnings soar as its hardware takes the spotlight] The Verge, Retrieved April 28, 2016.</ref> Jassy was thereafter promoted to CEO of the division.<ref name="CEO Andy Jassy">{{cite web|last1=Jordan|first1=Novet|title=Andy Jassy is finally named CEO of Amazon Web Services|url=https://venturebeat.com/2016/04/07/andy-jassy-is-finally-named-ceo-of-amazon-web-services/|website=venturebeat.com|access-date=July 26, 2016}}</ref> Around the same time, Amazon experienced a 42% rise in stock value as a result of increased earnings, of which AWS contributed 56% to corporate profits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/why-amazon-stock-is-up-42-percent-in-just-3-months-web-services-and-profitability-181247737.html|title=Here's why Amazon stock is up 42% in just 3 months|author=Daniel Roberts|date=May 24, 2016|publisher=Yahoo Finance}}</ref> + +AWS had $17.46 billion in annual revenue in 2017.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/01/aws-earnings-q4-2017.html|title=Amazon cloud revenue jumps 45 percent in fourth quarter|first=Jordan|last=Novet|date=February 1, 2018}}</ref> By end of 2020, the number had grown to [[USD|$]]46 billion.<ref name="2020sales"/> Reflecting the success of AWS, Jassy's annual compensation in 2017 hit nearly $36 million.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/12/aws-ceo-andrew-jassys-2016-pay-hits-35-6-million.html|title=AWS CEO Andrew Jassy's 2016 pay hits $35.6 million|first=Anita|last=Balakrishnan|date=April 12, 2017|website=cnbc.com|access-date=June 8, 2017}}</ref> + +In January 2018, Amazon launched an [[autoscaling]] service on AWS.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/01/17/amazon-launches-autoscaling-service-on-aws/|title=Amazon launches autoscaling service on AWS|last=Miller|first=Ron|work=TechCrunch|access-date=January 18, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/aws-auto-scaling-unified-scaling-for-your-cloud-applications/|title=New AWS Auto Scaling – Unified Scaling For Your Cloud Applications {{!}} Amazon Web Services|date=January 16, 2018|work=Amazon Web Services|access-date=January 18, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> + +In November 2018, AWS announced customized ARM cores for use in its servers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/11/27/aws-launches-arm-based-servers-for-ec2/|title=AWS launches Arm-based servers for EC2|work=TechCrunch|access-date=2018-11-27|language=en-US}}</ref> Also in November 2018, AWS is developing ground stations to communicate with customer's satellites.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/11/27/aws-launches-a-base-station-for-satellites-as-a-service/|title=AWS launches a base station for satellites as a service|work=TechCrunch|access-date=2018-11-28|language=en-US}}</ref> + +In 2019, AWS reported 37% yearly growth and accounted for 12% of Amazon's revenue (up from 11% in 2018).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fool.com/investing/2020/02/06/amazons-record-2019-in-7-metrics.aspx|title=Amazon's Record 2019 in 7 Metrics|last=Sparks|first=Daniel|date=2020-02-06|website=The Motley Fool|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref> + +=== Customer base === +* On March 14, 2006, Amazon said in a press release:<ref name="2002launch2006relaunch" /> "More than 150,000 developers have signed up to use Amazon Web Services since its inception." +* In November 2012, AWS hosted its first customer event in [[Las Vegas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=176060&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1694081 |title=Amazon Web Services Announces First Global Customer and Partner Conference: AWS re: Invent |date=May 9, 2012 | access-date=January 20, 2014}}</ref> +* On May 13, 2013, AWS was awarded an Agency Authority to Operate (ATO) from the [[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] under the [[Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/171827 |title=AWS was awarded an Agency Authority to Operate (ATO) from the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) |publisher=www.gsa.gov |date=May 13, 2013 |access-date=November 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202121557/http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/171827 |archive-date=February 2, 2014 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> +* In October 2013, it was revealed that AWS was awarded a $600M contract with the [[CIA]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/amazon-ibm-ciacontract-idUSL4N0HY0IS20131008|title=US court rules for Amazon.com in CIA cloud contract dispute|date=October 8, 2013|newspaper=Reuters|access-date=April 6, 2016}}</ref> +* During August 2014, AWS received Department of Defense-Wide provisional authorization for all U.S. Regions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.aws.amazon.com/security/post/Tx1NJQL6GDZK9JJ/AWS-GovCloud-Earns-DoD-CSM-Level-3-5-Provisional-Authorization|title=AWS GovCloud Earns DoD CSM Level 3-5 Provisional Authorization|website=blogs.aws.amazon.com|access-date=April 6, 2016}}</ref> +* During the 2015 re:Invent keynote, AWS disclosed that they have more than a million active customers every month in 190 countries, including nearly 2,000 government agencies, 5,000 education institutions and more than 17,500 nonprofits. +* On April 5, 2017, AWS and [[DXC Technology]] (formed from a merger of CSC and HPE's Enterprise Services Business) announced an expanded alliance to increase access of AWS features for enterprise clients in existing data centers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dxc.technology/newsroom/press_releases/140615-dxc_technology_announces_expanded_alliance_with_amazon_web_services|access-date=May 30, 2017|title=DXC Technology Announces Expanded Alliance with Amazon Web Services}}</ref> + +Notable customers include [[NASA]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gcn.com/articles/2013/01/04/tech-behind-nasa-martian-chronicles.aspx|title=The tech behind NASA's Martian chronicles -- GCN}}</ref> the [[Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012|Obama presidential campaign of 2012]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Lohr|first=Steve|date=November 8, 2012|title=The Obama Campaign's Technology Is a Force Multiplier|url=https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/08/the-obama-campaigns-technology-the-force-multiplier/?_r=0|access-date=December 1, 2012|website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> and [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aws.amazon.com/solutions/case-studies/netflix/|title=Netflix Case Study|work=Amazon Web Services, Inc.}}</ref> + +In 2019, it was reported that more than 80% of [[Germany]]'s listed [[DAX]] companies use AWS.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.faz.net/1.6067635|title=Cloudsparte AWS: Die Sonne hinter Amazons Wolken|last1=Benrath|first1=Bastian|access-date=2019-03-04|last2=Berlin|journal=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung|language=de|issn=0174-4909}}</ref> + +In August 2019, the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] said it moved 72,000 users from six commands to an AWS cloud system as a first step toward pushing all of its data and analytics onto the cloud.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://breakingdefense.com/2019/08/navy-takes-first-big-step-to-cloud-pushing-logistics-to-amazons-service/|title=Navy Takes First Big Step To Cloud, Pushing Logistics To Amazon's Service|last=Hitchens|first=Theresa|website=Breaking Defense|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref> + +In 2021, [[Dish Network|DISH Network]] announced they will develop and launch its [[5G]] network on AWS.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Smith|first=Connor|title=Why DISH Was the Best-Performing Stock in the S&P 500 Today|url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/dish-teams-up-with-amazon-web-services-on-5g-collaboration-dish-stock-is-up-11-51619044988|access-date=2021-04-21|website=www.barrons.com|language=en-US}}</ref> + +=== Significant service outages === +{{Main|Timeline of Amazon Web Services#Amazon Web Services outages}} +* On April 20, 2011, AWS suffered a major outage. Parts of the Elastic Block Store (EBS) service became "stuck" and could not fulfill read/write requests. It took at least two days for service to be fully restored.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aws.amazon.com/message/65648/ |title=Summary of outage occurring April 20–22, 2011 |date=April 29, 2011 |access-date=July 17, 2013}}</ref> +* On June 29, 2012, several websites that rely on Amazon Web Services were taken offline due to [[June 2012 North American derecho|a severe storm]] in [[Northern Virginia]], where AWS' largest data center cluster is located.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aws.amazon.com/message/67457/ |title=Summary of the AWS Service Event in the US East Region |date=July 2, 2012 |access-date=July 17, 2013}}</ref> +* On October 22, 2012, a major outage occurred, affecting many sites such as [[Reddit]], [[Foursquare City Guide|Foursquare]], [[Pinterest]], and others. The cause was a memory leak bug in an operational data collection agent.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aws.amazon.com/message/680342/ |title=Summary of the October 22, 2012 AWS Service Event in the US-East Region |date=October 22, 2012 |access-date=July 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905042206/https://aws.amazon.com/message/680342/ |archive-date=September 5, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> +* On December 24, 2012, AWS suffered another outage causing websites such as [[Netflix]] to be unavailable for customers in the Northeastern United States.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bishop|first=Bryan|title=Netflix streaming down on some devices due to Amazon issues|url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/12/24/3801978/netflix-streaming-down-on-some-devices-thanks-to-amazon-issues|publisher=The Verge|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> AWS cited their [[Elastic Load Balancing]] (ELB) service as the cause.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aws.amazon.com/message/680587/ |title=Summary of the December 24, 2012 Amazon ELB Service Event in the US-East Region |date=December 24, 2012 |access-date=July 17, 2013}}</ref> +* On February 28, 2017, AWS experienced a massive outage of S3 services in its Northern Virginia region. A majority of websites which relied on AWS S3 either hung or stalled, and Amazon reported within five hours that AWS was fully online again.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aws.amazon.com/message/41926/|title=Summary of the Amazon S3 Service Disruption in the Northern Virginia (US-EAST-1) Region|work=amazon.com|access-date=March 2, 2017}}</ref> No data has been reported to have been lost due to the outage. The outage was caused by a [[human error]] made while [[debugging]], that resulted in removing more server capacity than intended, which caused a domino effect of outages.<ref>[https://www.cnet.com/news/aws-s3-service-disruption-a-typo-blew-up-part-of-the-internet-tuesday/ A typo blew up part of the internet Tuesday] CNET, Retrieved March 2, 2017</ref> +* On November 25, 2020, AWS experienced several hours of outage on the Kinesis service in North Virginia (us-east-1) region. Other services relying on Kinesis were also impacted.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Speed|first=Richard|title=AWS admits to 'severely impaired' services in US-EAST-1, can't even post updates to Service Health Dashboard|url=https://www.theregister.com/2020/11/25/aws_down/|access-date=2020-11-25|website=www.theregister.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dean|first=Katie Canales, Grace|title=Amazon Web Services is back up after a massive outage that hit sites including Roku, Adobe, and Target-owned Shipt|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-web-services-outage-websites-not-working-2020-11|access-date=2020-11-26|website=Business Insider}}</ref> + +== Availability and topology == +{{As of|2021|01}}, AWS has distinct operations in 24 geographical "regions":<ref name="GlobalInfrastructure" /> 7 in [[North America]], 1 in [[South America]], 6 in [[Europe]], 1 in the Middle-East, 1 in Africa and 8 in [[Asia Pacific]]. +AWS has 80 Availability Zones across 25 geographic regions, with plans to launch 15 more Availability Zones and five more AWS Regions in Australia, India, Indonesia, Spain, and Switzerland. +AWS has announced 6 new regions that will be coming online.<ref name="GlobalInfrastructure" /> + +The AWS Global Cloud Infrastructure is the most secure, extensive, and reliable cloud platform, offering over 200 fully featured services from data centers globally. Whether you need to deploy your application workloads across the globe in a single click, or you want to build and deploy specific applications closer to your end-users with single-digit millisecond latency, AWS provides you the cloud infrastructure where and when you need it. +Ther are 25 Launched Regions,each with multiple Availability Zones (AZ’s),80 Availability Zones,5 Local Zones,13 Wavelength Zones For ultralow latency applications,5 Announced Regions, 12 Announced Local Zones. + +With millions of active customers and tens of thousands of partners globally, AWS has the largest and most dynamic ecosystem. Customers across virtually every industry and of every size, including start-ups, enterprises, and public sector organizations, are running every imaginable use case on AWS. +Each region is wholly contained within a single country and all of its data and services stay within the designated region.<ref name="AWSagreement">{{Cite web|url=https://aws.amazon.com/agreement/|title=AWS Customer Agreement|website=Amazon Web Services, Inc.|access-date=April 6, 2016}}</ref> Each region has multiple "Availability Zones",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/global-infrastructure/|title=AWS Global Infrastructure|website=About AWS|access-date=May 31, 2017}}</ref> which consist of one or more discrete [[data center]]s, each with [[Emergency power system|redundant power]], networking and connectivity, housed in separate facilities. Availability Zones do not automatically provide additional scalability or redundancy within a region, since they are intentionally isolated from each other to prevent [[Network outage|outage]]s from spreading between Zones. Several services can operate across Availability Zones (e.g., S3, [[Amazon DynamoDB|DynamoDB]]) while others can be configured to replicate across Zones to spread demand and avoid [[downtime]] from failures. + +As of December 2014, Amazon Web Services operated an estimated 1.4 million servers across 28 availability zones.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geek.com/chips/just-how-big-is-amazons-aws-business-hint-its-absolutely-massive-1610221/|title=Just how big is Amazon's AWS business? (hint: it's absolutely massive)|publisher=Geek.com|access-date=December 22, 2014}}</ref> The global network of AWS Edge locations consists of 54 points of presence worldwide, including locations in the United States, Europe, Asia, Australia, and South America.<ref name="Global Infrastructure">{{Cite web|url=https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/global-infrastructure/|title=Global Infrastructure|website=Amazon Web Services, Inc.|access-date=April 6, 2016}}</ref> + +In 2014, AWS claimed its aim was to achieve [[100% renewable energy]] usage in the future.<ref>{{cite web + |first=David |last=Pomerantz |title=AWS and Sustainable Energy |url=https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/sustainable-energy/ |publisher=Amazon |access-date=June 15, 2015 }}</ref> In the United States, AWS's partnerships with renewable energy providers include Community Energy of Virginia, to support the US East region;<ref name="burt2015">{{cite news |title=AWS to Build Solar Farm to Help Power Cloud Data Centers |first=Jeffrey |last=Burt |work=eWeek |date=June 10, 2015 |url=http://www.eweek.com/cloud/aws-to-build-solar-farm-to-help-power-cloud-data-centers.html }}</ref> Pattern Development, in January 2015, to construct and operate Amazon [[Fowler Ridge Wind Farm|Wind Farm Fowler Ridge]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://patterndev.com/en/media/press-releases/pattern-development-completes-financing-and-starts-construct/|title=Pattern Development Completes Financing and Starts Construction of Amazon Wind Farm Project in Indiana|website=Pattern Energy Group LP.|access-date=July 27, 2017}}</ref> [[Avangrid|Iberdrola Renewables]], LLC, in July 2015, to construct and operate Amazon Wind Farm US East; [[EDP Renewables North America]], in November 2015, to construct and operate Amazon Wind Farm US Central;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/sustainability/|title=AWS & Sustainability|website=Amazon Web Services, Inc.|access-date=April 6, 2016}}</ref> and [[Tesla Motors]], to apply battery storage technology to address power needs in the US West (Northern California) region.<ref name="burt2015" /> + +== Pop-up lofts == +[[File:Amazon Web Services (AWS) Loft - NYC (48129118457).jpg|thumb|right|AWS Loft in [[SoHo]], [[New York City]]]] +AWS also has "pop-up lofts" in different locations around the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=AWS Pop-up Lofts|url=https://aws.amazon.com/start-ups/loft/|website=Amazon Web Services, Inc.}}</ref> These market AWS to entrepreneurs and startups in different tech industries in a physical location. Visitors can work or relax inside the loft, or learn more about what they can do with AWS. In June 2014, AWS opened their first temporary pop-up loft in [[San Francisco]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Head-in-the-cloud-Amazon-Web-Services-SoMa-6418734.php|title=Head in the cloud: Amazon Web Services' SoMa pop-up now permanent}}</ref> In May 2015 they expanded to New York City,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/video/248574|title=Why Amazon Added a Pop-Up Loft in NYC|first=Nina|last=Zipkin}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2015/05/19/amazon-nyc-pop-up/|title=Like Target and Porsche, Amazon Web Services opens pop-up shop in NYC|date=May 19, 2015}}</ref> and in September 2015 expanded to Berlin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://venturevillage.eu/amazon-web-services-opens-pop-up-loft-in-berlin|title=Amazon Web Services opens Pop-up Loft in Berlin|date=September 22, 2015|access-date=February 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205003426/http://venturevillage.eu/amazon-web-services-opens-pop-up-loft-in-berlin|archive-date=February 5, 2016|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> AWS opened their fourth location, in Tel Aviv from March 1, 2016 to March 22, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Business-and-Innovation/Tech/Amazons-Pop-up-loft-heading-to-Tel-Aviv-445078|title=Amazon's Pop-up loft heading to Tel Aviv}}</ref> A pop-up loft was open in London from September 10 to October 29, 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/amazon-pop-up-loft-london/|title=Amazon gets startup-friendly with AWS Loft space in London {{!}} ZDNet|last=Tung|first=Liam|website=ZDNet|language=en|access-date=January 31, 2017}}</ref> The pop-up lofts in New York<ref>{{Cite web|title=New York|url=https://aws.amazon.com/start-ups/loft/ny-loft/|access-date=2020-06-08|website=Amazon Web Services, Inc.|language=en-US}}</ref> and San Francisco<ref>{{Cite web|title=AWS Loft San Francisco|url=https://aws.amazon.com/start-ups/loft/sf-loft/|access-date=2020-06-08|website=Amazon Web Services, Inc.|language=en-US}}</ref> are indefinitely closed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] while Tokyo has remained open in a limited capacity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AWS Loft Tokyo 〜 挑戦をカタチにする場所へ 〜 {{!}} AWS|url=https://aws.amazon.com/jp/start-ups/loft/tokyo/|access-date=2020-06-08|website=Amazon Web Services, Inc.|language=ja-JP}}</ref> + +== Charitable work == +In 2017, AWS launched AWS re/Start in the [[United Kingdom]] to help young adults and military veterans retrain in technology-related skills. In partnership with the [[Prince's Trust]] and the [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD), AWS will help to provide re-training opportunities for young people from disadvantaged backgrounds and former military personnel. AWS is working alongside a number of partner companies including [[Cloudreach]], [[Sage Group]], [[EDF Energy]] and [[Tesco Bank]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itpro.co.uk/strategy/27902/aws-restart-to-teach-digital-skills-to-young-people-and-military-veterans|title=AWS re:Start to teach digital skills to young people and military veterans|work=itpro.co.uk|access-date=February 21, 2017}}</ref> + +== Environmental impact == +In January 2021, AWS joined an industry pledge to achieve climate neutrality of data centers by 2030, the [[Climate Neutral Data Centre Pact]].<ref>https://cloudcomputing-news.net/news/2021/jan/21/aws-google-cloud-equinix-among-europe-climate-neutral-data-centre-pact-founders/</ref> + +== Key people == +* [[Andrew Jassy]] (CEO)<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/12/aws-ceo-andrew-jassys-2016-pay-hits-35-6-million.html|title=AWS CEO Andrew Jassy's 2016 pay hits $35.6 million|first=Anita|last=Balakrishnan|date=April 12, 2017|website=cnbc.com|access-date=June 8, 2017}}</ref> +* [[Charlie Bell (engineer)|Charlie Bell]] (SVP) +* [[Werner Vogels]] (CTO, VP) + +== See also == +{{Main category|Amazon Web Services}} +* [[Cloud computing comparison]] +* [[Comparison of file hosting services]] +* [[Tim Bray]] +* [[James Gosling]] + +== Notes == +{{notelist}} + +== References == +{{Reflist}} + +== External links == +<!-- Per [[WP:ELMINOFFICIAL]], choose one official website only --> +{{Commons category|Amazon Web Services}} +* {{official website|http://aws.amazon.com/}} + +{{Cloud computing}} +{{Amazon}} +{{Major Internet companies}} +{{Authority control}} + +[[Category:Amazon Web Services| ]] +[[Category:2006 software]] +[[Category:Amazon (company)|Web Services]] +[[Category:Cloud computing providers]] +[[Category:Cloud infrastructure]] +[[Category:Cloud platforms]] +[[Category:Web hosting]] '