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{{short description|Attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
|title = September 11 attacks
|image_size = 250px
|image = September 11 Photo Montage.jpg
|alt = A montage of eight images depicting, from top to bottom, the World Trade Center towers burning, the collapsed section of the Pentagon, the impact explosion in the South Tower, a rescue worker standing in front of rubble of the collapsed towers, an excavator unearthing a smashed jet engine, three frames of video depicting American Airlines Flight 77 hitting the Pentagon
|caption = {{unbulleted list|style=white-space:nowrap; |{{longitem|''Top row:'' The Twin Towers of the<br />[[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] burning}}|{{longitem|''2nd row, left to right:'' Collapsed section of<br />[[the Pentagon]]; [[United Airlines Flight 175|Flight 175]] crashes into 2 WTC}}|{{longitem|''3rd row, left to right:'' A firefighter requests<br />assistance at [[World Trade Center site]];<br />[[Ground zero#World Trade Center|Ground Zero]]; An engine<br />from [[United Airlines Flight 93|Flight 93]] is recovered}} |{{longitem|''Bottom row:'' [[American Airlines Flight 77|Flight 77]]'s collision with the<br />Pentagon as captured by three<br />consecutive [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] frames}}}}
----
|location = {{unbulleted list|style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Manhattan]], New York, U.S.; |[[Arlington County, Virginia]], U.S.; |[[Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania|Stonycreek Township]] near<br />[[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]], U.S.}}
|date = {{start date and age|2001|09|11}}
|time = 8:46 – 10:28 a.m.
|timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]]
|type = {{unbulleted list |[[Aircraft hijacking]]s |[[Suicide attack]]s |[[Mass murder]] |[[Islamist terrorism]]}}
|target = {{unbulleted list |[[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]]<br />([[American Airlines Flight 11|AA 11]] and [[United Airlines Flight 175|UA 175]]) | [[The Pentagon]] ([[American Airlines Flight 77|AA 77]]) | [[White House]] or [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]]<br />([[United Airlines Flight 93|UA 93]]; failed)}}
|fatalities = 2,996{{nbsp|1}}(2,977 victims + 19 Al-Qaeda terrorists)
|injuries = 25,000<ref name=exchange />
|perps = {{longitem |{{nowrap|[[Al-Qaeda]]<ref name="cbc-2004" />}}<br />(see also [[Responsibility for the September 11 attacks|responsibility]] and [[Hijackers in the September 11 attacks|hijackers]])}}
|partof = [[terrorism in the United States]]
|numparts = 19
}}
The '''September 11 attacks''' (also referred to as '''9/11'''){{efn|name=NoteA|The expression 9/11 is pronounced "nine eleven" in English; the [[Slash (punctuation)|slash]] is not pronounced. The event is often pronounced "nine eleven" throughout the English-speaking world, even in places that use the opposite [[Date format by country|numerical dating convention]].}} were a series of four coordinated [[Terrorism|terrorist attacks]] by the [[Islamic terrorism|Islamic terrorist]] group [[al-Qaeda]]<ref name="Moghadam">{{cite book|title=The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of Suicide Attacks|last=Moghadam|first=Assaf|publisher=Johns Hopkins University|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8018-9055-0|page=48}}</ref><ref name="SalafistJidadism">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/front/special/sala.html|title=Special Reports – The Salafist Movement: Al Qaeda's New Front|last=Livesey|first=Bruce|date=January 25, 2005|website=PBS Frontline|publisher=WGBH educational foundation|accessdate=October 18, 2011}}{{cite book|title=US Counter-Terrorism Strategy and al-Qaeda: Signalling and the Terrorist World-View|last1=Geltzer|first1=Joshua A.|date=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415664523|edition=Reprint|page=83}}</ref>{{sfnp|Wright|2006|p=79}} against the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001. The attacks [[Casualties of the September 11 attacks|resulted in 2,977 victim fatalities, over 25,000 injuries]], and caused at least $10 billion in infrastructure and property damage.<ref name=cost>{{cite web|title=How much did the September 11 terrorist attack cost America?|url=http://www.iags.org/costof911.html|publisher=Institute for the Analysis of Global Security|accessdate=April 30, 2014}}</ref><ref name="PEARL9/11">{{cite book |title=The Impact of 9/11 on Politics and War: The Day that Changed Everything? |author=Matthew J. Morgan |page=222|date= August 4, 2009 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-60763-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JDEfUCll7DcC }}</ref> Additional people have died of 9/11-related cancer and [[respiratory diseases]] in the months and years following the attacks.
Four passenger [[airliner]]s operated by two major U.S. passenger [[Airline|air carriers]] ([[United Airlines]] and [[American Airlines]])—all of which departed from airports in the [[northeastern United States]] bound for [[San Francisco]] and [[Los Angeles]]—were [[Aircraft hijacking|hijacked]] by [[Hijackers in the September 11 attacks|19 al-Qaeda terrorists]]. Two of the planes, [[American Airlines Flight 11]] and [[United Airlines Flight 175]], were crashed into the North and South towers, respectively, of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] complex in [[Lower Manhattan]]. Within an hour and 42 minutes, both 110-story [[Collapse of the World Trade Center|towers collapsed]]. Debris and the resulting fires caused a partial or complete [[Collapse of the World Trade Center|collapse of all other buildings in the World Trade Center complex]], including the 47-story [[7 World Trade Center]] tower, as well as significant damage to ten other large surrounding structures. A third plane, [[American Airlines Flight 77]], was crashed into [[the Pentagon]] (the headquarters of the [[U.S. Department of Defense]]) in [[Arlington County, Virginia]], which led to a partial collapse of the building's west side. The fourth plane, [[United Airlines Flight 93]], was initially flown toward [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C]]., but crashed into a field in [[Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania|Stonycreek Township]] near [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]], after its passengers thwarted the hijackers. 9/11 is the single [[List of battles and other violent events by death toll|deadliest terrorist attack in human history]] and the single [[List of the deadliest firefighter disasters in the United States|deadliest incident for firefighters]] and [[List of law enforcement officers killed in the line of duty in the United States|law enforcement officers]] in the [[history of the United States]], with 343 and 72 killed, respectively.<ref name="Congress">{{cite book|last=Congress|title=Congressional Record, Vol. 148, Pt. 7, May 23, 2002 to June 12, 2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCO7Q10SGBUC&pg=PA9909|accessdate=April 9, 2014|publisher=Government Printing Office|page=9909|isbn=978-0-16-076125-6|date=May 2006}}</ref>
Suspicion quickly fell on al-Qaeda. The United States responded by launching the [[War on Terror]] and [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|invading Afghanistan]] to depose the [[Taliban]], which had failed to comply with U.S. demands to extradite [[Osama bin Laden]] and expel al-Qaeda from Afghanistan. Many countries strengthened their [[anti-terrorism legislation]] and expanded the powers of [[Law enforcement agency|law enforcement]] and [[intelligence agencies]] to prevent terrorist attacks. Although Osama bin Laden, al-Qaeda's leader, initially denied any involvement, in 2004 he claimed [[Responsibility for the September 11 attacks|responsibility for the attacks]].<ref name="cbc-2004">{{cite news|title = Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11|publisher = CBC News|date=October 29, 2004|url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bin-laden-claims-responsibility-for-9-11-1.513654|accessdate=September 1, 2011 |quote=Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden appeared in a new message aired on an Arabic TV station Friday night, for the first time claiming direct responsibility for the 2001 attacks against the United States.}}</ref> Al-Qaeda and bin Laden cited [[Israel–United States relations|U.S. support of Israel]], the presence of [[Operation Southern Watch|U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia]], and [[sanctions against Iraq]] as [[Motives for the September 11 attacks|motives]]. After evading capture for almost a decade, bin Laden was located in Pakistan and [[Death of Osama bin Laden|killed]] by [[SEAL Team Six]] of the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] in May 2011, during the [[Obama administration]].
The destruction of the World Trade Center and nearby infrastructure seriously harmed the economy of New York City and had a significant effect on global markets, which resulted in the closing of [[Wall Street]] until September 17 and the civilian airspace in the U.S. and Canada until September 13. Many [[Closings and cancellations following the September 11 attacks|closings, evacuations, and cancellations]] followed, out of respect or fear of further attacks. Cleanup of the [[World Trade Center site]] was completed in May 2002, and the Pentagon was repaired within a year. On November 18, 2006, [[Construction of One World Trade Center|construction]] of [[One World Trade Center]] began at the World Trade Center site. The building opened on November 3, 2014.<ref name="MooreOneWTC">{{cite web|last=Moore|first=Jack|title=World Trade Center Re-opens as Tallest Building in America|url=http://onewtc.com/news/world-trade-center-re-opens-as-tallest-building-in-america|website=onewtc.com|date=November 3, 2014|accessdate=September 11, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904120549/http://onewtc.com/news/world-trade-center-re-opens-as-tallest-building-in-america|archivedate=September 4, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Aaron|title=One World Trade Center opens today|url=http://money.cnn.com/2014/11/03/news/companies/one-world-trade-center/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=November 3, 2014|accessdate=November 4, 2014}}</ref> [[Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks|Numerous memorials]] have been constructed, including the [[National September 11 Memorial & Museum]] in New York City, the [[Pentagon Memorial]] in Arlington County, Virginia, and the [[Flight 93 National Memorial]] in a field in Stonycreek Township near Shanksville, Pennsylvania.
There are [[Alleged Saudi role in September 11 attacks|allegations of Saudi Arabian government involvement in the attacks]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/07/18/what-we-know-about-saudi-arabias-role-in-911/|title=What We Know About Saudi Arabia's Role in 9/11|last=Henderson|first=Simon|website=Foreign Policy|access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref> The primary evidence is the content of the [[The 28 pages|28 redacted pages]] of the 2002 [[Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001]], conducted by the [[United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence|Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] and the [[United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence|House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]]. These 28 pages contain information regarding the material and financial assistance given to the hijackers and their affiliates leading up to the attacks by the Saudi Arabian government.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/declasspart4_201904|title=declasspart4|last=US Senate Select Committee on Intelligence|first=US House Permanent Committee on Intelligence|date=December 2002}}</ref>
As a consequence of the attacks, the United States has been in a state of [[national emergency]] ever since 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/text-notice-continuation-national-emergency-respect-certain-terrorist-attacks/|title=Text of a Notice on the Continuation of the National Emergency with Respect to Certain Terrorist Attacks|website=The White House|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref>
==Background==
===Al-Qaeda{{anchor|Al-Qaeda}}===
{{Further|Al-Qaeda|Jihad}}
{{Campaignbox al-Qaeda attacks}}
The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to 1979 when the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan]]. Osama bin Laden traveled to [[Afghanistan]] and helped organize Arab [[mujahideen]] to resist the [[Soviet]]s.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[BBC News Online]]|title=Al-Qaeda's origins and links|date=July 20, 2004|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1670089.stm|accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref> Under the guidance of [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]], bin Laden became more radical.{{Sfnp|Gunaratna|2002|pp=23–33}} In 1996, bin Laden issued his first ''[[Fatwa|fatwā]]'', calling for American soldiers to leave [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html |title=Bin Laden's fatwā (1996) |publisher=PBS |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011031024057/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html |archivedate=October 31, 2001 |accessdate=May 29, 2014}}</ref>
In a second ''fatwā'' in 1998, bin Laden outlined his objections to [[Foreign policy of the United States|American foreign policy]] with respect to [[Israel]], as well as the continued presence of American troops in Saudi Arabia after the [[Gulf War]].<ref name="1998FatwaPBS">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/military-jan-june98-fatwa_1998/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128194258/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/military/jan-june98/fatwa_1998.html|archivedate=November 28, 2013 |title=Al Qaeda's Second Fatwa |website=[[PBS NewsHour]] |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service]] |url-status=live |accessdate=May 29, 2014}}</ref> Bin Laden used Islamic texts to exhort Muslims to attack Americans until the stated grievances were reversed. [[Ulama|Muslim legal scholars]] "have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the [[jihad]] is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries", according to bin Laden.<ref name="1998FatwaPBS" />
====Osama bin Laden====
{{Further|Osama bin Laden|Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden|Death of Osama bin Laden}}
[[File:Osama bin Laden portrait.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Osama bin Laden]] at about 40 years of age in 1997]]
Bin Laden orchestrated the attacks and initially denied involvement but later recanted his false statements.<ref name="cbc-2004" /><ref name="BBC6Jul2011">{{cite news |title=Pakistan inquiry orders Bin Laden family to remain|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14041604 |publisher=BBC News Online |date=July 6, 2011 |accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref><ref name="ajNov2004">{{cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613014620/http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=7403 |archivedate=June 13, 2007 |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=7403 |title=Full transcript of bin Laden's speech |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=November 2, 2004 |accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref> [[Al Jazeera]] broadcast a statement by bin Laden on September 16, 2001, stating, "I stress that I have not carried out this act, which appears to have been carried out by individuals with their own motivation."<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan to Demand Taliban Give Up Bin Laden as Iran Seals Afghan Border |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,34440,00.html |publisher=Fox News Channel |date=September 16, 2001 |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523082548/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,34440,00.html |archive-date=May 23, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In November 2001, U.S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in [[Jalalabad, Afghanistan]]. In the video, bin Laden is seen talking to [[Khaled bin Ouda bin Mohammed al-Harbi|Khaled al-Harbi]] and [[Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden#December 13, 2001|admits foreknowledge]] of the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bin Laden on tape: Attacks 'benefited Islam greatly' |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=December 14, 2001 |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/12/13/ret.bin.laden.videotape/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227125232/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/12/13/ret.bin.laden.videotape/ |archivedate=December 27, 2007 |url-status=dead |accessdate=November 24, 2013 |quote=Reveling in the details of the fatal attacks, bin Laden brags in Arabic that he knew about them beforehand and says the destruction went beyond his hopes. He says the attacks "benefited Islam greatly".}}</ref> On December 27, 2001, a second bin Laden video was released. In the video, he said:
{{quote|It has become clear that the West in general and America in particular have an unspeakable hatred for Islam. ... It is the hatred of [[crusaders]]. Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel, which kills our people. ... We say that the end of the United States is imminent, whether Bin Laden or his followers are alive or dead, for the awakening of the Muslim umma (nation) has occurred}}
but he stopped short of admitting responsibility for the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|title=Transcript: Bin Laden video excerpts |publisher=BBC News Online|date=December 27, 2001 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1729882.stm |accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref>
Shortly before the [[2004 United States presidential election|U.S. presidential election in 2004]], bin Laden used a [[2004 Osama bin Laden video|taped statement]] to publicly acknowledge al-Qaeda's involvement in the attacks on the United States. He admitted his direct link to the attacks and said they were carried out because:
{{quote|we are free ... and want to regain freedom for our nation. As you undermine our security, we undermine yours.<ref>{{cite news|last=Michael |first=Maggie |url=http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/news/nation/terror/20041029-1423-binladentape.html |title=Bin Laden, in statement to U.S. people, says he ordered Sept. 11 attacks |agency=Associated Press |publisher=SignOnSanDiego.com |date=October 29, 2004 |accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref>}} Bin Laden said he had personally directed his followers to attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.<ref>{{cite web|first1=ABC|last1=News|accessdate=2019-02-02|title=Bin Laden Dead -- Where Are Other 9/11 Planners?|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/osama-bin-laden-dead-911-perpetrators-now/story?id=13511484|date=May 2, 2011|publisher=[[ABC News]]|quote=While initially denying responsibility for the 9/11 attacks, Bin Laden took responsibility for them in a 2004 taped statement, saying that he had personally directed the hijackers.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2019-02-02|date=October 29, 2004|title=Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11|publisher=[[CBC News]]|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bin-laden-claims-responsibility-for-9-11-1.513654}}</ref> Another video obtained by Al Jazeera in September 2006 shows bin Laden with Ramzi bin al-Shibh, as well as two hijackers, [[Hamza al-Ghamdi]] and [[Wail al-Shehri]], as they make preparations for the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bin-laden-9-11-planning-video-aired-1.618703 |title=Bin Laden 9/11 planning video aired |publisher=[[CBC News]] |date=September 7, 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013183902/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bin-laden-9-11-planning-video-aired-1.618703 |archivedate=October 13, 2007 |accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref> The U.S. never formally indicted bin Laden for the 9/11 attacks, but he was on the FBI's Most Wanted List for the bombings of the U.S. Embassies in [[Dar es Salaam, Tanzania]], and [[Nairobi, Kenya]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Clewley |first=Robin|title=How Osama Cracked FBI's Top 10 |work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=September 27, 2001 |url=https://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2001/09/47109 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526032503/http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2001/09/47109 |archivedate=May 26, 2008 |accessdate=May 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Usama Bin Laden |url=https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten/usama-bin-laden|publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation|accessdate=September 10, 2011}}</ref> After a 10-year manhunt, U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] announced that bin Laden was [[death of Osama bin Laden|killed by American special forces]] in his [[Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad|compound]] in [[Abbottabad]], Pakistan, on May 1, 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/asia/osama-bin-laden-is-killed.html|title=Bin Laden Is Dead, President Obama Says |last1=Baker |first1=Peter |last2=Cooper |first2=Helene |date=May 1, 2011 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref>
====Khalid Sheikh Mohammed====
{{Main|Khalid Sheikh Mohammed}}
[[File:Khalid Shaikh Mohammed after capture.jpg|thumb|[[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]] after his capture in 2003]]
Journalist [[Yosri Fouda]] of the Arabic television channel Al Jazeera reported that in April 2002, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed admitted his involvement in the attacks, along with Ramzi bin al-Shibh.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,3604,906911,00.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123195032/http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0%2C3604%2C906911%2C00.html |archivedate=January 23, 2008 |title=We left out nuclear targets, for now |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=March 4, 2003 |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |quote=Yosri Fouda of the Arabic television channel al-Jazeera is the only journalist to have interviewed Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the al-Qaeda military commander arrested at the weekend.|location=London |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/3685099/Alleged-911-mastermind-wants-to-confess-to-plot.html|title= Alleged 9/11 mastermind wants to confess to plot |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=October 10, 2008 |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |location=London|first1=Tom|last1=Leonard|first2=Alex|last2=Spillius}}</ref><ref name=aljazeera2007 /> The 2004 [[9/11 Commission Report]] determined that the animosity towards the United States felt by Mohammed, the principal architect of the 9/11 attacks, stemmed from his "violent disagreement with U.S. foreign policy favoring Israel".<ref name=autogenerated1>9/11 Commission Report (2004), p. 147.</ref> Mohammed was also an adviser and financier of the [[1993 World Trade Center bombing]] and the uncle of [[Ramzi Yousef]], the lead bomber in that attack.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/aug/26/white-house-power-grabs/|title=White House power grabs |date=August 26, 2009|work=[[The Washington Times]]|accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-04-04/khalid-sheikh-mohammed-terror-indictment-unsealed-dismissed.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417023034/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-04-04/khalid-sheikh-mohammed-terror-indictment-unsealed-dismissed.html|archivedate=April 17, 2011|title=Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Terror Indictment Unsealed, Dismissed |last1=Van Voris |first1=Bob |last2=Hurtado |first2=Patricia|date=April 4, 2011|work=[[Bloomberg BusinessWeek]]|accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref>
Mohammed was arrested on March 1, 2003, in [[Rawalpindi]], Pakistan, by Pakistani security officials working with the CIA. He was then held at multiple [[Black site|CIA secret prisons]] and [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp|Guantanamo Bay]] where he was interrogated and tortured with methods including [[waterboarding]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,436061,00.html|title=Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Names Names |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=March 24, 2003 |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |first1=Elaine|last1=Shannon|first2=Michael|last2=Weisskopf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=May 8, 2008|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/05/08/idUSN08420997|title=US judge orders CIA to turn over 'torture' memo-ACLU|agency=Reuters|accessdate=September 3, 2011 |first=Michelle|last=Nichols}}</ref> During U.S. hearings at Guantanamo Bay in March 2007, Mohammed again confessed his responsibility for the attacks, stating he "was responsible for the 9/11 operation from A to Z" and that his statement was not made under duress.<ref name="aljazeera2007">{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2007/03/200852512026300115.html |title=September 11 suspect 'confesses' |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=March 15, 2007 |accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6452573.stm |title= Key 9/11 suspect 'admits guilt' |publisher=BBC News Online|date=March 15, 2007 |accessdate=April 10, 2012}}</ref>
A letter presented by the lawyers of Khaled Sheikh Mohammed in the U.S. District Court, Manhattan on 26 July 2019 indicated that he was interested in testifying about Saudi Arabia’s role in the 9/11 attacks and helping the victims and families of the victims of 9/11 in exchange for the United States not seeking the death penalty against him. James Kreindler, one of the lawyers for the victims, raised question over the usefulness of Mohammed.<ref name="exchange">{{cite_web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-sept-11-saudi-ksmohammed/accused-9-11-mastermind-open-to-role-in-victims-lawsuit-if-not-executed-idUSKCN1UO27M|title=Accused 9/11 mastermind open to role in victims' lawsuit if not executed|accessdate=29 July 2019|website=Reuters}}</ref>
====Other al-Qaeda members====
{{Further|Trials related to the September 11 attacks}}
In "Substitution for Testimony of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed" from the trial of [[Zacarias Moussaoui]], five people are identified as having been completely aware of the operation's details. They are bin Laden, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, [[Abu Turab al-Urduni]], and Mohammed Atef.<ref>{{cite web |title=Substitution for Testimony of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed|page=24 |url=http://www.vaed.uscourts.gov/notablecases/moussaoui/exhibits/defense/941.pdf |year=2006 |publisher=[[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia]] |accessdate=September 3, 2011 }}</ref> To date, only peripheral figures have been tried or convicted for the attacks.
On September 26, 2005, the [[Audiencia Nacional|Spanish high court]] sentenced [[Abu Dahdah]] to 27 years in prison for conspiracy on the 9/11 attacks and being a member of the terrorist organization al-Qaeda. At the same time, another 17 al-Qaeda members were sentenced to penalties of between six and eleven years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/spain-jails-18-alqaeda-operatives/2005/09/27/1127586828047.html |title=Spain jails 18 al-Qaeda operatives|work=[[The Age]] |location=Melbourne |date=September 27, 2005 |accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref> On February 16, 2006, the Spanish Supreme Court reduced the Abu Dahdah penalty to 12 years because it considered that his participation in the conspiracy was not proven.<ref>{{cite news |first=Philippe |last=Naughton |title=Spanish court quashes 9/11 conviction |date=June 1, 2006 |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article670596.ece |work=[[The Times]] |accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref>
Also in 2006, Moussaoui—who some originally suspected might have been the assigned 20th hijacker—was convicted for the lesser role of conspiracy to commit acts of terrorism and air piracy. He was sentenced to life in prison without parole in the United States.<ref>Summers and Swan (2011), p. 489n.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Youssef|first=Maamoun|title=Bin Laden: Moussaoui Not Linked to 9/11|agency=Associated Press|date=May 24, 2006|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/23/AR2006052301688.html}}</ref> [[Mounir el-Motassadeq]], an associate of the Hamburg-based hijackers, served 15 years in Germany for his role in helping the hijackers prepare for the attacks. He was released in October 2018, and deported to Morocco.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/1426221/9-11-one-of-the-few-men-convicted-mounir-el-motassadeq-is-free/|title=9/11: One of the few men convicted, Mounir el-Motassadeq, is free — Quartz|website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]|access-date=2018-10-26}}</ref>
The [[Hamburg cell]] in Germany included radical Islamists who eventually came to be key operatives in the 9/11 attacks.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC News Online|title=The Hamburg connection|date=August 19, 2005|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2349195.stm}}</ref> [[Mohamed Atta]], [[Marwan al-Shehhi]], [[Ziad Jarrah]], [[Ramzi bin al-Shibh]], and [[Said Bahaji]] were all members of al-Qaeda's Hamburg cell.<ref>"[http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch5.htm Chapter of the 9/11 Commission Report detailing the history of the Hamburg Cell] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816215318/http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch5.htm |date=August 16, 2009 }}". [[9/11 Commission]].</ref>
===Motives===
{{Main|Motives for the September 11 attacks}}
Osama bin Laden's declaration of a [[Religious war|holy war]] against the United States, and a [[Fatawā of Osama bin Laden|1998 ''fatwā'' signed by bin Laden]] and others, calling for the killing of Americans,<ref name="1998FatwaPBS" /> are seen by investigators as evidence of his motivation.<ref>Gunarathna, pp. 61–62.</ref> In bin Laden's November 2002 "Letter to America", he explicitly stated that al-Qaeda's motives for their attacks include:
* [[Israel–United States military relations|U.S. support of Israel]]<ref name=bladen/><ref name=isrsources>
* Mearsheimer (2007), p. 67.
* Kushner (2003), p. 389.
* Murdico (2003), p. 64.
* Kelley (2006), p. 207.
* Ibrahim (2007), p. 276.
* {{harvp|Berner|2007|p=80}}</ref>
* support for the "attacks against Muslims" in [[Somalia]]
* support of Philippines against Muslims in the [[Moro conflict]]
* support for [[1982 Lebanon War|Israeli "aggression" against Muslims]] in [[Lebanon]]
* support of Russian "[[Chechnyan Conflict|aggression against Muslims]]" in [[Chechnya]]
* pro-American governments in the Middle East (who "act as your agents") being against Muslim interests
* support of Indian "[[Human rights abuses in Kashmir|aggression against Muslims]]" in [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmir]]
* the [[Operation Southern Watch|presence of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia]]<ref>
* Plotz, David (2001) [http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/assessment/2001/09/what_does_osama_bin_laden_want.html What Does Osama Bin Laden Want?], Slate
* {{harvp|Bergen|2001|p=3}}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,558075,00.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119011449/http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0%2C3604%2C558075%2C00.html |archivedate=January 19, 2008 |title=Face to face with Osama |work=The Guardian |date=September 26, 2001 |location=London |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |first=Rahimullah |last=Yusufzai |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2984547.stm |title=US pulls out of Saudi Arabia |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |publisher=BBC News Online|date=April 29, 2003}}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1025558570331929960 |title=Saga of Dr. Zawahri Sheds Light on the Roots of al Qaeda Terror |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=July 2, 2002 |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/archive/hearing10/9-11Commission_Hearing_2004-04-13.htm |title=Tenth Public Hearing, Testimony of Louis Freeh |publisher=9/11 Commission |date=April 13, 2004 |accessdate=September 3, 2011}}
* {{cite web |title=Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders: World Islamic Front Statement |date=February 23, 1998 |url=https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref>
* the [[Iraq sanctions|sanctions against Iraq]]<ref name=bladen>
* {{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2004/11/200849163336457223.html |title=Full transcript of bin Ladin's speech |publisher=Al Jazeera |accessdate=April 10, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101093303/http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2004/11/200849163336457223.html |archivedate=January 1, 2016 }}
* {{cite news|first=Osama |last=bin Laden |title=Full text: bin Laden's 'letter to America' |date=November 24, 2002 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver |work=[[The Observer]] |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |location=London}}</ref>
*The presence of intoxicants, gambling and the commercialization of sex in American society<ref>{{Cite news|last=Staff|first=Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver|title=Full text: bin Laden's 'letter to America'|date=2002-11-24|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-02-24|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
*The "[destruction of] nature with industrial waste and gases more than any other nation in history, [despite a refusal] to sign the [[Kyoto Protocol|Kyoto agreement]] . . ."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Staff|first=Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver|title=Full text: bin Laden's 'letter to America'|date=2002-11-24|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-02-24|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
After the attacks, bin Laden and [[al-Zawahiri]] released additional [[Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden|videotapes]] and audio recordings, some of which repeated those reasons for the attacks. Two particularly important publications were bin Laden's 2002 "Letter to America",<ref name="BLLTA">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver |title=Full transcript of bin Laden's "Letter to America" |work=The Guardian |date=November 24, 2002|accessdate=September 3, 2011 |location=London}}</ref> and a 2004 videotape by bin Laden.<ref name='Full Ladin'>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2004/11/200849163336457223.html |title=Full transcript of bin Ladin's speech |accessdate=April 10, 2012 |last=bin Laden |first=Osama |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |quote=So I shall talk to you about the story behind those events and shall tell you truthfully about the moments in which the decision was taken, for you to consider |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101093303/http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2004/11/200849163336457223.html |archivedate=January 1, 2016 }}</ref>
Bin Laden interpreted [[Muhammad]] as having banned the "permanent presence of infidels in Arabia".{{harvp|Bergen|2001|p=3}} In 1996, [[Fatawā of Osama bin Laden|bin Laden issued]] a ''[[fatwā]]'' calling for American troops to leave Saudi Arabia. In 1998, al-Qaeda wrote, "for over seven years the United States has been occupying the lands of Islam in the holiest of places, the Arabian Peninsula, plundering its riches, dictating to its rulers, humiliating its people, terrorizing its neighbors, and turning its bases in the Peninsula into a spearhead through which to fight the neighboring Muslim peoples."<ref name="1998 Al Qaeda fatwā">{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm |title=1998 Al Qaeda fatwā |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] (FAS) |date=February 23, 1998|accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref>
In a December 1999 interview, bin Laden said he felt that Americans were "too near to [[Mecca]]", and considered this a provocation to the entire Muslim world.<ref name="guardian-20010926">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/sep/26/afghanistan.terrorism3 |title=Face to face with Osama |work=The Guardian |date=September 26, 2001|location=London|accessdate=September 3, 2011 |first=Rahimullah |last=Yusufzai}}</ref> One analysis of suicide terrorism suggested that without U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia, al-Qaeda likely would not have been able to get people to commit to suicide missions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pape |first=Robert A. |authorlink=Robert Pape |title=Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism |year=2005 |publisher=Random House |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8129-7338-9|url=https://archive.org/details/dyingtowinstrate00pape|url-access=registration }}</ref>
In the 1998 ''fatwā'', al-Qaeda identified the Iraq sanctions as a reason to kill Americans, condemning the "protracted blockade"<ref name="1998 Al Qaeda fatwā" /> among other actions that constitute a declaration of war against "Allah, his messenger, and Muslims."<ref name="1998 Al Qaeda fatwā" /> The ''fatwā'' declared that "the ruling to kill the Americans and their allies – civilians and military – is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it, in order to liberate the [[al-Aqsa Mosque]] and the holy mosque of [[Mecca]] from their grip, and in order for their [the Americans'] armies to move out of all the lands of Islam, defeated and unable to threaten any Muslim."<ref name="1998FatwaPBS" /><ref>See also the 1998 [[Fatawā of Osama bin Laden|Al-Qaeda ''fatwā'']]: "The ruling to kill the Americans and their allies – civilians and military – is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it, in order to liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque and the holy mosque [Mecca] from their grip, and in order for their armies to move out of all the lands of Islam, defeated and unable to threaten any Muslim." Quoted from {{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/military-jan-june98-fatwa_1998/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128194258/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/military/jan-june98/fatwa_1998.html|archivedate=November 28, 2013 |title=Al Qaeda's Second Fatwa |website=[[PBS NewsHour]] |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service]] |url-status=dead |accessdate=May 29, 2014}}</ref>
In 2004, Bin Laden claimed that the idea of destroying the towers had first occurred to him in 1982, when he witnessed Israel's bombardment of high-rise apartment buildings during the [[1982 Lebanon War]].<ref>Summers and Swan (2011), pp. 211, 506n.</ref><ref>Lawrence (2005), p. 239.</ref> Some analysts, including Mearsheimer and Walt, also claimed that U.S. support of Israel was one motive for the attacks.<ref name=isrsources /><ref name="guardian-20010926" /> In 2004 and 2010, bin Laden again connected the September 11 attacks with U.S. support of Israel, although most of the letter expressed bin Laden's disdain for President Bush and bin Laden's hope to "destroy and bankrupt" the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|title=Full transcript of bin Ladin's speech|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2004/11/200849163336457223.html%20online%20here|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=August 24, 2016|date=November 4, 2004}}</ref><ref>In his taped broadcast from January 2010, Bin Laden said "Our attacks against you [the United States] will continue as long as U.S. support for Israel continues. ... The message sent to you with the attempt by the hero Nigerian [[Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab]] is a confirmation of our previous message conveyed by the heroes of September 11". Quoted from [http://www.haaretz.com/news/bin-laden-attacks-on-u-s-to-go-on-as-long-as-it-supports-israel-1.265770 "Bin Laden: Attacks on U.S. to go on as long as it supports Israel"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216081625/http://www.haaretz.com/news/bin-laden-attacks-on-u-s-to-go-on-as-long-as-it-supports-israel-1.265770 |date=December 16, 2016 }}, in Haaretz.com</ref>
Other motives have been suggested in addition to those stated by bin Laden and al-Qaeda. Some authors suggested the "humiliation" that resulted from the Islamic world falling behind the Western world – this discrepancy was rendered especially visible by the globalization trend<ref>Bernard Lewis, 2004. In [[Bernard Lewis]]'s 2004 book ''[[The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror]]'', he argues that animosity toward the West is best understood with the decline of the once powerful [[Ottoman empire]], compounded by the import of western ideas – [[Arab socialism]], [[Liberal movements within Islam|Arab liberalism]] and [[Secularism in the Middle East|Arab secularism]]</ref><ref>In "The spirit of terrorism", [[Jean Baudrillard]] described 9/11 as the first global event that "questions the very process of globalization". {{cite web |url=http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~ikalmar/illustex/baudriterror.htm |title=The spirit of terrorism |last=Baudrillard |accessdate=June 26, 2011}}</ref> and a desire to provoke the U.S. into a broader war against the Islamic world in the hope of motivating more allies to support al-Qaeda. Similarly, others have argued that 9/11 was a strategic move with the objective of provoking America into a war that would incite a [[pan-Islamism|pan-Islamic]] revolution.<ref>In an essay entitled "Somebody Else's Civil War", [[Michael Scott Doran]] argues the attacks are best understood as part of a religious conflict within the Muslim world and that Bin Laden's followers "consider themselves an island of true believers surrounded by a sea of iniquity". Hoping that U.S. retaliation would unite the faithful against the West, bin Laden sought to spark revolutions in Arab nations and elsewhere. Doran argues the [[Osama bin Laden videos]] attempt to provoke a visceral reaction in the Middle East and ensure that Muslim citizens would react as violently as possible to an increase in U.S. involvement in their region. ({{cite magazine|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2002-01-01/somebody-elses-civil-war|title=Somebody Else's Civil War|first=Michael Scott |last=Doran |issue=January/February 2002|magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]]|accessdate=December 5, 2009|url-access=subscription}} Reprinted in {{cite book|last1=Hoge|first1=James F.|last2=Rose|first2=Gideon|title=Understanding the War on Terror |publisher=Norton |year=2005 |location=New York|isbn=978-0-87609-347-4|pages=72–75}})</ref><ref>In ''The Osama bin Laden I Know'', [[Peter Bergen]] argues the attacks were part of a plan to cause the United States to ''increase'' its military and cultural presence in the Middle East, thereby forcing Muslims to confront the idea of a non-Muslim government and to eventually establish conservative Islamic governments in the region.({{harvp|Bergen|2006|p=229}})</ref>
===Planning===
{{Main|Planning of the September 11 attacks}}
[[File:911 - FEMA - WTC impacts (graphic).svg|thumb|left|alt=Ground zero and surrounding area as seen from directly above depicting where the two planes impacted the towers|Map showing the attacks on the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] (The planes are not drawn to scale.)]]
The attacks were conceived by [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]], who first presented it to [[Osama bin Laden]] in 1996.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3128802.stm|title=Suspect 'reveals 9/11 planning'|publisher=BBC News Online|date=September 22, 2003|accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref> At that time, bin Laden and al-Qaeda were in a period of transition, having just relocated back to Afghanistan from [[Sudan]].<ref name="911-ch5">9/11 Commission Report (2004), Chapter 5, pp ??</ref> The [[1998 United States embassy bombings|1998 African Embassy bombings]] and bin Laden's February 1998 fatwā marked a turning point of al-Qaeda's terrorist operation,<ref>9/11 Commission Report (2004), p. 67.</ref> as bin Laden became intent on attacking the United States.
In late 1998 or early 1999, bin Laden gave approval for Mohammed to go forward with organizing the plot.<ref>9/11 Commission Report (2004), p. 149.</ref> Mohammed, bin Laden, and bin Laden's deputy [[Mohammed Atef]] held a series of meetings in early 1999.<ref>9/11 Commission Report (2004), p. 155.</ref> Atef provided operational support, including target selections and helping arrange travel for the hijackers.<ref name="911-ch5" /> Bin Laden overruled Mohammed, rejecting potential targets such as the [[U.S. Bank Tower (Los Angeles)|U.S. Bank Tower]] in Los Angeles for lack of time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/20/us/threats-and-responses-the-plot-bin-laden-chose-9-11-targets-al-qaeda-leader-says.html|title=Bin Laden Chose 9/11 Targets, Al Qaeda Leader Says|work=The New York Times|last=Lichtblau|first=Eric|date=March 20, 2003|accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref>{{sfnp|Wright|2006|p=308}}
[[File:World Trade Center, NY - 2001-09-11 - Debris Impact Areas.svg|thumb|upright|Diagram showing the attacks on the World Trade Center]]
Bin Laden provided leadership and financial support, and was involved in selecting participants.{{sfnp|Bergen|2006|p=283}} He initially selected [[Nawaf al-Hazmi]] and [[Khalid al-Mihdhar]], both experienced jihadists who had fought in [[Bosnian war|Bosnia]]. Hazmi and Mihdhar arrived in the United States in mid-January 2000. In early 2000, Hazmi and Mihdhar took flying lessons in San Diego, California, but both spoke little English, performed poorly in flying lessons, and eventually served as secondary – or "muscle" – hijackers.{{sfnp|Wright|2006|pp=309–15}}<ref>McDermott (2005), pp. 191–92.</ref>
In late 1999, a group of men from [[Hamburg]], Germany arrived in Afghanistan; the group included [[Mohamed Atta]], [[Marwan al-Shehhi]], [[Ziad Jarrah]], and Ramzi bin al-Shibh.<ref>{{cite news|first=Richard|last=Bernstein|title=On Path to the U.S. Skies, Plot Leader Met bin Laden|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/10/national/10PLOT.html|work=The New York Times|date=September 10, 2002|accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref> Bin Laden selected these men because they were educated, could speak English, and had experience living in the West.{{sfnp|Wright|2006|pp=304–07}} New recruits were routinely screened for special skills and al-Qaeda leaders consequently discovered that [[Hani Hanjour]] already had a commercial pilot's license.{{sfnp|Wright|2006|p=302}} Mohammed later said that he helped the hijackers blend in by teaching them how to order food in restaurants and dress in Western clothing.{{sfnp|Jessee|2006|p=371}}
Hanjour arrived in San Diego on December 8, 2000, joining Hazmi.<ref name="9/11 commission staff statement No. 16">{{cite news|title=9/11 commission staff statement No. 16|date=June 16, 2004|url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/staff_statement_16.pdf|work=9/11 Commission|accessdate=September 11, 2012}}</ref>{{Rp|6–7}} They soon left for Arizona, where Hanjour took refresher training.<ref name="9/11 commission staff statement No. 16"/>{{rp|7}} Marwan al-Shehhi arrived at the end of May 2000, while Atta arrived on June 3, 2000, and Jarrah arrived on June 27, 2000.<ref name="9/11 commission staff statement No. 16"/>{{rp|6}} Bin al-Shibh applied several times for a visa to the United States, but as a Yemeni, he was rejected out of concerns he would overstay his visa.<ref name="9/11 commission staff statement No. 16"/>{{rp|4, 14}} Bin al-Shibh stayed in Hamburg, providing coordination between Atta and Mohammed.<ref name="9/11 commission staff statement No. 16"/>{{rp|16}} The three [[Hamburg cell]] members all took pilot training in South Florida.<ref name="9/11 commission staff statement No. 16"/>{{rp|6}}
In spring of 2001, the secondary hijackers began arriving in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/911_TerrTrav_Monograph.pdf|title=Staff Monograph on 9/11 and Terrorist Travel|publisher=9/11 Commission|year=2004|accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref> In July 2001, Atta met with bin al-Shibh in Spain, where they coordinated details of the plot, including final target selection. Bin al-Shibh also passed along bin Laden's wish for the attacks to be carried out as soon as possible.<ref name="irujo">{{cite news|url=http://elpais.com/diario/2004/03/21/espana/1079823611_850215.html|title=Atta recibió en Tarragona joyas para que los miembros del 'comando' del 11-S se hiciesen pasar por ricos saudíes|work=El País|date=March 21, 2004|last=Irujo|first=Jose María|accessdate=April 10, 2012|language=Spanish}}</ref> Some of the hijackers received passports from corrupt Saudi officials who were family members, or used fraudulent passports to gain entry.<ref>{{cite document|url=http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/staff_statements/staff_statement_1.pdf|page=2|title=Entry of the 9/11 Hijackers into the United States Staff Statement No. 1|publisher=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon The United States}}</ref>
There is some idea that 9/11 was selected by the hijackers as the date of the attack because of its resemblance to [[9-1-1]], the phone number to report emergencies in the U.S. However, [[Lawrence Wright]] wrote that the hijackers chose it because September 11, 1683 is when the King of Poland began the [[Battle of Vienna|battle]] that turned back the Muslim armies from the Ottoman Empire that were attempting to capture Vienna. For Osama bin Laden, this was a date when the West gained some dominance over Islam, and by attacking on this date, he hoped to make a step in Islam "winning" the war for worldwide power and influence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/05/03/how-jihadists-schedule-terrorist-attacks/|title=How jihadists schedule terrorist attacks|last=Hudson|first=John|website=Foreign Policy|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pjmedia.com/trending/2016/09/10/why-did-the-terrorists-choose-september-11/|title=Why Did the Terrorists Choose September 11?|last=comments|first=Tyler O'Neil 2016-09-10T12:21:30 chat|date=2016-09-10|website=News and Politics|language=en|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref>
===Prior intelligence===
{{Main|September 11 intelligence before the attacks}}
In late 1999, al-Qaeda associate [[Walid bin Attash]] ("Khallad") contacted Mihdhar, telling him to meet him in [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia; Hazmi and [[Abu Bara al Yemeni]] would also be in attendance. The [[NSA]] intercepted a telephone call mentioning the meeting, Mihdhar, and the name "Nawaf" (Hazmi). While the agency feared "Something nefarious might be afoot", it took no further action. The CIA had already been alerted by Saudi intelligence about the status of Mihdhar and Hazmi as al-Qaeda members, and a CIA team broke into Mihdhar's [[Dubai]] hotel room and discovered that Mihdhar had a U.S. visa. While [[Alec Station]] alerted intelligence agencies worldwide about this fact, it did not share this information with the FBI. The [[Malaysian Special Branch]] observed the January 5, 2000 meeting of the two al-Qaeda members, and informed the CIA that Mihdhar, Hazmi, and Khallad were flying to [[Bangkok]], but the CIA never notified other agencies of this, nor did it ask the [[State Department]] to put Mihdhar on its watchlist. An FBI liaison to Alec Station asked permission to inform the FBI of the meeting but was told: "This is not a matter for the FBI."{{sfnp|Wright|2006|pp=310–312}}
By late June, senior counter-terrorism official [[Richard A. Clarke|Richard Clarke]] and CIA director [[George Tenet]] were "convinced that a major series of attacks was about to come", although the CIA believed the attacks would likely occur in Saudi Arabia or Israel.{{sfnp|Clarke|2004|pp=235–236}} In early July, Clarke put domestic agencies on "full alert", telling them, "Something really spectacular is going to happen here ... soon." He asked the FBI and the State Department to alert the embassies and police departments, and the [[United States Department of Defense|Defense Department]] to go to "Threat Condition Delta."{{sfnp|Wright|2006|p=344}}{{sfnp|Clarke|2004|pp=236–237}} Clarke would later write: "Somewhere in CIA there was information that two known al Qaeda terrorists had come into the United States. [...] in [the] FBI there was information that strange things had been going on at flight schools in the United States. [...] They had specific information about individual terrorists. [...] None of that information got to me or the White House."{{sfnp|Clarke|2004|pp=242–243}}
On July 13, Tom Wilshire, a CIA agent assigned to the FBI's international terrorism division, emailed his superiors at the CIA's [[Counterterrorism Center]] (CTC) requesting permission to inform the FBI that Hazmi was in the country and that Mihdhar had a U.S. visa. The CIA never responded.{{sfnp|Wright|2006|p=340}}
The same day in July, Margarette Gillespie, an FBI analyst working in the CTC, was told to review material about the Malaysia meeting. She was not told of the participants' presence in the U.S. The CIA gave Gillespie surveillance photos of Mihdhar and Hazmi from the meeting to show to FBI counterterrorism, but did not tell her their significance. The Intelink database informed her not to share intelligence material on the meeting to criminal investigators. When shown the photos, the FBI were refused more details on their significance, and they were not given Mihdhar's date of birth nor passport number.{{sfnp|Wright|2006|pp=340–343}} In late August 2001, Gillespie told the [[Immigration and Naturalization Service|INS]], the State Department, the [[United States Customs Service|Customs Service]], and the FBI to put Hazmi and Mihdhar on their watchlists, but the FBI was prohibited from using criminal agents in the search for the duo, which hindered their efforts.{{sfnp|Wright|2006|pp=352–353}}
Also in July, a [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]-based FBI agent sent a message to FBI headquarters, Alec Station, and to FBI agents in New York alerting them to "the possibility of a coordinated effort by Osama bin Laden to send students to the United States to attend civil aviation universities and colleges." The agent, Kenneth Williams, suggested the need to interview all flight school managers and identify all Arab students seeking flight training.{{sfnp|Wright|2006|p=350}} In July, Jordan alerted the U.S. that al-Qaeda was planning an attack on the U.S.; "months later", Jordan notified the U.S. that the attack's codename was "The Big Wedding" and that it involved airplanes.{{sfnp|Yitzhak|2016|p=218}}
On August 6, 2001, the CIA's Presidential Daily Brief ("PDB"), designated "For the President Only", was entitled [[Bin Ladin Determined To Strike in US|"Bin Ladin Determined to Strike in U.S."]] The memo noted that "The FBI information ... indicates patterns of suspicious activity in this country consistent with preparations for hijackings or other types of attacks."<ref>{{cite web|title=THE OSAMA BIN LADEN FILE: National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 343|url=http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB343/|website=The National Security Archive|publisher=The National Security Archive|accessdate=March 14, 2016}}</ref>
In mid-August, one [[Minnesota]] flight school alerted the FBI about [[Zacarias Moussaoui]], who had asked "suspicious questions." The FBI found that Moussaoui was a radical who had traveled to Pakistan, and the INS arrested him for overstaying his French visa. Their request to search his laptop was denied by FBI headquarters due to the lack of [[probable cause]].{{sfnp|Wright|2006|pp=350–351}}
The failures in intelligence-sharing were attributed to 1995 [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] policies limiting intelligence sharing, combined with CIA and NSA reluctance to reveal "sensitive sources and methods" such as tapped phones.{{sfnp|Wright|2006|pp=342–343}} Testifying before the [[9/11 Commission]] in April 2004, then-[[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[John Ashcroft]] recalled that the "single greatest structural cause for the September 11th problem was the wall that segregated or separated criminal investigators and intelligence agents."{{sfnp|Javorsek II|Rose|Marshall|Leitner|2015|p=742}} Clarke also wrote: "There were failures in the organizations [...] failures to get information to the right place at the right time."{{sfnp|Clarke|2004|p=238}}
==Attacks==
{{Further|Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks}}
[[File:Flight paths of hijacked planes-September 11 attacks.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Flight paths of the four planes used on September 11]]
Early on the morning of September 11, 2001, [[Hijackers in the September 11 attacks|19 hijackers]] took control of four commercial airliners (two [[Boeing 757]]<nowiki/>s and two [[Boeing 767]]<nowiki/>s) en route to California (three headed to [[Los Angeles International Airport|LAX]] in Los Angeles and one to [[San Francisco International Airport|SFO]] in San Francisco) after takeoffs from [[Logan International Airport]] in [[Boston]], Massachusetts; [[Newark Liberty International Airport]] in [[Newark, New Jersey]]; and [[Washington Dulles International Airport]] in [[Loudoun County, Virginia|Loudoun]] and [[Fairfax County, Virginia|Fairfax]] counties in [[Virginia]].<ref name="911-ch1" /> Large planes with long flights were selected for hijacking because they would be full of fuel.<ref name="Chap7" /><!-- weren't early morning flights also chosen because they would have fewer passengers to overcome? -->
The four flights were:
* [[American Airlines Flight 11]]: a Boeing 767 aircraft, departed Logan Airport at 7:59{{nbsp}}a.m. en route to Los Angeles with a crew of 11 and 76 passengers, not including five hijackers. The hijackers flew the plane into the northern facade of the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City at 8:46{{nbsp}}a.m.
* [[United Airlines Flight 175]]: a Boeing 767 aircraft, departed Logan Airport at 8:14{{nbsp}}a.m. en route to Los Angeles with a crew of nine and 51 passengers, not including five hijackers. The hijackers flew the plane into the southern facade of the South Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City at 9:03{{nbsp}}a.m.
* [[American Airlines Flight 77]]: a Boeing 757 aircraft, departed Washington Dulles International Airport at 8:20{{nbsp}}a.m. en route to Los Angeles with a crew of six and 53 passengers, not including five hijackers. The hijackers flew the plane into the western facade of the Pentagon in [[Arlington County, Virginia]], at 9:37{{nbsp}}a.m.
* [[United Airlines Flight 93]]: a Boeing 757 aircraft, departed Newark International Airport at 8:42{{nbsp}}a.m.<!-- wasn't it late taking off, which allowed the passengers to hear of the others? --> en route to San Francisco, with a crew of seven and 33 passengers, not including four hijackers. As passengers attempted to subdue the hijackers, the aircraft crashed into a field in [[Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania|Stonycreek Township]] near [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]], at 10:03{{nbsp}}a.m.
Media coverage was extensive during the attacks and aftermath, beginning moments after the first crash into the World Trade Center.<ref>See, for example, news coverage by CNN: {{cite journal|publisher=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/video/data/2.0/video/us/2011/09/07/natpkg-911-aircheck-timeline.cnn.html|title=Breaking News Videos from CNN.com}}</ref> <!-- this is not a journal, this needs to be fixed. -->
===The four crashes===
{{See also|Media documentation of the September 11 attacks}}[[File:September 11 2001 just collapsed.jpg|thumb|upright|Collapse of the towers as seen from across the [[Hudson River]] in New Jersey]]
At 8:46 a.m., five hijackers crashed [[American Airlines Flight 11]] into the northern façade of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]]'s North Tower (1 WTC). At 9:03 a.m., another five hijackers crashed [[United Airlines Flight 175]] into the southern façade of the South Tower (2 WTC).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc01.pdf |title=Flight Path Study – American Airlines Flight 11 |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |date=February 19, 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc03.pdf |title=Flight Path Study – United Airlines Flight 175 |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |date=February 19, 2002 }}</ref> Five hijackers flew [[American Airlines Flight 77]] into [[the Pentagon]] at 9:37 a.m.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc02.pdf |title=Flight Path Study – American Airlines Flight 77 |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |date=February 19, 2002 }}</ref> A fourth flight, [[United Airlines Flight 93]], crashed near [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]], southeast of Pittsburgh, at 10:03 a.m. after the passengers fought the four hijackers. Flight 93's target is believed to have been either the [[U.S. Capitol|Capitol]] or the [[White House]].<ref name="Chap7">{{cite book|chapter=The Attack Looms |chapter-url=http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch7.htm |year=2004 |title=9/11 Commission Report |publisher=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States |accessdate=September 1, 2011}}</ref> Flight 93's cockpit voice recorder revealed crew and passengers tried to seize control of the plane from the hijackers after learning through phone calls that Flights 11, 77, and 175 had been crashed into buildings that morning.<ref name="WP93">{{cite news|first=David |last=Snyder |title=Families Hear Flight 93's Final Moments |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-351703.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602123513/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-351703.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 2, 2013|work=The Washington Post |date=April 19, 2002 |accessdate=November 12, 2013}}</ref> Once it became evident that the passengers might gain control, the hijackers rolled the plane and intentionally crashed it.<ref name="Flight93Xscript">{{Cite wikisource |title =Flight 93 Cockpit Transcript}}</ref><ref name='Flight93Story'>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/flni/historyculture/index.htm |title=The Flight 93 Story |accessdate=September 21, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
[[File:North face south tower after plane strike 9-11.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The north face of [[Two World Trade Center]] (south tower) immediately after being struck by [[United Airlines Flight 175]]]]
Some passengers and crew members who called from the aircraft using the cabin air phone service and mobile phones provided details: several hijackers were aboard each plane; they used [[mace (spray)|mace]], tear gas, or pepper spray to overcome attendants; and some people aboard had been stabbed.<ref name="93phone">
* {{cite news|url=http://old.post-gazette.com/headlines/20010916phonecallnat3p3.asp |title=The phone line from Flight 93 was still open when a GTE operator heard Todd Beamer say: 'Are you guys ready? Let's roll' |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=September 16, 2001 |last=McKinnon|first=Jim |accessdate=April 10, 2011}}
* {{cite news|url=http://europe.cnn.com/2001/US/09/12/family.reacts/index.html |title=Relatives wait for news as rescuers dig |publisher=CNN |date=September 13, 2001 |accessdate=November 11, 2013}}
* Summers and Swan (2011), pp. 58, 463n, 476n.
* {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/13/us/after-attacks-united-flight-93-doomed-flight-passengers-vowed-perish-fighting.html |title=On Doomed Flight, Passengers Vowed To Perish Fighting |last=Wilgoren|first=Jodi |first2=Edward |last2=Wong |date=September 13, 2001 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=September 1, 2011}}
* {{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2006/apr/11/nation/na-moussa11 |title=Moussaoui Jury Hears the Panic From 9/11 |last=Serrano|first=Richard A. |work=Los Angeles Times |date=April 11, 2006 |accessdate=September 1, 2011}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Hijackers-used-Mace-knives-to-take-over-2805009.php |title=Hijackers used Mace, knives to take over airplanes |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=January 28, 2004 |last1=Goo |first1=Sara Kehaulani |last2=Eggen |first2=Dan |accessdate=November 12, 2013}}
* {{cite news|last=Ahlers|first=Mike M.|title=9/11 panel: Hijackers may have had utility knives|publisher=CBS News |date=January 27, 2004 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/01/27/911.commis.knife/|accessdate=September 1, 2011}}</ref> Reports indicated hijackers stabbed and killed pilots, flight attendants, and one or more passengers.<ref name="911-ch1">9/11 Commission Report, pp. 4–14.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0201/06/lklw.00.html |title=Encore Presentation: Barbara Olson Remembered |work=Larry King Live |publisher=CNN |date=January 6, 2002 |accessdate=September 1, 2011}}</ref> According to the 9/11 Commission's final report, the hijackers had recently purchased multi-function hand tools and assorted [[Leatherman]]-type utility knives with locking blades, which were not forbidden to passengers at the time, but were not found among the possessions left behind by the hijackers.<ref name="commission">{{cite web |title=National Commission Upon Terrorist Attacks in the United States |url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/archive/hearing7/9-11Commission_Hearing_2004-01-27.htm |publisher=National Commission Upon Terrorist Attacks in the United States |accessdate=January 24, 2008 |date=January 27, 2004}}</ref><ref>Summers and Swan (2011), p. 343.</ref> A flight attendant on Flight 11, a passenger on Flight 175, and passengers on Flight 93 said the hijackers had bombs, but one of the passengers said he thought the bombs were fake. The FBI found no traces of explosives at the crash sites, and the 9/11 Commission concluded that the bombs were probably fake.<ref name=911-ch1 />
[[Collapse of the World Trade Center|Three buildings in the World Trade Center collapsed]] due to fire-induced structural failure.<ref name="WPCollapse">{{cite news|first=Bill |last=Miller |title=Skyscraper Protection Might Not Be Feasible, Federal Engineers Say |url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2002-05-01/news/0205010358_1_engineers-jet-fuel |work=Orlando Sentinel |date=May 1, 2002 |accessdate=November 24, 2013}}</ref> The South Tower collapsed at 9:59{{nbsp}}a.m. after burning for 56 minutes in a fire caused by the impact of United Airlines Flight 175 and the explosion of its fuel.<ref name="WPCollapse" /> The North Tower collapsed at 10:28{{nbsp}}a.m. after burning for 102 minutes.<ref name="WPCollapse" /> When the North Tower collapsed, debris fell on the nearby [[7 World Trade Center]] building (7 WTC), damaging it and starting fires. These fires burned for hours, compromising the building's structural integrity, and 7 WTC collapsed at 5:21{{nbsp}}p.m.<ref>''World Trade Center Building Performance Study'', Ch. 5 WTC 7 – section 5.5.4</ref>{{sfnp|''Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center Building 7''|2008|p=xxxvii}} The west side of the Pentagon sustained significant damage.
[[File:Pentagon Security Camera 1.ogv|thumb|thumbtime=01:31|Security camera footage of [[American Airlines Flight 77]] hitting [[the Pentagon]].<ref name="jw">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L75Gga92WO8|title=Flight 77, Video 2|publisher=Judicial Watch |accessdate=April 4, 2012}}</ref><!-- YouTube videos aren't normally reliable but this is Judicial Watch's official account. --> The plane hits the Pentagon approximately 86 seconds after the start of this recording.]]
At 9:42{{nbsp}}a.m., the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA) grounded all civilian aircraft within the continental U.S., and civilian aircraft already in flight were told to land immediately.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chapter 1: "We have some planes" |url=http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch1.pdf |work=9/11 Commission Report |date=July 22, 2004 }}</ref> All international civilian aircraft were either turned back or redirected to airports in Canada or Mexico, and were banned from landing on [[United States territory]] for three days.<ref>{{cite web|title=Profiles of 9/11 – About 9/11|url=http://www.biography.com/profiles-of-9-11/about911.jsp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722151526/http://www.biography.com/profiles-of-9-11/about911.jsp |archivedate=July 22, 2011 |website=[[The Biography Channel]] |publisher=[[A&E Television Networks]] |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref> The attacks created widespread confusion among news organizations and air traffic controllers. Among the unconfirmed and often contradictory news reports aired throughout the day, one of the most prevalent said a car bomb had been detonated at the U.S. State Department's headquarters in Washington, D.C.<ref name="errors2">{{cite web|last=Miller |first=Mark |title=Three hours that shook America: A chronology of chaos |url=http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/news-articles/three-hours-shook-america-chronology-chaos/93600 |date=August 26, 2002 |website=[[Broadcasting & Cable]] |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref> Another jet—[[Delta Air Lines Flight 1989]]—was suspected of having been hijacked, but the aircraft responded to controllers and landed safely in Cleveland, Ohio.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Marilyn |last1=Adams |last2=Levin |first2=Alan |last3=Morrison |first3=Blake |title=Part II: No one was sure if hijackers were on board |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2002-08-12-hijacker-daytwo_x.htm |work=USA Today |date=August 13, 2002 |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref>
In an April 2002 interview, [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]] and [[Ramzi bin al-Shibh]], who are believed to have organized the attacks, said Flight 93's intended target was the United States Capitol, not the White House.{{Sfnp|Fouda|Fielding|2004|pp=158–59}} During the planning stage of the attacks, [[Mohamed Atta]], the hijacker and pilot of Flight 11, thought the White House might be too tough a target and sought an assessment from [[Hani Hanjour]] (who hijacked and piloted Flight 77).<ref name="The Eleventh Day pp 323">Summers and Swan (2011), p. 323.</ref> Mohammed said al-Qaeda initially planned to target nuclear installations rather than the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, but decided against it, fearing things could "get out of control".<ref name="AlQaedaplotted2002">{{cite news|title= Al-Qaeda 'plotted nuclear attacks'|publisher=BBC News Online|date=September 8, 2002|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2244146.stm |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref> Final decisions on targets, according to Mohammed, were left in the hands of the pilots.<ref name="The Eleventh Day pp 323" />
===Casualties===
{{Main|Casualties of the September 11 attacks|Emergency workers killed in the September 11 attacks}}
[[File:September 17 2001.jpg|thumb|left|The remains of [[Six World Trade Center|6]], [[7 World Trade Center|7]], and [[One World Trade Center|1]] WTC on September 17, 2001]]
[[File:9-11 Wall segment.jpg|thumb|left|A surviving portion of the wall from the Twin Towers]]
The attacks caused the deaths of 2,996 people (including all 19 hijackers) and injured more than 6,000 others.<ref name='CBC-Winnipegger'>{{cite news |title=Winnipegger heads to NY for 9/11 memorial |date=September 9, 2011 |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/winnipegger-heads-to-ny-for-9-11-memorial-1.991431 |publisher=CBC News |accessdate=November 13, 2013 |quote=A total of 2,996 people died: 19 hijackers and 2,977 victims.}}</ref> The death toll included 265 on the four planes (from which there were no survivors), 2,606 in the World Trade Center and in the surrounding area, and 125 at the Pentagon.<ref name="edition.cnn.com" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/05/16/pentagon.video/index.html|title=First video of Pentagon 9/11 attack released |date=May 16, 2006|publisher=CNN|accessdate=September 2, 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5J8PnIDu2 |archivedate=September 24, 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of those who perished were civilians, with the exception of 343 firefighters, 72 law enforcement officers, 55 military personnel, and the 19 terrorists who died in the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stone|first=Andrea |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2002-08-20-pentagon_x.htm |title=Military's aid and comfort ease 9/11 survivors' burden |work=USA Today |date=August 20, 2002 |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.orgsites.com/va/asis151/Sep11Memorial.pdf September 11 Memorial] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326025722/http://www.orgsites.com/va/asis151/Sep11Memorial.pdf |date=March 26, 2016 }}</ref> After New York, New Jersey lost the most state citizens, with the city of [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]] having the most New Jersey citizens who died in the attacks.<ref name="beveridge">{{cite web|url=http://www.gothamgazette.com/demographics/91102.shtml|title=9/11/01-02: A Demographic Portrait of the Victims in 10048 |website=Gotham Gazette |last=Beveridge|first=Andrew |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref> More than 90 countries lost citizens in the September 11 attacks;<ref name="countries_deaths">{{cite journal|title=A list of the countries whose citizens died as a result of the attacks on September 11, 2001 |publisher=[[Bureau of International Information Programs|U.S. Department of State, Office of International Information Programs]] |url=http://usinfo.state.gov/is/img/assets/4756/9_11onepager1.pdf |last=U.S. Department of State |accessdate=March 18, 2016 |url-status=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411152231/http://usinfo.state.gov/is/img/assets/4756/9_11onepager1.pdf |archivedate=April 11, 2008}}</ref> for example, the 67 Britons who died were more than in any other terrorist attack anywhere {{As of|2002|10|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/sep/10/september11.uk |title=British victims of September 11 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=September 10, 2002 |author= <!-- not stated --> |accessdate=June 6, 2017}}</ref> The attacks killed about 500 more people than the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] on December 7, 1941, and are the [[List of terrorist attacks by death toll|deadliest terrorist attacks in world history]].<ref name="PEARL9/11" />
In Arlington County, Virginia, 125 Pentagon workers lost their lives when Flight 77 crashed into the western side of the building. Of these, 70 were civilians and 55 were military personnel, many of whom worked for the [[United States Army]] or the [[United States Navy]]. The Army lost 47 civilian employees, six civilian contractors, and 22 soldiers, while the Navy lost six civilian employees, three civilian contractors, and 33 sailors. Seven [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] (DIA) civilian employees were also among the dead in the attack, as well as an [[Office of the Secretary of Defense]] (OSD) contractor.<ref name="national">{{cite web|title=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States|publisher=U.S. Congress|date=August 21, 2004|url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/index.htm|accessdate=September 8, 2006}}</ref>{{Sfnp|Goldberg et al.|2007|pp=208–212}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patriotresource.com/wtc/victims/pentagon.html|title=September 11, 2001 Pentagon Victims|publisher=patriotresource.com|accessdate=March 18, 2016}}</ref> [[Lieutenant General]] [[Timothy Maude]], an Army Deputy Chief of Staff, was the highest-ranking military official killed at the Pentagon.<ref name="arlington">{{cite web|title=Remembering the Lost|website=Timothy J. Maude, Lieutenant General, United States Army|publisher=Arlington National Cemetery|date=September 22, 2001|url=http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/tjmaude.htm|accessdate=April 16, 2001}}</ref>
[[File:National Park Service 9-11 Statue of Liberty and WTC fire.jpg|thumb|The [[Statue of Liberty]] with the towers burning in the background]]
In New York City, more than 90% of the workers and visitors who died in the towers had been at or above the points of impact.<ref name="NISTcasualties">Sunder (2005), p. 48.</ref> In the North Tower, 1,355 people at or above the point of impact were trapped and died of smoke inhalation, fell or jumped from the tower to escape the smoke and flames, or were killed in the building's eventual collapse. The destruction of all three staircases in the tower when Flight 11 hit made it impossible for anyone above the impact zone to escape. 107 people below the point of impact died as well.<ref name="NISTcasualties" />
In the South Tower, one stairwell, [[Stairwell A]], was left intact after Flight 175 hit, allowing 14 people located on the floors of impact (including [[Stanley Praimnath|one man who saw the plane coming at him]]) and four more from the floors above to escape. New York City [[9-1-1]] operators who received calls from people inside the tower were not well informed of the situation as it rapidly unfolded and as a result, told callers not to descend the tower on their own.<ref>{{cite book |last=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks |title=The 9/11 Commission Report (first edition) |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |date=July 22, 2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/911commissionrep00nati/page/294 |page=[https://archive.org/details/911commissionrep00nati/page/294 294] |isbn=978-0-393-32671-0 |accessdate=January 24, 2014 }}</ref> In total 630 people died in that tower, fewer than half the number killed in the North Tower.<ref name="NISTcasualties" /> Casualties in the South Tower were significantly reduced because some occupants decided to start evacuating as soon as the North Tower was struck.<ref name="NISTp46">Sunder (2005), p. 46.</ref> The failure to evacuate the South Tower fully after the first jet crash into the North Tower was described by ''[[USA Today]]'' as "one of the day's great tragedies".<ref name=Purpura>{{Cite book |last=Purpura |first=Philip |title=Security and Loss Prevention: An Introduction |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ir4gbdZLlOEC&pg=PA300|accessdate=September 16, 2017 |edition=5th |year=2007 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0080554006 |pages=300 |chapter=Life safety, fire protection, and emergencies |quote=Almost all the 600 people in the top floors of the south tower died after a second hijacked airliner crashed in the 80th floor shortly after 9{{nbsp}}a.m. The failure to evacuate the building was one of the day's great tragedies.}}</ref>
[[File:French Urban Search and Rescue.jpg|thumb|left|An Urban Search and Rescue Task Force [[German shepherd]] dog works to uncover victims at the site of the World Trade Center after the attacks.]]
At least 200 people fell or jumped to their deaths from the burning towers (as exemplified in the photograph ''[[The Falling Man]]''), landing on the streets and rooftops of adjacent buildings hundreds of feet below.<ref name="horrificdecision">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2002-09-02-jumper_x.htm |title=Desperation forced a horrific decision |work=USA Today|date=September 2, 2002 |last1=Cauchon |first1=Dennis |last2=Moore |first2=Martha|accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref> Some occupants of each tower above the point of impact made their way toward the roof in the hope of helicopter rescue, but the roof access doors were locked.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Paltrow|first1=Scot|title=Could Helicopters Have Saved People From the Top of the Trade Center?|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1003784754436648720|website=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=January 22, 2017}}</ref> No plan existed for helicopter rescues, and the combination of roof equipment, thick smoke, and intense heat prevented helicopters from approaching.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/05/18/terror/main618174.shtml |title=Poor Info Hindered 9/11 Rescue|publisher=CBS News |date=May 18, 2004|accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref>
A total of 411 emergency workers died as they tried to rescue people and fight fires. The [[New York City Fire Department]] (FDNY) lost 343 firefighters, including a chaplain and two [[paramedics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nyfd.com/9_11_wtc.html|title=The Unofficial Home Page of FDNY}}</ref> The [[New York City Police Department]] (NYPD) lost 23 officers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Post-9/11 report recommends police, fire response changes |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2002-08-19-nypd-nyfd-report_x.htm |date=August 19, 2002|agency=Associated Press |work=USA Today |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref> The [[Port Authority Police Department]] (PAPD) lost 37 officers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Police back on day-to-day beat after 9/11 nightmare|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/US/07/20/wtc.police/ |date=July 21, 2002 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=November 12, 2013}}</ref> Eight emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics from private emergency medical services units were killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-memorial.org/Tribute/EMS/medics.html|title=EMT & Paramedics|access-date=August 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203041213/http://www.world-memorial.org/Tribute/EMS/medics.html|archive-date=February 3, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[Cantor Fitzgerald]] L.P., an investment bank on the 101st–105th floors of the North Tower, lost 658 employees, considerably more than any other employer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5282060.stm?lsf |title=Cantor rebuilds after 9/11 losses |publisher=BBC |date=September 4, 2006 |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref> [[Marsh & McLennan Companies|Marsh Inc.]], located immediately below Cantor Fitzgerald on floors 93–100, lost 358 employees,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://memorial.mmc.com/ |title=Marsh & McLennan Companies 9/11 Memorial|accessdate=September 7, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mmc.com/about/history.php |title=Milestones of Marsh & McLennan Companies |accessdate=September 7, 2011}}</ref> and 175 employees of [[Aon Corporation]] were also killed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.investmentnews.com/article/20070911/REG/70911011 |title=Industry honors fallen on 9/11 anniversary |publisher=InvestmentNews |last=Siegel|first=Aaron |date=September 11, 2007 |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref> The [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] (NIST) estimated that about 17,400 civilians were in the World Trade Center complex at the time of the attacks. Turnstile counts from the Port Authority suggest 14,154 people were typically in the Twin Towers by 8:45{{nbsp}}a.m.{{sfnp|Averill|2005|loc="Occupant Behavior, Egress, and Emergency Communications"}}{{page number needed|date=July 2019}}{{sfnp|Dwyer|Flynn|2005|p=266}} Most people below the impact zone safely evacuated the buildings.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/26/nyregion/102-minutes-last-words-at-the-trade-center-fighting-to-live-as-the-towers-die.html |title=Last Words at the Trade Center; Fighting to Live as the Towers Die |last1=Dwyer |first1=Jim |first2=Eric |last2=Lipton |first3=Kevin |last3=Flynn |first4=James |last4=Glanz|work=The New York Times |date=May 26, 2002 |accessdate=September 2, 2011|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:280px; font-size:90%; float:right; margin-left:10px"
|-
|+Deaths (victims + hijackers)
|-
!rowspan="3"| New York City
| {{nobr|[[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]]}}
| {{nobr|2,606<ref name="edition.cnn.com">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/11/13/khalid.sheikh.mohammed/index.html|title=Accused 9/11 plotter Khalid Sheikh Mohammed faces New York trial|date=November 13, 2009|publisher=CNN|accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325210832/http://www.wibw.com/nationalnews/headlines/70082322.html |url=http://www.wibw.com/nationalnews/headlines/70082322.html|archivedate=March 25, 2012|url-status=dead|title=Alleged 9/11 Plotters Face Trial Blocks From WTC Site |date=November 13, 2009|publisher=[[WIBW-TV|WIBW]] |accessdate=November 24, 2013}}</ref>}}
|-
| [[American Airlines Flight 11|American 11]]
| 87 + 5<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-location/page93.html |title=American Airlines Flight 11 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[United Airlines Flight 175|United 175]]
| 60 + 5<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-location/page100.html |title=United Airlines Flight 175 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan="2"| Arlington
| [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]]
| 125<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-location/page88.html |title=Pentagon |publisher=CNN |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[American Airlines Flight 77|American 77]] || 59 + 5<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-location/page96.html |title=American Airlines Flight 77 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref>
|-
! {{nobr|Near Shanksville}}
| [[United Airlines Flight 93|United 93]]
| 40 + 4<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20011028flt93mainstoryp7.asp |title=Flight 93: Forty lives, one destiny |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=October 2001|last=Roddy |first=Dennis B.|authorlink=Dennis Roddy|accessdate=September 2, 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5KmMRkIhh |archivedate=November 30, 2006|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="2"| Total
| {{nobr|2,977 + 19}}
|}
Weeks after the attack, the death toll was estimated to be over 6,000, more than twice the number of deaths eventually confirmed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/09/29/gen.america.under.attack/index.html |title=Source: Hijacking suspects linked to Afghanistan |publisher=CNN |date=September 30, 2001 |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref> The city was only able to identify remains for about 1,600 of the World Trade Center victims. The medical examiner's office collected "about 10,000 unidentified bone and tissue fragments that cannot be matched to the list of the dead".<ref name="CBS2">{{cite news| title=Ground Zero Forensic Work Ends |publisher=CBS News |date=February 23, 2005 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/23/national/main675839.shtml |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref> Bone fragments were still being found in 2006 by workers who were preparing to demolish the damaged [[Deutsche Bank Building]]. In 2010, a team of anthropologists and archaeologists searched for human remains and personal items at the [[Fresh Kills Landfill]], where 72 more human remains were recovered, bringing the total found to 1,845. DNA profiling continues in an attempt to identify additional victims.<ref>{{cite news|last=Andrade |first=Mariano |title=Scientists still struggle to identify 9/11 remains |url=http://news.discovery.com/human/psychology/world-trade-center-remains-110826.htm |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=August 25, 2011 |accessdate=September 5, 2011 |work=[[Discovery News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/remains-wtc-worker-ernest-james-40-id-ten-years-9-11-article-1.945620 |title=Remains of WTC worker Ernest James, 40, ID'd ten years after 9/11 |last=Lemre |first=Jonathan |work=Daily News|location=New York |date=August 24, 2011 |accessdate=April 10, 2012}}</ref><ref name=DNAContinue>{{cite news |first=Bobby |last=Cuza |title=9/11 A Decade Later: DNA Matching Efforts To Continue At WTC Site |date=June 11, 2011 |url=http://www.ny1.com/content/143516/9-11-a-decade-later--remains-from-wtc-tested-by-latest-dna-tech |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920211012/http://www.ny1.com/content/143516/9-11-a-decade-later--remains-from-wtc-tested-by-latest-dna-tech |archivedate=September 20, 2014 |publisher=[[NY1]] |accessdate=September 21, 2011}}</ref> The remains are being held in storage in Memorial Park, outside the New York City Medical Examiner's facilities. It was expected that the remains would be moved in 2013 to a repository behind a wall at the 9/11 museum. In July 2011, a team of scientists at the Office of Chief Medical Examiner was still trying to identify remains, in the hope that improved technology will allow them to identify other victims.<ref name=DNAContinue /> On August 7, 2017, the 1,641st victim was identified as a result of newly available DNA technology,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-40855907|title=9/11 victim identified 16 years on|date=August 7, 2017|publisher=BBC}}</ref> and a 1,642nd on July 26, 2018.<ref name="no1642">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/amp/news/september-11-2001-attacks-remains-victim-scott-michael-johnson-identified/|title="Finality": 9/11 victim's remains identified 17 years later|date=July 26, 2018|website=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> A further 1,111 victims are yet to be identified.<ref name="no1642" />
===Damage===
{{Further|Collapse of the World Trade Center}}
[[File:World Trade Center 3 After 9-11 Attacks With Original Building Locations.jpg|thumb|World Trade Center site (Ground Zero) with an overlay showing the original building locations]]
[[File:Aerial view of the Pentagon during rescue operations post-September 11 attack.JPEG|thumb|The Pentagon was damaged by fire and partly collapsed.]]
[[File:September 11 attack seen from space by nasa.jpg|thumb|The aftermath of the World Trade Center attacks, as seen from space by the [[Landsat 7]] satellite<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones|first=Jonathan|title=The 9/11 attack seen from space – an image of impotence|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/10/911-attack-seen-from-space-image-impotence|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6O0cC7vk0|archivedate=March 12, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Along with the 110-floor [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|Twin Towers]], numerous other buildings at the World Trade Center site were destroyed or badly damaged, including WTC buildings 3 through 7 and [[St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church]].<ref name="wtcstudy">{{cite web|url=http://www.fema.gov/rebuild/mat/wtcstudy.shtm |title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study |date=May 2002 |publisher=FEMA |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5spvzRCDS |archivedate=September 18, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The North Tower, South Tower, the [[Marriott World Trade Center|Marriott Hotel (3 WTC)]], and 7 WTC were destroyed. The U.S. Customs House ([[6 World Trade Center]]), [[4 World Trade Center (1975–2001)|4 World Trade Center]], [[5 World Trade Center]], and both pedestrian bridges connecting buildings were severely damaged. The [[Deutsche Bank Building]] on 130 Liberty Street was partially damaged and demolished some years later, starting in 2007.<ref name="The Eleventh Day pp 75">Summers and Swan (2011), p. 75.</ref><ref name='130 Liberty Finally Gone from Ground Zero'>{{cite news |first=Matt |last=Chaban |title=130 Liberty Finally Gone from Ground Zero |date=February 9, 2011 |url=http://www.commercialobserver.com/2011/02/130-liberty-finally-gone-from-ground-zero/ |work=[[The New York Observer]] |accessdate=April 10, 2012}}</ref> The two buildings of the [[Brookfield Place (New York City)|World Financial Center]] also suffered damage.<ref name="The Eleventh Day pp 75" /> The last fires at the World Trade Center site were extinguished on December 20, exactly 100 days after the attacks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/dec/20/september11.usa |title=Ground Zero stops burning, after 100 days |website=The Guardian |date=December 20, 2001 |accessdate=May 5, 2018}}</ref>
The Deutsche Bank Building across Liberty Street from the World Trade Center complex was later condemned as uninhabitable because of toxic conditions inside the office tower, and was [[Deconstruction (building)|deconstructed]].<ref>''World Trade Center Building Performance Study – Bankers Trust Building'', pp ??</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Deutsche Bank Building at 130 Liberty Street|publisher=Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center |url=http://www.renewnyc.com/plan_des_dev/130Liberty/default.asp|accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref> The [[Borough of Manhattan Community College]]'s Fiterman Hall at 30 West Broadway was condemned due to extensive damage in the attacks, and was reopened in 2012.<ref>{{cite web | last=Shapiro | first=Julie | title=Students Return to Rebuilt Fiterman Hall 11 Years After 9/11 | website=DNAinfo New York | date=August 27, 2012 | url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20120827/financial-district/students-return-rebuilt-fiterman-hall-11-years-after-911 | access-date=October 27, 2017 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027125835/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20120827/financial-district/students-return-rebuilt-fiterman-hall-11-years-after-911 | archivedate=October 27, 2017 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Other neighboring buildings (including [[90 West Street]] and the [[Verizon Building]]) suffered major damage but have been restored.<ref name="nyconstruction">{{cite web|url=http://newyork.construction.com/projects/TopProjects04/Verizon.asp |title=Verizon Building Restoration |publisher=New York Construction (McGraw Hill) |accessdate=September 2, 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5pvOUTccB |archivedate=May 22, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Brookfield Place (New York City)|World Financial Center]] buildings, [[One Liberty Plaza]], the [[Millenium<!-- PLEASE NOTE that "Millenium" is the correct spelling here. --> Hilton]], and 90 Church Street had moderate damage and have since been restored.<ref>''World Trade Center Building Performance Study – Peripheral Buildings'', pp. ??</ref> Communications equipment on top of the North Tower was also destroyed, with only [[WCBS-TV]] maintaining a backup transmitter on the [[Empire State Building]], but media stations were quickly able to reroute the signals and resume their broadcasts.<ref name="wtcstudy" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Bloomfield |first=Larry |url=http://sysdesignshowcase.broadcastengineering.com/ar/broadcasting_new_york_broadcasters |title=New York broadcasters rebuild |publisher=Broadcast Engineering |date=October 1, 2001 |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604040210/http://sysdesignshowcase.broadcastengineering.com/ar/broadcasting_new_york_broadcasters |archivedate=June 4, 2008}}</ref>
The [[PATH (rail system)|PATH]] train system's [[World Trade Center station (PATH)|World Trade Center station]] was located under the complex. As a result, the entire station was demolished completely when the towers collapsed, and the tunnels leading to [[Exchange Place station (PATH)|Exchange Place station]] in [[Jersey City, New Jersey]] were flooded with water.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.panynj.gov/drp/wtcpath/pathinfo.php|title=Downtown Restoration Program – The Port Authority of NY&NJ|date=January 11, 2009|accessdate=February 7, 2018|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111002148/http://www.panynj.gov/drp/wtcpath/pathinfo.php|archivedate=January 11, 2009}}</ref> The station was rebuilt as the $4{{nbsp}}billion [[World Trade Center Transportation Hub]], which reopened in March 2015.<ref>{{cite web | title=World Trade Center transportation hub, dubbed Oculus, opens to public | website=ABC7 New York | date=March 3, 2016 | url=http://abc7ny.com/1229181/ | access-date=July 8, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panynj.gov/press-room/press-item.cfm?headLine_id=2353|title=Port Authority Announces Opening of World Trade Center Transportation Hub|last=|first=|date=January 19, 2016|website=Port Authority of New York, New Jersey|accessdate=January 29, 2016}}</ref> The [[WTC Cortlandt station|Cortlandt Street station]] on the [[New York City Subway]]'s [[IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line]] was also in close proximity to the World Trade Center complex, and the entire station, along with the surrounding track, was reduced to rubble.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/04/nyregion/subway-line-in-attack-may-reopen-much-earlier.html|title=Subway Line in Attack May Reopen Much Earlier|last=Kennedy|first=Randy|date=January 4, 2002|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 7, 2018|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The latter station was rebuilt and reopened to the public on September 8, 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=WTC Cortlandt Subway Station Reopens for 1st Time Since 9/11 Attacks |url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/WTC-Cortlandt-Subway-Station-Reopens-for-1st-Time-Since-9-11-Attacks-492777501.html |accessdate= September 8, 2018 |work=NBC 4 New York |agency=Associated Press |date=September 8, 2018}}</ref>
The Pentagon was severely damaged by the impact of American Airlines Flight 77 and ensuing fires, causing one section of the building to collapse.<ref>''The Pentagon Building Performance Report'', pp. ??</ref> As the airplane approached the Pentagon, its wings knocked down light poles and its right engine hit a power generator before crashing into the western side of the building.<ref>''Flight Path Study – American Airlines Flight 77'', pp. ??</ref><ref name="fdr">''American Airlines Flight 77 FDR Report'', pp. ??</ref> The plane hit the Pentagon at the first-floor level. The front part of the fuselage disintegrated on impact, while the mid and tail sections kept moving for another fraction of a second.{{Sfnp|Goldberg et al.|2007|p=17}} Debris from the tail section penetrated furthest into the building, breaking through {{convert|310|ft|m|0}} of the three outermost of the building's five rings.{{Sfnp|Goldberg et al.|2007|p=17}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Maclean |first=John N |title=America Under Attack: A chronicle of chaos and heroism at the Pentagon |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/29/AR2008052903149.html |date=June 1, 2008 |work=The Washington Post|accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref>
===Rescue efforts===
{{Main|Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center}}
[[File:DN-SD-04-12744.JPEG|right|thumb|alt=An injured victim is being loaded into a paramedic van with the burning Pentagon in the background.|EMS workers rescue and evacuate an injured victim of the Pentagon attack.]]
The New York City Fire Department deployed 200 units (half of the department) to the World Trade Center. Their efforts were supplemented by numerous off-duty firefighters and emergency medical technicians.<ref name="mckinsey-ems">''McKinsey Report'', "Emergency Medical Service response", pp. ??</ref><ref name="mckinsey-exec">''McKinsey Report'', "Executive Summary", pp. ??</ref><ref>''McKinsey Report'', Exhibit 7, "Fire Apparatus Deployment on September 11"</ref> The New York City Police Department sent Emergency Service Units and other police personnel and deployed its aviation unit. Once on the scene, the FDNY, the NYPD, and the PAPD did not coordinate efforts and performed redundant searches for civilians.<ref name="mckinsey-ems" />{{Sfnp|Alavosius|Rodriquez|2005|pp=666–680}} As conditions deteriorated, the NYPD aviation unit relayed information to police commanders, who issued orders for its personnel to evacuate the towers; most NYPD officers were able to safely evacuate before the buildings collapsed.{{Sfnp|Alavosius|Rodriquez|2005|pp=666–680}}<ref name="mckinsey-nypd">''McKinsey Report'', "NYPD", pp. ??</ref> With separate command posts set up and incompatible radio communications between the agencies, warnings were not passed along to FDNY commanders.
After the first tower collapsed, FDNY commanders issued evacuation warnings. Due to [[Radio communications during the September 11 attacks|technical difficulties]] with malfunctioning radio repeater systems, many firefighters never heard the evacuation orders. 9-1-1 dispatchers also received information from callers that was not passed along to commanders on the scene.<ref name="mckinsey-exec" /> Within hours of the attack, a substantial search and rescue operation was launched. After months of around-the-clock operations, the World Trade Center site was cleared by the end of May 2002.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/05/30/rec.wtc.cleanup/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201081749/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/05/30/rec.wtc.cleanup/| archivedate=December 1, 2008| url-status=dead| title=Ceremony closes 'Ground Zero' cleanup |date=May 30, 2002 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=November 24, 2013}}</ref>
==Aftermath==
{{Further|Aftermath of the September 11 attacks|Airport security repercussions due to the September 11 attacks|Closings and cancellations following the September 11 attacks|Reactions to the September 11 attacks|U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks|U.S. military response during the September 11 attacks|September 11 Victim Compensation Fund}}
The aftermath of the 9/11 attack resulted in immediate responses to the event, including domestic reactions, hate crimes, Muslim American responses to the event, international responses to the attack, and military responses to the events. An extensive compensation program was quickly established by Congress in the aftermath to compensate the victims and families of victims of the 9/11 attack as well.<ref>{{cite book |title=Who Gets What: Fair Compensation after Tragedy and Financial Upheaval |first=Kenneth |last=Feinberg |date=June 2012 |publisher=[[PublicAffairs]] |location=New York City |isbn=9781586489779 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5j6N5LTz1N0C }}</ref><ref>Feinberg, Kenneth. ''What is Life Worth?: The Unprecedented Effort to Compensate the Victims of 9/11'' (2005), Perseus Books Group.</ref>
===Immediate response===
[[File:Bush 9-11 on phone.jpg|thumb|President [[George W. Bush]] is briefed on the attacks in [[Sarasota, Florida]].]]
[[File:9 11 Terror Attacks Historical Pentagon Briefing.webm|thumb|start=02:16|alt=Three high-level politicians and a General, all displaying grim facial expressions, flank the main speaker.|Eight hours after the attacks, [[Donald Rumsfeld]], then U.S. Secretary of Defense, declares "The Pentagon is functioning."]]
At 8:32{{nbsp}}a.m. [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] officials were notified Flight 11 had been hijacked and they, in turn, notified the [[North American Aerospace Defense Command]] (NORAD). NORAD scrambled two [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle|F-15s]] from [[Otis Air National Guard Base]] in Massachusetts and they were airborne by 8:53{{nbsp}}a.m.<ref name=norad>{{cite web|title=We Have Some Planes|url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf|website=The 911 Commission Report|publisher=911 Commission|accessdate=September 9, 2011 |pages=20–42}}</ref> Because of slow and confused communication from FAA officials, NORAD had 9 minutes' notice that Flight 11 had been hijacked, and no notice about any of the other flights before they crashed.<ref name=norad /> After both of the Twin Towers had already been hit, more fighters were scrambled from [[Joint Base Langley–Eustis|Langley Air Force Base]] in Virginia at 9:30{{nbsp}}a.m.<ref name=norad /> At 10:20{{nbsp}}a.m. Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] issued orders to shoot down any commercial aircraft that could be positively identified as being hijacked. These instructions were not relayed in time for the fighters to take action.<ref name=norad /><ref>{{cite news|title=Cheney: Order To Shoot Down Hijacked 9/11 Planes 'Necessary'|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/09/04/cheney-order-to-shoot-down-hijacked-11-planes-necessary/|accessdate=September 9, 2011 |publisher=Fox News Channel|date=September 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Schrader|first=Esther|title=Cheney Gave Order to Shoot Down Jets|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2004/jun/18/nation/na-cheney18|accessdate=September 9, 2011 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=June 18, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Greer|first=Gordon|title=What Price Security?|year=2005|publisher=iUniverse, Inc|isbn=978-0-595-35792-5|page=73|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MNHGZWiLBL4C&pg=PA73|accessdate=March 18, 2016}}</ref> Some fighters took to the air without live ammunition, knowing that to prevent the hijackers from striking their intended targets, the pilots might have to intercept and crash their fighters into the hijacked planes, possibly ejecting at the last moment.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hendrix |first=Steve |title=F-16 pilot was ready to give her life on Sept. 11 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/f-16-pilot-was-ready-to-give-her-life-on-sept-11/2011/09/06/gIQAMpcODK_story.html |accessdate=September 9, 2011 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=September 8, 2011}}</ref>
For the first time in U.S. history, [[Security Control of Air Traffic and Air Navigation Aids|SCATANA]] was invoked,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.judicialwatch.org/archive/2007/Saudi%20Docs%202.pdf|title=NOTAMs/Flight Restrictions in Effect on 9/13/01|author=Flight Data Center|publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |date=April 13, 2007|page=15ff}}</ref> thus stranding tens of thousands of passengers across the world.<ref name="Commission">{{cite web |title=Wartime |website=National Commission on Terrorists Attacks upon the United States |publisher=U.S. Congress |url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch10.htm |accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref> [[Ben Sliney]], in his first day as the National Operations Manager of the [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.metro.co.uk/fame/interviews/article.html?in_article_id=20603&in_page_id=11 | date = October 4, 2006 | title = 60 Seconds: Ben Sliney | first = Andrew | last = Williams | website = [[Metro (Associated Metro Limited)|Metro online]] | publisher = [[Associated Northcliffe Digital]] | location = London | accessdate = April 13, 2010 }}</ref> ordered that American airspace would be closed to all international flights, causing about five hundred flights to be turned back or redirected to other countries. Canada received 226 of the diverted flights and launched [[Operation Yellow Ribbon]] to deal with the large numbers of grounded planes and stranded passengers.<ref name="canadaflights">{{cite press release |title=Actions taken following September 11 terrorist attacks |date=December 11, 2001 |publisher=[[Transport Canada]] |url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/mediaroom/releases/nat/2001/01_h152e.htm |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020415131425/http://www.tc.gc.ca/mediaroom/releases/nat/2001/01_h152e.htm |archivedate=April 15, 2002}}</ref>
The 9/11 attacks had immediate effects on the American people.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stein |first=Howard F. |year=2003 |title=Days of Awe: September 11, 2001 and its Cultural Psychodynamics |journal=Journal for the Psychoanalysis of Culture and Society |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=187–199 |doi=10.1353/psy.2003.0047}}</ref> Police and rescue workers from around the country took a leave of absence from their jobs and traveled to New York City to help recover bodies from the twisted remnants of the Twin Towers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Asthma Rates Up Among Ground Zero Workers |agency=Associated Press |publisher=CBS News |date=September 10, 2009|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-204_162-3207507.html|accessdate=September 11, 2013}}</ref> Blood donations across the U.S. surged in the weeks after 9/11.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Glynn |first=Simone A. |title=Effect of a National Disaster on Blood Supply and Safety: The September 11 Experience |year=2003 |journal=[[Journal of the American Medical Association]]|volume=289 |issue=17 |pmid=12734136 |doi=10.1001/jama.289.17.2246 |pages=2246–2253 |last2=Busch |first2=MP |last3=Schreiber |first3=GB |last4=Murphy |first4=EL |last5=Wright |first5=DJ |last6=Tu |first6=Y |last7=Kleinman |first7=SH |last8=Nhlbi Reds Study |first8=Group}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Red Cross Woes |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/business/july-dec01/redcross_12-19.html |date=December 19, 2001 |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |publisher=PBS |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905071729/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/business/july-dec01/redcross_12-19.html |archivedate=September 5, 2011}}</ref>
The deaths of adults in the attacks resulted in over 3,000 children losing a parent.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Coates |first1=S. |last2=Schechter |first2=D. |doi=10.1016/j.psc.2004.03.006 |title=Preschoolers' traumatic stress post-9/11: Relational and developmental perspectives |journal=Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=473–489 |year=2004 |pmid=15325488}}</ref> Subsequent studies documented children's reactions to these actual losses and to feared losses of life, the protective environment in the aftermath of the attacks, and effects on surviving caregivers.<ref>Schechter DS, Coates SW, First E (2002). Observations of acute reactions of young children and their families to the World Trade Center attacks. Journal of ZERO-TO-THREE: National Center for Infants, Toddlers, and Families, 22(3), 9–13.</ref><ref>Coates SW, Rosenthal J, Schechter DS—Eds. (2003). September 11: Trauma and Human Bonds. New York: Taylor and Francis, Inc.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Klein |first1=T. P. |last2=Devoe |first2=E. R. |last3=Miranda-Julian |first3=C. |last4=Linas |first4=K. |title=Young children's responses to September 11th: The New York City experience |doi=10.1002/imhj.20200 |pmid=28636121 |journal=[[Infant Mental Health Journal]] |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |year=2009}}</ref>
===Domestic reactions===
[[File:Address to the Nation by President George W. Bush on September 11, 2001.webm|thumb|George W. Bush's address to the people of the United States, September 11, 2001, 8:30{{nbsp}}p.m. EDT.]]
[[File:Remarks from Ground Zero September 14, 2001.webm|thumb|thumbtime=00:11|Bush making remarks from [[Ground Zero]] on September 14, 2001]]
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Following the attacks, President George W. Bush's approval rating soared to 90%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/116500/Presidential-Approval-Ratings-George-Bush.aspx |title=Presidential Approval Ratings – George W. Bush |publisher=Gallup |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402045152/http://www.gallup.com/poll/116500/presidential-approval-ratings-george-bush.aspx |archivedate=April 2, 2009 }}</ref> On September 20, 2001, he addressed the nation and a joint session of the United States Congress regarding the events of September 11 and the subsequent nine days of rescue and recovery efforts, and described his intended response to the attacks. [[Mayor of New York City|New York City mayor]] [[Rudy Giuliani]]'s [[Rudy Giuliani during the September 11 attacks|highly visible role]] won him high praise in New York and nationally.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pooley|first=Eric|title=Mayor of the World |url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2020227_2020306_2022358,00.html |work=Person of the Year 2001 |accessdate=September 4, 2011|date=December 31, 2001}}</ref>
Many relief funds were immediately set up to assist victims of the attacks, with the task of providing [[Financial assistance following the September 11 attacks|financial assistance]] to the [[Casualties of the September 11 attacks|survivors of the attacks]] and to the families of victims. By the deadline for victim's compensation on September 11, 2003, 2,833 applications had been received from the families of those who were killed.<ref>{{cite news|last=Barrett|first=Devlin |title=9/11 Fund Deadline Passes |publisher =CBS News |date=December 23, 2003 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/01/16/national/main593715.shtml |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref>
Contingency plans for the [[continuity of government]] and the evacuation of leaders were implemented soon after the attacks.<ref name="Commission" /> Congress was not told that the United States had been under a continuity of government status until February 2002.<ref>{{cite news|title='Shadow Government' News To Congress |publisher=CBS News |date=March 2, 2002 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/03/01/attack/main502530.shtml |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref>
In the largest restructuring of the U.S. government in contemporary history, the United States enacted the [[Homeland Security Act]] of 2002, creating the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]]. Congress also passed the [[USA PATRIOT Act]], saying it would help detect and prosecute terrorism and other crimes.<ref name="lifeandliberty.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.lifeandliberty.gov/highlights.htm |title=The USA PATRIOT Act: Preserving Life and Liberty |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102035036/http://www.justice.gov/archive/ll/highlights.htm|archivedate=January 2, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Civil liberties groups have criticized the PATRIOT Act, saying it allows law enforcement to invade the privacy of citizens and that it eliminates judicial oversight of law enforcement and domestic intelligence.<ref name="ACLUAdv">{{cite press release |url=https://www.aclu.org/national-security/uncle-sam-asks-what-hell-going-herein-new-aclu-print-and-radio-advertisements |title=Uncle Sam Asks: "What The Hell Is Going On Here?" in New ACLU Print and Radio Advertisements |publisher=[[American Civil Liberties Union]] |date=September 3, 2003 |accessdate=April 10, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Eggen |first=Dan |title=Key Part of Patriot Act Ruled Unconstitutional |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A59626-2004Sep29.html |work=The Washington Post |date=September 30, 2004 |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/law/09/26/patriot.act/index.html |title=Federal judge rules 2 Patriot Act provisions unconstitutional |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |date=September 26, 2007 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> In an effort to effectively combat future acts of terrorism, the [[National Security Agency]] (NSA) was given broad powers. NSA commenced [[NSA warrantless surveillance controversy|warrantless surveillance]] of telecommunications, which was sometimes criticized since it permitted the agency "to eavesdrop on telephone and e-mail communications between the United States and people overseas without a warrant".<ref>{{cite news |last1=VandeHei |first1=Jim |last2=Eggen |first2=Dan |title=Cheney Cites Justifications For Domestic Eavesdropping |work=The Washington Post |date=January 5, 2006 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/04/AR2006010400973.html |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> In response to requests by various intelligence agencies, the [[United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court]] permitted an expansion of powers by the U.S. government in seeking, obtaining, and sharing information on U.S. citizens as well as non-U.S. people from around the world.<ref>{{cite news | title=How a Court Secretly Evolved, Extending U.S. Spies' Reach | work=The New York Times | last1=Savage | first1=Charlie | first2=Laura | last2=Poitras | date=March 11, 2014 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/12/us/how-a-courts-secret-evolution-extended-spies-reach.html | access-date=March 13, 2014}}</ref>
====Hate crimes====
[[File:WTC-remnant highres.jpg|thumb|upright|A fireman looks up at the remains of the South Tower.]]
[[File:September 14 2001 Ground Zero 02.jpg|thumb|upright|A fireman can be seen in silhouette at the base of the rubble.]]
Shortly after the attacks, President Bush made a public appearance at Washington, D.C.'s largest Islamic Center and acknowledged the "incredibly valuable contribution" that millions of American Muslims made to their country and called for them "to be treated with respect."<ref>{{cite news|first=Samuel G.|last=Freedman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/08/us/on-religion-six-days-after-9-11-another-anniversary-worth-honoring.html|title=Six Days After 9/11, Another Anniversary Worth Honoring|accessdate=March 12, 2015|date=September 7, 2012|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Numerous incidents of [[harassment]] and [[hate crime]]s against Muslims and South Asians were reported in the days following the attacks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/cchr/html/report.html|title=New York City Commission on Human Rights|publisher=Nyc.gov |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040203071912/http://www.nyc.gov/html/cchr/html/report.html |archivedate=February 3, 2004 |accessdate=May 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/post9-11-us-policies-created-atmosphere-of-fear-for-south-asians/836936 |title=Post-9/11, US policies created atmosphere of fear for South Asians|website=The Indian Express|date=August 25, 2011 |accessdate=October 23, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Hate">{{cite news|title=Hate crime reports up in wake of terrorist attacks |publisher=CNN |date=September 17, 2001|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/16/gen.hate.crimes |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051127025019/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/16/gen.hate.crimes/ |archivedate=November 27, 2005 |accessdate=May 29, 2014}}</ref> [[Sikh]]s were also targeted because Sikh males usually wear [[turban]]s, which are stereotypically associated with Muslims. There were reports of attacks on mosques and other religious buildings (including the firebombing of a Hindu temple), and assaults on people, including one murder: [[Murder of Balbir Singh Sodhi|Balbir Singh Sodhi]], a Sikh mistaken for a Muslim, was fatally shot on September 15, 2001, in [[Mesa, Arizona]].<ref name="Hate" /> Two dozen members of Osama bin Laden's family were urgently evacuated out of the country on a private charter plane under FBI supervision three days after the attacks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bin-laden-family-evacuated/|title=Bin Laden Family Evacuated|website=www.cbsnews.com|access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref>
According to an academic study, people perceived to be Middle Eastern were as likely to be victims of hate crimes as followers of Islam during this time. The study also found a similar increase in hate crimes against people who may have been perceived as Muslims, Arabs, and others thought to be of Middle Eastern origin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bsu.edu/news/article/0,1370,-1019-12850,00.html |title=Many minority groups were victims of hate crimes after 9-11 |date=October 9, 2003 |publisher=[[Ball State University]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211050839/http://www.bsu.edu/news/article/0%2C1370%2C-1019-12850%2C00.html |archivedate=December 11, 2008 |accessdate=May 29, 2014 }}</ref> A report by the South Asian American advocacy group known as South Asian Americans Leading Together, documented media coverage of 645 bias incidents against Americans of South Asian or Middle Eastern descent between September 11 and 17. Various crimes such as vandalism, arson, assault, shootings, harassment, and threats in numerous places were documented.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saalt.org/attachments/1/American%20Backlash%20report.pdf|title=American Backlash: Terrorist Bring War Home in More Ways Than One |year=2003 |publisher=SAALT |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203140832/http://static.911digitalarchive.org/REPOSITORY/OTHER_OBJECTS/6object.pdf |archivedate=December 3, 2010 |accessdate=May 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=645 racial incidents reported in week after September 11|first=Jeet|last=Thayil|newspaper=India Abroad |date=October 12, 2001 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79281024.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511211812/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79281024.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 11, 2011}}</ref>
====Muslim American response====
Muslim organizations in the United States were swift to condemn the attacks and called "upon [[Muslim Americans]] to come forward with their skills and resources to help alleviate the sufferings of the affected people and their families".<ref>{{cite web|last=American Muslim Leaders |title=Muslim Americans Condemn Attack |publisher=ISNA |url=http://www.islamicity.com/articles/Articles.asp?ref=AM0109-335 |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> These organizations included the [[Islamic Society of North America]], American Muslim Alliance, [[American Muslim Council]], [[Council on American-Islamic Relations]], [[Islamic Circle of North America]], and the Shari'a Scholars Association of North America. Along with monetary donations, many Islamic organizations launched blood drives and provided medical assistance, food, and shelter for victims.<ref>{{cite news|last=Beaulieu |first=Dan |title=Muslim groups around world condemn the killing of innocents |work=Agence France Presse – English |date=September 12, 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Davis |first=Joyce M. |title=Muslims condemn attacks, insist Islam not violent against innocents |work=Knight Ridder Washington Bureau |date=September 13, 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Witham |first=Larry |title=Muslim groups decry attacks; No cause justifies the 'immoral' act, U.S. councils say |work=The Washington Times |date=September 12, 2001}}</ref>
===International reactions===
{{Main|Reactions to the September 11 attacks}}
The attacks were denounced by mass media and governments worldwide. Across the globe, nations offered pro-American support and solidarity.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hertzberg |first=Hendrik |title=Lost love |website=The New Yorker |url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/09/11/060911ta_talk_hertzberg |date=September 11, 2006 |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5sMTJrWkY | archivedate=August 30, 2010| url-status=live}}</ref> Leaders in most Middle Eastern countries, and Afghanistan, condemned the attacks. Iraq was a notable exception, with an immediate official statement that, "the American cowboys are reaping the fruit of their crimes against humanity".<ref>{{cite news|title=Attacks draw mixed response in Mideast |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/09/12/mideast.reaction/index.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813060324/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/09/12/mideast.reaction/index.html |archivedate=August 13, 2007 |publisher=CNN |date=September 12, 2001 |url-status=dead |accessdate=May 29, 2014 }}</ref> The government of Saudi Arabia officially condemned the attacks, but privately many Saudis favored bin Laden's cause.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Summers |first1=Anthony |last2=Swan |first2=Robbyn|title=The Eleventh Day: The Full Story of 9/11 and Osama bin Laden|year=2011|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4000-6659-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ/page/403 403]|url=https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ |url-access=registration }}</ref><ref name="The Kingdom and the Towers">{{cite web|title=The Kingdom and the Towers |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2011/08/9-11-2011-201108|website=Vanity Fair|accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> Although [[Palestinian Authority]] (PA) president [[Yasser Arafat]] also condemned the attacks, there were reports of celebrations of disputed size in the [[West Bank]], [[Gaza Strip]], and [[East Jerusalem]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1538664.stm|title=In pictures: Atrocities' aftermath|date=2001-09-12|access-date=2019-09-12|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Porter |first1=Patrick |title=Blunder: Britain's War in Iraq |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=139 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VE5yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA139 |accessdate=12 September 2019}}</ref> Footage by CNN and other news outlets were suggested to be from 1991, which was later proven to be a false accusation, resulting in a statement being issued by CNN.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416104012/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/20/cnn.statement/|title=CNN.com - CNN statement about false claim it used old video - September 20, 2001|date=2008-04-16|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/false-footaging/|title=Palestinians Dancing in the Street|website=Snopes.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref> As in the United States, the aftermath of the attacks saw tensions increase in other countries between Muslims and non-Muslims.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1551868.stm |title=UK | Muslim community targets racial tension |publisher=BBC News Online|date=September 19, 2001 |accessdate=April 11, 2012}}</ref>
[[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1368]] condemned the attacks, and expressed readiness to take all necessary steps to respond and combat all forms of terrorism in accordance with their [[Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter|Charter]].<ref name="SecCounc">{{cite web|title=Security Council Condemns, 'In Strongest Terms', Terrorist Attacks on the United States|publisher=United Nations |date=September 12, 2001 |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2001/SC7143.doc.htm|accessdate=September 11, 2006 |quote=The Security Council today, following what it called yesterday's "horrifying terrorist attacks" in New York, Washington, D.C., and Pennsylvania, unequivocally condemned those acts, and expressed its deepest sympathy and condolences to the victims and their families and to the people and Government of the United States.}}</ref> Numerous countries introduced anti-terrorism legislation and froze bank accounts they suspected of al-Qaeda ties.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |title=September 11, the Internet, and the effects on information provision in Libraries |website=68th IFLA Council and Conference |date=August 24, 2002 |url=http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla68/papers/156-079e.pdf |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.g8.fr/evian/english/navigation/g8_documents/archives_from_previous_summits/kananaskis_summit_-_2002/g8_counter-terrorism_cooperation_since_september_11th_backgrounder.html |title=G8 counter-terrorism cooperation since September 11 backgrounder |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |publisher=Site Internet du Sommet du G8 d'Evian |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927084019/http://www.g8.fr/evian/english/navigation/g8_documents/archives_from_previous_summits/kananaskis_summit_-_2002/g8_counter-terrorism_cooperation_since_september_11th_backgrounder.html |archivedate=September 27, 2011 }}</ref> Law enforcement and intelligence agencies in a number of countries arrested alleged terrorists.<ref>{{cite web|last = Walsh |first = Courtney C |title = Italian police explore Al Qaeda links in cyanide plot |website=The Christian Science Monitor |date=March 7, 2002 |url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0307/p07s02-woeu.html |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = SE Asia unites to smash militant cells |publisher = CNN |date=May 8, 2002 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/05/07/seasia.terror.pact/ |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref>
British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] said Britain stood "shoulder to shoulder" with the United States.<ref>{{cite news|title=Blair's statement in full|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1538551.stm|publisher=BBC|date=September 11, 2001}}</ref> A few days later, Blair flew to Washington, D.C. to affirm British solidarity with the United States. In a speech to Congress, nine days after the attacks, which Blair attended as a guest, President Bush declared "America has no truer friend than Great Britain."<ref>{{cite web|title=President Declares 'Freedom at War with Fear' |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html |publisher=The White House |accessdate=August 25, 2016 |date=September 20, 2001 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225062850/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html |archivedate=February 25, 2008 }}</ref> Subsequently, Prime Minister Blair embarked on two months of diplomacy to rally international support for military action; he held 54 meetings with world leaders and traveled more than 40,000 miles (60,000 km).<ref>{{cite news|title=Tony Blair's allegiance to George Bush laid bare|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/tony-blairs-corrosive-allegiance-to-george-bush-laid-bare-for-the-first-time-6668892.html|work=London Evening Standard|date=October 27, 2007}}</ref>
[[File:Vladimir Putin in the United States 13-16 November 2001-54.jpg|thumb|[[Vladimir Putin]] (right) and [[Lyudmila Putina|his wife]] attend a commemoration service for the victims of the terrorist attacks, November 16, 2001.]]
In the aftermath of the attacks, tens of thousands of people attempted to flee Afghanistan due to the possibility of a military retaliation by the United States. [[Pakistan]], already [[Afghans in Pakistan|home to many Afghan refugees]] from previous conflicts, closed its border with Afghanistan on September 17, 2001. Approximately one month after the attacks, the United States led a broad [[Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom|coalition of international forces]] to overthrow the Taliban regime from Afghanistan for their harboring of al-Qaeda.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. President Bush's speech to United Nations |publisher=CNN |date=November 10, 2001 |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/11/10/ret.bush.un.transcript/index.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615023853/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/11/10/ret.bush.un.transcript/index.html |archivedate=June 15, 2006 |accessdate=May 29, 2014}}</ref> Though Pakistani authorities were initially reluctant to align themselves with the United States against the Taliban, they permitted the coalition access to their military bases, and arrested and handed over to the U.S. over 600 suspected al-Qaeda members.<ref>{{cite news|title=Musharraf 'bullied' into supporting US war on terror|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/south-asia/musharraf-bullied-into-supporting-us-war-on-terror-ex-general_586640.html|accessdate=September 4, 2011|newspaper=Zee News|date=December 11, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Khan |first=Aamer Ahmed |title=Pakistan and the 'key al-Qaeda' man |publisher=BBC News Online |date=May 4, 2005 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4513281.stm |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref>
The U.S. set up the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]] to hold inmates they defined as "[[illegal enemy combatants]]". The legitimacy of these detentions has been questioned by the [[European Union]] and human rights organizations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Euro MPs urge Guantanamo closure |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5074216.stm |work=BBC News Online|date=June 13, 2006 |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mendez |first=Juan E. |authorlink=Juan E. Méndez |date=March 13, 2002 |title=Detainees in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba; Request for Precautionary Measures, Inter-Am. C.H.R |url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cases/guantanamo-2003.html |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=USA: Release or fair trials for all remaining Guantánamo detainees |url=https://www.amnesty.org/press-releases/2008/05/usa-release-or-fair-trials-all-remaining-guantc3a1namo-detainees-20080502/ |publisher=Amnesty International |date=May 2, 2008 |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref>
On September 25, 2001, [[Iran]]'s [[List of Presidents of Iran#List of Presidents|fifth president]], [[Mohammad Khatami]] meeting British Foreign Secretary, [[Jack Straw]], said: "Iran fully understands the feelings of the Americans about the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington on September 11." He said although the American administrations had been at best indifferent about terrorist operations in Iran (since 1979), the Iranians instead felt differently and had expressed their sympathetic feelings with bereaved Americans in the tragic incidents in the two cities. He also stated that "Nations should not be punished in place of terrorists."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20020503200608/http://www.president.ir/cronicnews/1380/8007/800703/800703.htm P.I.R.I News Headlines (Tue 80/07/03 A.H.S)]. The Official Site of the Office of the President of Iran. [http://president.ir/en Official website of the President of the Islamic Republic of Iran]. September 25, 2001. Permanent Archived Link. Original page and URL are not available online now. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20010926214218/http://www.president.ir/ Website's Homepage at that time (Title: Presidency of The Islamic Republic of Iran, The Official Site)])</ref> According to [[Radio Farda]]'s website, when the attacks' news was released, some Iranian citizens gathered in front of the Embassy of Switzerland in Tehran, which serves as the protecting power of the United States in Iran (U.S. interests protecting office in Iran), to express their sympathy and some of them lit candles as a symbol of mourning. This piece of news at Radio Farda's website also states that in 2011, on the anniversary of the attacks, [[United States Department of State]], published a post at its blog, in which the Department thanked Iranian people for their sympathy and stated that they would never forget Iranian people's kindness on those harsh days.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiofarda.com/content/f12_us_state_department_thanks_iranian_sympathy_with_sept_11_victims_in_2001/24324962.html |title= تشکر وزارت خارجه آمریکا از همدردی ایرانیان با قربانیان ۱۱ سپتامبر |language=fa |website=[[Radio Farda]] |date=September 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121163708/http://www.radiofarda.com/content/f12_us_state_department_thanks_iranian_sympathy_with_sept_11_victims_in_2001/24324962.html|archive-date=June 30, 2016|access-date=June 30, 2016 |url-status=live}} [https://translate.google.com/translate?&sl=fa&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.radiofarda.com%2Fcontent%2Ff12_us_state_department_thanks_iranian_sympathy_with_sept_11_victims_in_2001%2F24324962.html A mechanized Translation by Google Translate is available here].</ref> After the attacks, both the President<ref>[http://en.isna.ir/news/8008-04338/Iran-s-President-Says-Muslims-Reject-bin-Laden-s-Islam "Iran's President Says Muslims Reject bin Laden's 'Islam'"]. [[Iranian Students News Agency]]. November 10, 2001 / 17:07. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160918154504/http://en.isna.ir/news/8008-04338/Iran-s-President-Says-Muslims-Reject-bin-Laden-s-Islam Permanent Archived Link]. Retrieved and archived on September 18, 2016, 3:45:04{{nbsp}}p.m. UTC.</ref><ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3302180,00.html Ynetnews News – Khatami slams bin Laden, defends Hizbullah]. [[Ynetnews]]. November 9, 2006. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160908183108/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3302180,00.html Permanent Archived Link]. Retrieved and archived on September 8, 2016; 6:31:08{{nbsp}}p.m. UTC.</ref> and the Supreme Leader of Iran, condemned the attacks. The [[BBC]] and [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] magazine published reports on holding candlelit vigils for the victims by Iranian citizens at their websites.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/5377914.stm |publisher=BBC News Online|title=Iran's gulf of misunderstanding with US |date=September 25, 2006 |accessdate=May 22, 2010 |first=Gordon |last=Corera}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20160404184211/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5377914.stm Permanent Archived Link].</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101115094604/http://www.time.com/time/europe/photoessays/vigil/2.html Iran mourns America's dead] ''Time''</ref> According to ''[[Politico#Politico Magazine|Politico Magazine]]'', following the attacks, [[Ali Khamenei|Sayyed Ali Khamenei]], the Supreme Leader of Iran, "suspended the usual '[[Death to America]]' chants at [[Jumu'ah|Friday prayers]]" temporarily.<ref name=":0">{{cite web | last=Slavin | first=Barbara | title=34 Years of Getting to No with Iran | website=[[Politico|Politico Magazine]] | date=November 19, 2013 | url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2013/11/a-failure-to-communicate-100052.html | access-date=July 4, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129195150/http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2013/11/a-failure-to-communicate-100052.html | archive-date=January 25, 2014}}</ref>
In a speech by the [[Nizari]] Ismaili Imam at the Nobel Institute in 2005, [[Aga Khan IV]] stated that the "9/11 attack on the United States was a direct consequence of the international community ignoring the human tragedy that was Afghanistan at that time".<ref>{{cite web|last=Aga Khan |first=Karim |title=Speech by His Highness the Aga Khan at the Nobel Institute on Democratic Development, Pluralism and Civil Society |website=Ismaili |url=http://ismaili.net/heritage/node/30810 |date=April 7, 2005 |accessdate=January 6, 2018}}</ref>
In September 2001, shortly after the attacks, [[Greek people|Greek]] soccer fans burned an [[Israelis|Israeli]] flag and unsuccessfully tried to burn an American flag. Though the American flag did not catch fire, the fans booed during a [[moment of silence]] for victims of the attacks.<ref>{{Cite news |issn=0362-4331 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |title=Plus: Soccer; Fans in Athens Try To Burn U.S. Flag |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=April 18, 2018 |date=September 23, 2001 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/23/sports/plus-soccer-fans-in-athens-try-to-burn-us-flag.html}}</ref>
===Military operations===
{{Further|War on Terror}}
At 2:40{{nbsp}}p.m. in the afternoon of September 11, [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] [[Donald Rumsfeld]] was issuing rapid orders to his aides to look for evidence of Iraqi involvement. According to notes taken by senior policy official Stephen Cambone, Rumsfeld asked for, "Best info fast. Judge whether good enough hit S.H. [Saddam Hussein] at same time. Not only UBL" [Osama bin Laden].<ref>{{cite episode |title=Bush's War |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |series=FRONTLINE |serieslink=Frontline (U.S. TV series) |credits=Written, produced and directed by [[Michael Kirk]], produced and reported by Jim Gilmore |network=PBS |station=WGBH |location=Boston |date=March 24–25, 2008 |time=8:40|transcript=Transcript |transcripturl= https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/bushswar/etc/script.html |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/bushswar/}}</ref> Cambone's notes quoted Rumsfeld as saying, "Need to move swiftly—Near term target needs—go massive—sweep it all up. Things related and not."<ref name="IraqSuspect">{{cite news |first=Joel |last=Roberts |title=Plans For Iraq Attack Began on 9/11 |date=September 4, 2002 |publisher=CBS News |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/09/04/september11/main520830.shtml |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Julian |last=Borger |title=Blogger bares Rumsfeld's post 9/11 orders |date=February 24, 2006 |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/feb/24/freedomofinformation.september11 |accessdate=October 7, 2009 |location=London}}</ref> In a meeting at [[Camp David]] on September 15 the Bush administration rejected the idea of attacking Iraq in response to 9/11.<ref>[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/sept11/911Report.pdf 9/11 Commission Report] pp. 334–336</ref> Nonetheless, they later [[2003 Invasion of Iraq|invaded the country]] with allies, citing "Saddam Hussein's support for terrorism".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030322.html|title=President Discusses Beginning of Operation Iraqi Freedom| accessdate=October 29, 2011 }}</ref> At the time, as many as 7 in 10 Americans believed the Iraqi president played a role in the 9/11 attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/sep/07/usa.theobserver|title= US public thinks Saddam had role in 9/11|accessdate=March 20, 2017}}</ref> Three years later, Bush conceded that he had not.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/sep/12/september11.usa2|title=Bush: Saddam was not responsible for 9/11|accessdate=March 20, 2017}}</ref>
[[File:US 10th Mountain Division soldiers in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A line of soldiers carrying equipment on their backs walking toward a transport helicopter in desert terrain|[[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|U.S. soldiers in Afghanistan]]]]
The [[NATO]] council declared that the terrorist attacks on the United States were an attack on all NATO nations that satisfied [[North Atlantic Treaty#Article 5|Article 5]] of the NATO charter. This marked the first invocation of Article 5, which had been written during the [[Cold War]] with an attack by the Soviet Union in mind.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement by the North Atlantic Council |publisher=NATO |date=September 15, 2001 |url=http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/2001/p01-124e.htm |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |quote=Article 5: The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence recognised by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. Any such armed attack and all measures taken as a result thereof shall immediately be reported to the Security Council. Such measures shall be terminated when the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to restore and maintain international peace and security.}}</ref> Australian Prime Minister [[John Howard]] who was in Washington, D.C. during the attacks invoked Article IV of the [[ANZUS]] treaty.<ref>{{cite web|title=ABC Conversations with Richard Fidler John Howard Interview Transcript |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=September 2011 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/reslib/201109/r826557_7555516.pdf}}</ref> The Bush administration announced a [[War on Terror]], with the stated goals of bringing bin Laden and al-Qaeda to justice and preventing the emergence of other terrorist networks.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/bushaddress_092001.html|title=Text: President Bush Addresses the Nation|date=September 20, 2001 |accessdate=July 4, 2015|website=The Washington Post|last=Bush|first=George}}</ref> These goals would be accomplished by imposing economic and military sanctions against states harboring terrorists, and increasing global surveillance and intelligence sharing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/news-information/cia-the-war-on-terrorism/Counter_Terrorism_Strategy.pdf|title=TERROR STRATEGY-2/11 -Counter_Terrorism_Strategy.pdf|date=February 2003|accessdate=July 4, 2015|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref>
On September 14, 2001, the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] passed the [[Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists]]. Still in effect, it grants the [[U.S. President|President]] the authority to use all "necessary and appropriate force" against those whom he determined "planned, authorized, committed or aided" the September 11 attacks, or who harbored said persons or groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ40/pdf/PLAW-107publ40.pdf|title=PLAW-107publ40.pdf|date=September 18, 2001|accessdate=July 4, 2015|website=U.S. Government Publishing Office|publisher=107th Congress}}</ref>
On October 7, 2001, the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]] began when U.S. and British forces initiated aerial bombing campaigns targeting [[Taliban]] and al-Qaeda camps, then later invaded Afghanistan with ground troops of the [[Special Forces]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/enduring-freedom-ops.htm|title=Operation Enduring Freedom – Operations|year=2008|work=GlobalSecurity.org|access-date=July 5, 2015}}</ref> This eventually led to the overthrow of the Taliban rule of Afghanistan with the [[Fall of Kandahar]] on December 7, 2001, by U.S.-led [[International Security Assistance Force|coalition forces]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl32758.pdf|title=U.S. Military Operations in the Global War on Terrorism: Afghanistan, Africa, the Philippines, and Colombia|accessdate=July 5, 2015|publisher=The Air University}}</ref> Conflict in Afghanistan between the [[Taliban insurgency]] and the Afghan forces backed by [[Resolute Support Mission|NATO Resolute Support Mission]] is ongoing. The [[Philippines]] and [[Indonesia]], among other nations with their own internal conflicts with [[Islamic terrorism]], also increased their military readiness.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kuppuswamy|first=C.S. |title=Terrorism in Indonesia : Role of the Religious Organisation |publisher=South Asia Analysis Group |date=November 2, 2005 |url=http://www.saag.org/%5Cpapers16%5Cpaper1596.html |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611032357/http://www.saag.org/papers16/paper1596.html |archivedate=June 11, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Banlaoi |first=Rommel |contribution=Radical Muslim Terrorism in the Philippines |year=2006 |title=Handbook on Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia |editor-last=Tan |editor-first=Andrew |place=London |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing}}</ref>
The military forces of the United States of America and the Islamic Republic of Iran cooperated with each other to overthrow the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|Taliban regime]] which had had conflicts with the government of Iran.<ref name=":0" /> Iran's [[Quds Force]] helped U.S. forces and Afghan rebels in the [[2001 uprising in Herat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-06-09-iran-taliban_x.htm|title=Iran helped overthrow Taliban, candidate says|website=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=January 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129125643/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-06-09-iran-taliban_x.htm|archive-date=November 29, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spongobongo.com/her9940.htm|title=Iranian Special Forces Reportedly Fight Alongside US in Battle for Herat|website=SpongoBongo.com|accessdate=January 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819201520/http://www.spongobongo.com/her9940.htm|archive-date=August 19, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Soufan,2018">[https://ctc.usma.edu/qassem-soleimani-irans-unique-regional-strategy Qassem Soleimani and Iran's Unique Regional Strategy – Combating Terrorism Center at West Point]. ''[[Ali Soufan]]''. ''CTC Sentinel''. November 2018, Vol. 11, Issue 10. Combating Terrorism Center – CTC at West Point. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181119185404/https://ctc.usma.edu/qassem-soleimani-irans-unique-regional-strategy Permanent link and archived version at Wayback Machine]. [https://archive.today/20181119185830/https://ctc.usma.edu/qassem-soleimani-irans-unique-regional-strategy Permanent link and archived version at archive.is]. Retrieved and archived on November 19, 2018. [https://www.webcitation.org/74JkRW6E3?url=https://ctc.usma.edu/qassem-soleimani-irans-unique-regional-strategy Permanent link] at [[WebCite]] (November 30, 2018. 14:42:35 UTC).''"In the months after 9/11, Soleimani saw an opportunity to defeat the Taliban once and for all by unconventional means—namely, cooperation with the United States. Early in the war, he directed Iranian diplomats to share intelligence on Taliban military positions with their U.S. counterparts. The Americans, in return, told the Iranians what they knew about an al-Qa`ida fixer hiding out in eastern Iran."''</ref>
==Effects==
===Health issues===
{{Main|Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks}}
[[File:Dust covered 911 victims.jpg|thumb|Two survivors are covered in dust after the collapse of the towers.]]
Hundreds of thousands of tons of toxic debris containing more than 2,500 contaminants, including known carcinogens, were spread across Lower Manhattan due to the collapse of the Twin Towers.<ref>{{cite news| first=Anita |last=Gates |title=Buildings Rise from Rubble while Health Crumbles |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2006 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/11/arts/television/11dust.html |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2006/09/05/nyregion/20060905_HEALTH_GRAPHIC.html |title=What was Found in the Dust |work=The New York Times |date=September 5, 2006|accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> Exposure to the toxins in the debris is alleged to have contributed to [[Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks|fatal or debilitating illnesses]] among people who were at Ground Zero.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite news|title= New York: 9/11 toxins caused death|publisher=CNN |date=May 24, 2007|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/05/24/wtc.dust/index.html|accessdate=September 4, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618154824/http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/05/24/wtc.dust/index.html |archivedate=June 18, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/13/nyregion/13symptoms.html |title=Tracing Lung Ailments That Rose With 9/11 Dust |last=DePalma |first=Anthony |date=May 13, 2006|work=The New York Times |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> The Bush administration ordered the [[Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) to issue reassuring statements regarding air quality in the aftermath of the attacks, citing national security, but the EPA did not determine that air quality had returned to pre-September 11 levels until June 2002.<ref>{{cite news|last=Heilprin |first=John |title=White House edited EPA's 9/11 reports |work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer |date=June 23, 2003 |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/White-House-edited-EPA-s-9-11-reports-1122465.php |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref>
Health effects extended to residents, students, and office workers of Lower Manhattan and nearby [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Chinatown]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Updated Ground Zero Report Examines Failure of Government to Protect Citizens |publisher=Sierra Club |year=2006 |url=http://www.sierraclub.org/groundzero/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611191219/http://www.sierraclub.org/groundzero/ |archivedate=June 11, 2010 |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> Several deaths have been linked to the toxic dust, and the victims' names were included in the World Trade Center memorial.<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Stephen |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/04/28/national/main4049362.shtml |title=9/11 "Wall of Heroes" To Include Sick Cops |publisher=CBS News |date=April 28, 2008 |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> Approximately 18,000 people have been estimated to have developed illnesses as a result of the toxic dust.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-14738140|title=Toxic dust legacy of 9/11 plagues thousands of people|publisher=BBC News Online|first=David|last=Shukman|date=September 1, 2011|accessdate=September 11, 2011}}</ref> There is also scientific speculation that exposure to various toxic products in the air may have negative effects on fetal development. A notable children's environmental health center is currently{{when|date=March 2019}} analyzing the children whose mothers were pregnant during the WTC collapse, and were living or working nearby.<ref>{{cite web |title=CCCEH Study of the Effects of 9/11 on Pregnant Women and Newborns |website=World Trade Center Pregnancy Study |publisher=Columbia University |year=2006 |url=http://www.familiesofseptember11.org/docs/CCCEH%20Study%20Intro.pdf |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726045732/http://www.familiesofseptember11.org/docs/CCCEH%20Study%20Intro.pdf |archivedate=July 26, 2011 }}</ref> A study of rescue workers released in April 2010 found that all those studied had impaired lung functions, and that 30–40% were reporting little or no improvement in persistent symptoms that started within the first year of the attack.<ref>{{cite news|last=Grady|first=Denise|title=Lung Function of 9/11 Rescuers Fell, Study Finds|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/08/nyregion/08lung.html|accessdate=September 4, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 7, 2010}}</ref>
Years after the attacks, legal disputes over the costs of illnesses related to the attacks were still in the court system. On October 17, 2006, a federal judge rejected New York City's refusal to pay for health costs for rescue workers, allowing for the possibility of numerous suits against the city.<ref>{{cite news| first=Anthony |last=DePalma |title=Many Ground Zero Workers Gain Chance at Lawsuits |work=The New York Times |date=October 18, 2006 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/18/nyregion/nyregionspecial3/18toxic.html |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> Government officials have been faulted for urging the public to return to lower Manhattan in the weeks shortly after the attacks. Christine Todd Whitman, administrator of the EPA in the aftermath of the attacks, was heavily criticized by a U.S. District Judge for incorrectly saying that the area was environmentally safe.<ref>{{cite news|first=Larry |last=Neumeister |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/n/a/2006/02/02/national/a142556S81.DTL |title=Judge Slams Ex-EPA Chief Over Sept. 11 |agency=Associated Press |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=February 2, 2006 |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524084609/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2006%2F02%2F02%2Fnational%2Fa142556S81.DTL |archivedate=May 24, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mayor Giuliani was criticized for urging financial industry personnel to return quickly to the greater [[Wall Street]] area.<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Ben |title=Rudy's black cloud. WTC health risks may hurt Prez bid |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/rudy-black-cloud-wtc-health-risks-hurt-prez-bid-article-1.618126 |work=Daily News|location=New York |date=September 18, 2006 |accessdate=May 29, 2014}}</ref>
On December 22, 2010, the [[United States Congress]] passed the [[James L. Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act]], which President [[Barack Obama]] signed into law on January 2, 2011. It allocated $4.2 billion to create the [[World Trade Center Health Program]], which provides testing and treatment for people suffering from long-term health problems related to the 9/11 attacks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2010-12-22/politics/911.bill_1_first-responders-funding-votes-house-members |publisher=CNN |title=Bloomberg urges passage of 9/11 health bill |date=December 20, 2010 }}{{dead link|date=January 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="WTCHP faq">{{cite web|title=World Trade Center Health Program FAQ|url=https://www.cdc.gov/wtc/faq.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=July 2, 2012}}</ref> The WTC Health Program replaced preexisting 9/11-related health programs such as the Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program and the WTC Environmental Health Center program.<ref name="WTCHP faq" />
===Economic===
{{Main|Economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks}}
[[File:9-11 attacks effect on NYC economy SVG.svg|thumb|right|The table shows that the 9/11 attacks had a major effect on the economy of New York City (in red), compared to the United States' economy overall (in blue).]]
The attacks had a significant economic impact on United States and world markets.<ref>{{cite web|last=Makinen|first=Gail |url=https://fas.org/irp/crs/RL31617.pdf |title=The Economic Effects of 9/11: A Retrospective Assessment |page=17 |date=September 27, 2002 |website=Congressional Research Service |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |accessdate=September 4, 2011 }}</ref> The stock exchanges did not open on September 11 and remained closed until September 17. Reopening, the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] (DJIA) fell 684 points, or 7.1%, to 8921, a record-setting one-day point decline.<ref>{{cite news |title=Markets reopen, plunge |last=Barnhart |first=Bill |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/chi-010917markets,0,5287650.story|work=Chicago Tribune |date=September 17, 2001 |accessdate=April 11, 2012}}</ref> By the end of the week, the DJIA had fallen 1,369.7 points (14.3%), at the time its largest one-week point drop in history.<ref name="MarkDec">{{cite news|first=Fernandez |last=Bob |title=U.S. Markets Decline Again |work=KRTBN Knight Ridder Tribune Business News |date=September 22, 2001}}</ref> In 2001 dollars, U.S. stocks lost $1.4 trillion in valuation for the week.<ref name="MarkDec" />
In New York City, about 430,000 job-months and $2.8 billion dollars in wages were lost in the first three months after the attacks. The economic effects were mainly on the economy's export sectors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dolfman |first1=Michael L. |last2=Wasser |first2=Solidelle F. |journal=Monthly Labor Review |volume=127 |year=2004 |title=9/11 and the New York City Economy}}</ref> The city's GDP was estimated to have declined by $27.3 billion for the last three months of 2001 and all of 2002. The U.S. government provided $11.2 billion in immediate assistance to the [[Government of New York City]] in September 2001, and $10.5 billion in early 2002 for economic development and infrastructure needs.<ref name="crs-5">{{cite web|last=Makinen|first=Gail |url=https://fas.org/irp/crs/RL31617.pdf |title=The Economic Effects of 9/11: A Retrospective Assessment |page=5 |date=September 27, 2002 |website=Congressional Research Service |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |accessdate=September 4, 2011 }}</ref>
[[File:Deficits vs. Debt Increases - 2008.png|thumb|[[United States federal budget|U.S. deficit]] and [[United States public debt|debt]] increases 2001–08]]Also hurt were small businesses in [[Lower Manhattan]] near the World Trade Center, 18,000 of which were destroyed or displaced, resulting in lost jobs and their consequent wages. Assistance was provided by [[Small Business Administration]] loans, federal government Community Development Block Grants, and Economic Injury Disaster Loans.<ref name="crs-5" /> Some {{convert|31900000|sqft|m2}} of Lower Manhattan office space was damaged or destroyed.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hensell |first=Lesley |title=Tough Times Loom For Manhattan Commercial Market |url=http://realtytimes.com/rtpages/20011214_downtown.htm |website=Realty Times |date=December 14, 2001 |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814003420/http://realtytimes.com/rtpages/20011214_downtown.htm |archivedate=August 14, 2011 }}</ref> Many wondered whether these jobs would return, and if the damaged tax base would recover.<ref>{{cite web |last=Parrott |first=James |title=The Employment Impact of the September 11 World Trade Center Attacks: Updated Estimates based on the Benchmarked Employment Data |publisher=The Fiscal Policy Institute |date=March 8, 2002 |url=http://www.fiscalpolicy.org/Employment%20Impact%20of%20September%2011_Update.pdf |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> Studies of the economic effects of 9/11 show the Manhattan office real-estate market and office employment were less affected than first feared, because of the financial services industry's need for face-to-face interaction.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fuerst |first=Franz |title=Exogenous Shocks and Real Estate Rental Markets: An Event Study of the 9/11 Attacks and their Impact on the New York Office Market|publisher=Russell Sage Foundation|date=September 7, 2005 |ssrn=800006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Russell |first=James S. |title=Do skyscrapers still make sense? Revived downtowns and new business models spur tall-building innovation |publisher=Architectural Record |date=November 7, 2004 |url=http://archrecord.construction.com/innovation/2_Features/0411SkyscraperSense.asp |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808062854/http://archrecord.construction.com/innovation/2_Features/0411SkyscraperSense.asp |archivedate=August 8, 2011}}</ref>
North American air space was closed for several days after the attacks and air travel decreased upon its reopening, leading to a nearly 20% cutback in air travel capacity, and exacerbating financial problems in the struggling [[Airline|U.S. airline industry]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhadra |first1=Dipasis |last2=Texter |first2=Pamela |title=Airline Networks: An Econometric Framework to Analyze Domestic U.S. Air Travel |publisher=[[United States Department of Transportation]] |year=2004 |url=http://www.bts.gov/publications/journal_of_transportation_and_statistics/volume_07_number_01/html/paper_06/ |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050330035744/http://www.bts.gov/publications/journal_of_transportation_and_statistics/volume_07_number_01/html/paper_06/ |archive-date=March 30, 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The September 11 attacks also led to the U.S. [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|wars in Afghanistan]] and [[Iraq War|Iraq]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/post/bin-ladens-war-against-the-us-economy/2011/04/27/AFDOPjfF_blog.html |title=Bin Laden's war against the U.S. economy |work=The Washington Post |date=May 3, 2011 |first=Thomas |last=Heath}}</ref> as well as additional [[homeland security]] spending, totaling at least $5 trillion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/osama-bin-laden-didnt-win-but-he-was-enormously-successful/2011/05/02/AFexZjbF_story.html |title=Osama bin Laden didn't win, but he was 'enormously successful' |work=The Washington Post |first=Suzy |last=Khimm |date=May 3, 2011}}</ref>
===Cultural influence===
{{Main|Cultural influence of 9/11}}
The impact of 9/11 extends beyond geopolitics into society and culture in general. Immediate responses to 9/11 included greater focus on home life and time spent with family, higher church attendance, and increased expressions of patriotism such as the flying of flags.<ref name="Carducci2009b">{{cite book|author=Bernardo J. Carducci|title=The Psychology of Personality: Viewpoints, Research, and Applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1gJPXv5wQbIC&pg=PA200|accessdate=January 16, 2012 |date=February 20, 2009|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-3635-8|pages=200–}}</ref> The radio industry responded by removing certain songs from playlists, and the attacks have subsequently been used as background, narrative, or thematic elements in [[List of audiovisual entertainment affected by the September 11 attacks|film, television, music, and literature]]. Novels inspired or directly influenced by 9/11 include ''Crazy Gran'' by [[Gary Botting]], about a girl who discovers a direct family connection to the terrorists. The action begins at "9 am., Tuesday, 9/11/2001" and continues for a harrowing week as her uncle attempts to silence her, applying precepts of Sharia law.<ref>Gary Botting, ''Crazy Gran'', Singapore: Strategic, 2016</ref> Already-running television shows as well as programs developed after 9/11 have reflected [[post-9/11]] cultural concerns.<ref name=popCultureGuid>{{cite book |last1=Quay |first1=Sara |last2=Damico |first2=Amy |title=September 11 in Popular Culture: A Guide |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |date=September 14, 2010 |isbn=978-0-313-35505-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lx7i4YHl_NoC}}</ref> <!-- "STOP. Before expanding or removing 9/11 conspiracy theories, please note that the verbiage being used was arrived at after months of discussion and consensus-building. If you think something should be changed, please start a discussion on the article talk page. Thank you." --> [[9/11 conspiracy theories]] have become social phenomena, despite lack of support from expert scientists, engineers, and historians.<ref>{{cite journal|title=9/11 conspiracy theories won't stop|first=Joshua|last=Norman|date=September 11, 2011|publisher=CBS News|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/09/11/national/main20104377.shtml}}</ref> 9/11 has also had a major impact on the religious faith of many individuals; for some it strengthened, to find [[consolation]] to cope with the loss of loved ones and overcome their grief; others started to question their faith or lost it entirely, because they [[Problem of evil|could not reconcile it]] with their view of religion.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/29/september-11-challenged-faith_n_941017.html|title=After 9/11, Some Run Toward Faith, Some Run The Other Way|work=HuffPost|date=August 29, 2011|accessdate=April 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/faith/questions/god.html|title=Faith and Doubt at Ground Zero – The Question of God|work=PBS Frontline|accessdate=April 6, 2013}}</ref>
The culture of America succeeding the attacks is noted for heightened security and an increased demand thereof, as well as [[paranoia]] and [[anxiety]] regarding future terrorist attacks that includes most of the nation. Psychologists have also confirmed that there has been an increased amount of national anxiety in commercial air travel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200201/anxiety-after-911 |title=Anxiety After 9/11 |author=Brad Schmidt, Ph.D. |accessdate=October 11, 2013}}</ref>
===Government policies toward terrorism===
As a result of the attacks, many governments across the world passed [[Anti-terrorism legislation|legislation to combat terrorism]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Terrorism in the Asia-Pacific: Threat and Response |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |year=2004 |first=Andrew |last=Scobell |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=1078–79 |doi=10.1017/S0021911804002463}}</ref> In Germany, where several of the 9/11 terrorists had resided and taken advantage of that country's liberal asylum policies, two major anti-terrorism packages were enacted. The first removed legal loopholes that permitted terrorists to live and raise money in Germany. The second addressed the effectiveness and communication of intelligence and law enforcement.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/irp/crs/RL32710.pdf |title=Germany's Role in Fighting Terrorism: Implications for U.S. Policy |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |last1=Miko |first1=Francis |last2=Froehlich |first2=Christian |date=December 27, 2004 |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]]}}</ref> Canada passed the [[Canadian Anti-Terrorism Act]], their first anti-terrorism law.<ref>{{cite news|title=Anti-terrorism Act|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/cdnsecurity/|accessdate=November 12, 2013 |publisher=CBC News|date=February 27, 2007}}</ref> The United Kingdom passed the [[Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001]] and the [[Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Q and A: Anti-terrorism legislation |date=October 17, 2003 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3197394.stm |publisher=BBC News Online|accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Sam |last=Coates |title=After all the fuss dies down, what really happened |date=November 10, 2005 |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article588553.ece |work=The Times |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> New Zealand enacted the [[Terrorism Suppression Act 2002]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorism Suppression Act 2002|url=http://legislation.co.nz/act/public/2002/0034/19.0/DLM2493700.html|publisher=New Zealand Government|accessdate=September 4, 2011|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219044052/http://legislation.co.nz/act/public/2002/0034/19.0/DLM2493700.html|archivedate=December 19, 2011}}</ref>
In the United States, the [[Department of Homeland Security]] was created by the [[Homeland Security Act]] to coordinate domestic anti-terrorism efforts. The [[USA Patriot Act]] gave the federal government greater powers, including the authority to detain foreign terror suspects for a week without charge, to monitor telephone communications, e-mail, and Internet use by terror suspects, and to prosecute suspected terrorists without time restrictions. The FAA ordered that airplane cockpits be reinforced to prevent terrorists gaining control of planes, and assigned [[sky marshals]] to flights. Further, the [[Aviation and Transportation Security Act]] made the federal government, rather than airports, responsible for [[airport security]]. The law created the [[Transportation Security Administration]] to inspect passengers and luggage, causing long delays and concern over passenger privacy.<ref name='Modern World History'>{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger |title=Modern World History |chapter=20 |publisher=[[Holt McDougal]] |year=2004 |pages=657–8 |isbn=978-0-618-69012-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfSPAAAACAAJ}}</ref> After suspected abuses of the USA Patriot Act were brought to light in June 2013 with articles about collection of American call records by the [[National Security Agency|NSA]] and the [[PRISM (surveillance program)|PRISM]] program (see [[2013 mass surveillance disclosures]]), Representative [[Sensenbrenner|Jim Sensenbrenner]], Republican of [[Wisconsin]], who introduced the Patriot Act in 2001, said that the National Security Agency overstepped its bounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/07/opinion/president-obamas-dragnet.html|title=President Obama's Dragnet|date=June 6, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sensenbrenner.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=337001|title=Author of Patriot Act: FBI's FISA Order is Abuse of Patriot Act|date=June 6, 2013|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610061511/http://sensenbrenner.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=337001|archivedate=June 10, 2013}}</ref>
==Investigations==
===FBI===
Immediately after the attacks, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] started [[PENTTBOM]], the largest criminal inquiry in the history of the United States. At its height, more than half of the FBI's agents worked on the investigation and followed a half-million leads.<ref name='Pentbomb'>{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/famous-cases/9-11-investigation/9-11-investigation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010030053/http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/famous-cases/9-11-investigation/9-11-investigation |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 10, 2010 |title=9/11 Investigation (PENTTBOM) |accessdate=April 11, 2012 |publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]}}</ref> The FBI concluded that there was "clear and irrefutable" evidence linking al-Qaeda and bin Laden to the attacks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Testimony of Dale L. Watson, Executive Assistant Director, Counterterrorism/Counterintelligence Division, FBI Before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence|date=February 6, 2002|url=https://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress02/watson020602.htm |publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]|accessdate=September 4, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410013616/http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress02/watson020602.htm |archivedate=April 10, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Mohamed Atta.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A head shot of a man in his thirties looking expressionless toward the camera|[[Mohamed Atta]], an Egyptian national, was the ringleader of the hijackers.]]
The FBI was quickly able to identify the hijackers, including leader Mohamed Atta, when his luggage was discovered at Boston's Logan Airport. Atta had been forced to check two of his three bags due to space limitations on the 19-seat commuter flight he took to Boston. Due to a new policy instituted to prevent flight delays, the luggage failed to make it aboard American Airlines Flight 11 as planned. The luggage contained the hijackers' names, assignments, and al-Qaeda connections. "It had all these Arab-language {{sic}} papers that amounted to the Rosetta stone of the investigation", said one FBI agent.<ref name="Unraveling 9-11 Was in the Bags">{{cite news | title = Unraveling 9–11 Was in the Bags | date = February 6, 2009 | url = http://www.securityinfowatch.com/news/10555883/unraveling-9-11-was-in-the-bags |work=Newsday |accessdate=April 11, 2012}}</ref> Within hours of the attacks, the FBI released the names and in many cases the personal details of the suspected pilots and hijackers.<ref>{{cite book|title=Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terrorism |last=Clarke |first=Richard A. |year=2004 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7432-6823-3 |pages=13–14|title-link=Against All Enemies }}</ref><ref name=nineteen>{{cite web|title=FBI Announces List of 19 Hijackers|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/fbi-announces-list-of-19-hijackers|publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation|accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> On September 27, 2001, they released photos of all 19 hijackers, along with information about possible nationalities and aliases.<ref>{{cite web|title=The FBI Releases 19 Photographs of Individuals Believed to be the Hijackers of the Four Airliners that Crashed on September 11, 2001|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/the-fbi-releases-19-photographs-of-individuals-believed-to-be-the-hijackers|publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation|accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> Fifteen of the men were from Saudi Arabia, two from the [[United Arab Emirates]], one from Egypt, and one from Lebanon.<ref>{{cite news|last=Johnston|first=David|title=TWO YEARS LATER: 9/11 TACTICS; Official Says Qaeda Recruited Saudi Hijackers to Strain Ties|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/09/us/two-years-later-9-11-tactics-official-says-qaeda-recruited-saudi-hijackers.html|accessdate=September 4, 2011 |newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 9, 2003}}</ref>
By midday, the U.S. National Security Agency and German intelligence agencies had intercepted communications pointing to Osama bin Laden.<ref>{{cite news |title=Piece by piece, the jigsaw of terror revealed |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/piece-by-piece-the-jigsaw-of-terror-revealed-671334.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015065134/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/piece-by-piece-the-jigsaw-of-terror-revealed-671334.html|archivedate=October 15, 2009|accessdate=September 4, 2011 |newspaper=The Independent|date=September 30, 2001 |location=London}}</ref> Two of the hijackers were known to have travelled with a bin Laden associate to Malaysia in 2000<ref>[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/sept11/911Report.pdf 9/11 Commission Report] pp. 266–272</ref> and hijacker [[Mohammed Atta]] had previously gone to [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121109021924/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1000987-2%2C00.html The Manhunt Goes Global] Time magazine October 15, 2001</ref> He and others were part of a terrorist cell in Hamburg.<ref>{{cite news |first1=John |last1=Tagliabue |last2=Bonner |first2=Raymond |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/29/world/nation-challenged-german-intelligence-german-data-led-us-search-for-more-suicide.html|title=A Nation challenged: German Intelligence; German Data Led U.S. to Search For More Suicide Hijacker Teams |work=The New York Times |date=September 29, 2001 |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> One of the members of the [[Hamburg cell]] was discovered to have been in communication with [[Khalid Sheik Mohammed]] who was identified as a member of [[al-Qaeda]].<ref>[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/sept11/911Report.pdf 9/11 Commission Report] pp. 276–277</ref>
Authorities in the United States and Britain also obtained electronic intercepts, including telephone conversations and electronic bank transfers, which indicate that [[Mohammed Atef]], a bin Laden deputy, was a key figure in the planning of the 9/11 attacks. Intercepts were also obtained that revealed conversations that took place days before September 11 between bin Laden and an associate in [[Pakistan]]. In those conversations, the two referred to "an incident that would take place in America on, or around, September 11" and they discussed potential repercussions. In another conversation with an associate in [[Afghanistan]], bin Laden discussed the "scale and effects of a forthcoming operation." These conversations did not specifically mention the World Trade Center or Pentagon, or other specifics.<ref>{{cite news |title=The proof they did not reveal |work=Sunday Times |date=October 7, 2001|url=http://www.sunday-times.co.uk/news/pages/sti/2001/10/07/stiusausa02012.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011116020322/http://www.sunday-times.co.uk/news/pages/sti/2001/10/07/stiusausa02012.html|archivedate=November 16, 2001}}</ref>
{{Bar chart
| title = Origins of [[Hijackers in the September 11 attacks|the 19 hijackers]]
| label_type = Nationality
| data_type = Number
| bar_width = 20
| width_units = em
| data_max = 19
| label1 = Saudi Arabia
| data1 = 15
| label2 = United Arab Emirates
| data2 = 2
| label3 = Egypt
| data3 = 1
| label4 = Lebanon
| data4 = 1
}}
The FBI did not record the 2,977 deaths from the attacks in their annual violent crime index for 2001. In a disclaimer, the FBI stated that "the number of deaths is so great that combining it with the traditional crime statistics will have an [[outlier]] effect that falsely [[skewness|skews]] all types of measurements in the program's analyses."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2001/toc01.pdf|title=Crime in the United States 2001|publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]|date=October 28, 2002|page=2|access-date=September 12, 2018}}</ref> New York City also did not include the deaths in their annual crime statistics for 2001.<ref name="HuffPost story">{{cite news|last=Hanrahan|first=Mark|title=Henryk Siwiak, Shot To Death On September 11th: Case Remains Unsolved|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/08/911-only-homicide-unsolved_n_953864.html|newspaper=[[Huffington Post]]|date=September 8, 2011|accessdate=September 6, 2016}}</ref>
===CIA===
The Inspector General of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) conducted an internal review of the agency's pre-9/11 performance and was harshly critical of senior CIA officials for not doing everything possible to confront terrorism. He criticized their failure to stop two of the 9/11 hijackers, Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar, as they entered the United States and their failure to share information on the two men with the FBI.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/deep-background/|title=Deep Background |publisher=American Conservative| date=April 1, 2005 |accessdate=April 11, 2012}}</ref> In May 2007, senators from both major U.S. political parties drafted legislation to make the review public. One of the backers, Senator [[Ron Wyden]] said, "The American people have a right to know what the Central Intelligence Agency was doing in those critical months before 9/11."<ref>{{cite news|first=Katherine |last=Shrader |title=Senators Want CIA to Release 9/11 Report |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2007/05/17/national/w131436D49.DTL |work=San Francisco Chronicle |agency=Associated Press |date=May 17, 2007 |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017005618/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2007%2F05%2F17%2Fnational%2Fw131436D49.DTL |archivedate=October 17, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Congressional inquiry===
{{Main|Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001}}
In February 2002, the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] and the [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] formed a joint inquiry into the performance of the [[U.S. Intelligence Community]].<ref>[http://www.intelligence.senate.gov/press/record.cfm?id=263577 Press Release of Intelligence Committee], Senate and House Intelligence Committees Announce Joint Inquiry into the September 11 Terrorist Attacks, February 14, 2002.</ref> Their 832-page report released in December 2002<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gpoaccess.gov/serialset/creports/911.html |title=Congressional Reports: Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001 |accessdate=August 10, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807204747/http://www.gpoaccess.gov//serialset/creports/911.html |archivedate=August 7, 2010}}</ref> detailed failings of the FBI and CIA to use available information, including about terrorists the CIA knew were in the United States, in order to disrupt the plots.<ref name=Theoharis1>Athan G. Theoharis, editor, ''The Central Intelligence Agency: Security Under Scrutiny'', [[Greenwood Publishing Group]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=-nj4RLdHCU0C&pg=PA223 p. 222-224], 2006, {{ISBN|0-313-33282-7}}</ref> The joint inquiry developed its information about possible involvement of Saudi Arabian government officials from non-classified sources.<ref name=McClatchydc>Ali Watkins, [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/08/12/199122_senate-intelligence-panel-could.html?rh=1 Senate intelligence panel could seek to declassify documents; it just doesn't] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903123631/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/08/12/199122_senate-intelligence-panel-could.html|date=September 3, 2014 }}, [[The McClatchy Company|McClatchy Washington Bureau]], August 12, 2013.</ref> Nevertheless, the Bush administration demanded 28 related pages remain classified.<ref name=Theoharis1 /> In December 2002, the inquiry's chair [[Bob Graham]] (D-FL) revealed in an interview that there was "evidence that there were foreign governments involved in facilitating the activities of at least some of the terrorists in the United States."<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics-july-dec02-intelligence_12-11/ Improving Intelligence], [[PBS]] interview with Sen. Bob Graham, December 11, 2002.</ref> September 11 victim families were frustrated by the unanswered questions and redacted material from the Congressional inquiry and demanded an independent commission.<ref name=Theoharis1 /> September 11 victim families,<ref>Chris Mondics, [http://articles.philly.com/2014-03-31/business/48708504_1_osama-president-obama-law-firm Struggling to detail alleged Saudi role in 9/11 attacks], [[Philadelphia Inquirer]], March 31, 2014.</ref> members of congress<ref>Paul Sperry, [https://nypost.com/2013/12/15/inside-the-saudi-911-coverup/ Inside the Saudi 9/11 coverup], [[New York Post]], December 15, 2013.</ref><ref>[https://jones.house.gov/sites/jones.house.gov/files/Reps.%20Jones%20and%20Lynch%20Letter%20to%20Obama_28%20Pages.pdf April 10, 2014 Letter to Barack Obama], signed by Representatives [[Walter B. Jones Jr.]] and [[Stephen Lynch (politician)|Stephen Lynch]].</ref> and the Saudi Arabian government are still seeking release of the documents.<ref>[[Jake Tapper]], [http://thelead.blogs.cnn.com/2014/09/08/why-hasnt-obama-kept-promise-to-declassify-28-pages-about-911 Why hasn't Obama kept promise to declassify 28 pages of a report about 9/11?"], [[CNN]], September 8, 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | title=The Twenty-Eight Pages | magazine=[[The New Yorker]] | first=Lawrence | last=Wright | url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/twenty-eight-pages | date=September 9, 2014 | access-date=August 30, 2019}}</ref> In June 2016, CIA chief [[John O. Brennan|John Brennan]] says that he believes 28 redacted pages of a congressional inquiry into 9/11 will soon be made public, and that they will prove that the government of Saudi Arabia had no involvement in the September 11 attacks.<ref>Euan McKirdy, [http://edition.cnn.com/2016/06/12/politics/cia-john-brennan-saudi-arabia-9-11/], [[CNN]], June 14, 2016.</ref>
In September 2016, the Congress passed the [[Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act]] that would allow relatives of victims of the September 11 attacks to sue [[Saudi Arabia]] for its government's [[Alleged Saudi role in September 11 attacks|alleged role in the attacks]].<ref>"[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2016/09/23/obama-veto-terrorism-lawsuit-bill-setting-up-override-battle/90407496/ Why Obama doesn't want 9/11 families suing Saudi Arabia]". ''[[USA Today]]''. September 23, 2016.</ref><ref>"[http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/saudi-arabia-warns-750b-response-9-11-liability-suit-article-1.2603675 Saudi Arabia threatens to pull $750B from U.S. economy if Congress allows them to be sued for 9/11 terror attacks]". ''Daily News'' (New York). April 16, 2016.</ref><ref>"[http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/saudi-government-didn-fund-terrorists-obama-aide-article-1.2605678 Mayor de Blasio joins Democrats in calling on President Obama to go after Saudi Arabia on 9/11 ties]". ''Daily News'' (New York). April 19, 2016.</ref>
===9/11 Commission===
{{Main|9/11 Commission|9/11 Commission Report|Criticism of the 9/11 Commission}}
The ''National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States'' (9/11 Commission), chaired by [[Thomas Kean]] and [[Lee H. Hamilton]], was formed in late 2002 to prepare a thorough account of the circumstances surrounding the attacks, including preparedness for and the immediate response to the attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/about/bio_kean.htm|title=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States|publisher=govinfo.library.unt.edu|accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> On July 22, 2004, the Commission issued the ''[[9/11 Commission Report]]''. The report detailed the events of 9/11, found the attacks were carried out by members of al-Qaeda, and examined how security and intelligence agencies were inadequately coordinated to prevent the attacks. Formed from an independent bipartisan group of mostly former Senators, Representatives, and Governors, the commissioners explained, "We believe the 9/11 attacks revealed four kinds of failures: in imagination, policy, capabilities, and management".<ref>{{cite web|title=Foresight-and Hindsight|url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch11.htm|publisher=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States|accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> The Commission made numerous recommendations on how to prevent future attacks, and in 2011 was dismayed that several of its recommendations had yet to be implemented.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bennett|first=Brian|title=Post-9/11 assessment sees major security gaps|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/30/nation/la-na-911-report-card-20110831|accessdate=September 4, 2011 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=August 30, 2011}}</ref>
===National Institute of Standards and Technology===
{{Main|The NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation}}
{{See also|7 World Trade Center#9/11 and collapse}}
[[File:WTC-Wreckage-exterior shell of south tower.jpg|thumb|right|The exterior support columns from the lower level of the South Tower remain standing after the collapse of the building.]]
The U.S. [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] (NIST) investigated the collapses of the Twin Towers and 7 WTC. The investigations examined why the buildings collapsed and what fire protection measures were in place, and evaluated how fire protection systems might be improved in future construction.<ref name="NISTInvest">{{cite web|title=NIST's World Trade Center Investigation |url=https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/factsheet/nist_investigation_911.cfm|website=National Institute of Standards and Technology |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce |date=December 14, 2007 |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> The investigation into the collapse of 1 WTC and 2 WTC was concluded in October 2005 and that of 7 WTC was completed in August 2008.<ref name=seven>{{cite web|title=NIST WTC 7 Investigation Finds Building Fires Caused Collapse |url=https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/wtc-082108.cfm|publisher=The National Institute of Standards and Technology|accessdate=September 4, 2011|date=August 21, 2008}}</ref>
NIST found that the fireproofing on the Twin Towers' steel infrastructures was blown off by the initial impact of the planes and that, had this not occurred, the towers likely would have remained standing.<ref name="NISTCollapse">{{cite book|author=National Construction Safety Team |chapter-url=https://www.nist.gov/customcf/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=909017 |title=Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers |work=National Institute of Standards and Technology|publisher=United States Department of Commerce |chapter=Executive Summary |date=September 2005| accessdate=April 10, 2011 |chapter-format=PDF}}</ref> A 2007 study of the north tower's collapse published by researchers of [[Purdue University]] determined that, since the plane's impact had stripped off much of the structure's thermal insulation, the heat from a typical office fire would have softened and weakened the exposed girders and columns enough to initiate the collapse regardless of the number of columns cut or damaged by the impact.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Irfanoglu |first1=A.|last2=Hoffmann |first2=C. M.|doi=10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2008)22:1(62)|title=Engineering Perspective of the Collapse of WTC-I|journal=Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities|volume=22|page=62|year=2008|quote=As the aircraft debris went through several stories in the tower, much of the thermal insulation on the core columns would have been scoured off. Under such conditions, the ensuing fire would be sufficient to cause instability and initiate collapse. From an engineering perspective, impact damage to the core structure had a negligible effect on the critical thermal load required to initiate collapse in the core structure.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Purdue creates scientifically based animation of 9/11 attack|last=Tally|first=Steve|publisher=Purdue News Service|url=http://news.uns.purdue.edu/x/2007a/070612HoffmannWTC.html|date=June 12, 2007|accessdate=September 4, 2011|quote=The aircraft moved through the building as if it were a hot and fast lava flow", Sozen says. "Consequently, much of the fireproofing insulation was ripped off the structure. Even if all of the columns and girders had survived the impact – an unlikely event – the structure would fail as the result of a buckling of the columns. The heat from an ordinary office fire would suffice to soften and weaken the unprotected steel. Evaluation of the effects of the fire on the core column structure, with the insulation removed by the impact, showed that collapse would follow whatever the number of columns cut at the time of the impact.}}</ref>
The director of the original investigation stated that "the towers really did amazingly well. The terrorist aircraft didn't bring the buildings down; it was the fire which followed. It was proven that you could take out two-thirds of the columns in a tower and the building would still stand."<ref name="TerrorProof">{{cite web|title=Building a Terror-Proof Skyscraper: Experts Debate Feasibility, Options |first=Pete |last=Sigmund |url=http://www.constructionequipmentguide.com/Building-a-Terror-Proof-Skyscraper-Experts-Debate-Feasibility-Options/2598/ |accessdate=April 11, 2012 |date=September 25, 2002}}</ref> The fires weakened the trusses supporting the floors, making the floors sag. The sagging floors pulled on the exterior steel columns causing the exterior columns to bow inward. With the damage to the core columns, the buckling exterior columns could no longer support the buildings, causing them to collapse. Additionally, the report found the towers' stairwells were not adequately reinforced to provide adequate [[Fire escape|emergency escape]] for people above the impact zones.<ref name="NIST">{{cite web|title=Translating WTC Recommendations into Model Building Codes|publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology|url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NIBS_MMC/CodeChangeProposals.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310004023/http://wtc.nist.gov/NIBS_MMC/CodeChangeProposals.htm|archivedate=March 10, 2011|accessdate=September 4, 2011 |date=October 25, 2007}}</ref> NIST concluded that uncontrolled fires in 7 WTC caused floor beams and girders to heat and subsequently "caused a critical support column to fail, initiating a fire-induced progressive collapse that brought the building down".<ref name=seven />
===Alleged Saudi role===
{{Main|Alleged Saudi role in September 11 attacks|Saudi Arabia–United States relations|Saudi Arabia and state-sponsored terrorism}}
In July 2016, the Obama administration released a document, compiled by US investigators Dana Lesemann and Michael Jacobson, known as "File 17",<ref>{{cite news |title=Saudi diplomats ‘links to 9/11 attackers’ |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/saudi-diplomats-linked-to-9-11-plot-9hgrfjhbm |work=The Week |date=April 20, 2016}}</ref> which contains a list naming three dozen people, including the suspected [[General Intelligence Presidency|Saudi intelligence]] officers attached to Saudi Arabia's embassy in Washington, D.C.,<ref>{{cite news |title=US to reveal Saudi official allegedly tied to 9/11 attackers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/reveal-saudi-official-allegedly-tied-911-attackers-190913011926350.html |work=Al-Jazeera |date=13 September 2019}}</ref> which connects Saudi Arabia to the hijackers.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Riechmann|first1=Deb|title=File 17 Is Glimpse Into Still-Secret 28 Pages About 9/11|url=https://apnews.com/fe56c5d224a8463aa7cfc6ccf4689122 |work=Associated Press |date=July 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CIA and Saudi Arabia Conspired to Keep 9/11 Details Secret, New Book Says |url=https://www.newsweek.com/cia-and-saudi-arabia-conspired-keep-911-details-secret-new-book-says-1091935 |work=Newsweek |date=August 28, 2018}}</ref>
==Rebuilding==
{{Main|Construction of One World Trade Center|World Trade Center site|World Trade Center (2001–present)}}
[[File:OneWorldTradeCenter.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Rebuilt One World Trade Center nearing completion in July 2013]]
On the day of the attacks, New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani stated: "We will rebuild. We're going to come out of this stronger than before, politically stronger, economically stronger. The skyline will be made whole again."<ref>{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Tess |url=http://www.architectureweek.com/2001/0926/today.html |title=Rebuilding in New York |date=September 26, 2001 |work=Architecture Week |issue=68 |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511012010/http://www.architectureweek.com/2001/0926/today.html |archive-date=May 11, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The damaged section of the Pentagon was rebuilt and occupied within a year of the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|last=Oglesby |first=Christy |title=Phoenix rises: Pentagon honors 'hard-hat patriots' |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/09/11/ar911.memorial.pentagon/ |publisher=CNN |date=September 11, 2002 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041218040531/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/09/11/ar911.memorial.pentagon/ |archivedate=December 18, 2004 |accessdate=May 29, 2014}}</ref> The temporary [[World Trade Center (PATH station)|World Trade Center PATH station]] opened in late 2003 and construction of the new 7 World Trade Center was completed in 2006. Work on rebuilding the main World Trade Center site was delayed until late 2006 when leaseholder [[Larry Silverstein]] and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey agreed on financing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/22/nyregion/nyregionspecial3/22rebuild.html |title=An Agreement Is Formalized on Rebuilding at Ground Zero |work=The New York Times |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=September 22, 2006|accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> The construction of [[One World Trade Center]] began on April 27, 2006, and reached its full height on May 20, 2013. The spire was installed atop the building at that date, putting 1 WTC's height at 1,776 feet (541 m) and thus claiming the title of the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/1-wtc-spire-bringing-full-height-article-1.1340224|title=One World Trade Center gets spire, bringing it to its full 1,776-foot height|last=Badia|first=Erik|date=May 10, 2013|work=New York Daily News website|access-date=January 12, 2015|last2=Sit|first2=Ryan}}</ref> One WTC finished construction and opened on November 3, 2014.<ref name="MooreOneWTC" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/3553897/one-world-trade-center-freedom-tower-opens-doors-new-york-city-911/|title=One World Trade Center Opens Its Doors|last=Iyengar|first=Rishi|date=November 3, 2014|work=Time|access-date=January 12, 2015}}</ref>
On the World Trade Center site, three more office towers were to be built one block east of where the original towers stood.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lower Manhattan: Current Construction |url=http://www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914070256/http://www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/|archivedate=September 14, 2011|publisher=Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center|accessdate=September 8, 2011}}</ref> 4 WTC, meanwhile, opened in November 2013, making it the second tower on the site to open behind 7 World Trade Center, as well as the first building on the Port Authority property.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-11-12/world-trade-center-tower-debuts-in-manhattan-leasing-test|title=NYC's World Trade Tower Opens 40% Empty in Revival|date=November 12, 2013|website=Bloomberg.com|accessdate=October 5, 2015}}</ref> 3 WTC opened on June 11, 2018, becoming the fourth skyscraper at the site to be completed.<ref name=USAToday-3WTCOpens-2018>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/06/10/3-world-trade-center-open-after-years-delays-twin-towers-site/689035002/|title=New World Trade Center to open after years of delays|date=2018-06-10|website=USA TODAY|access-date=2018-06-11}}</ref> On the 16th anniversary of the 9/11 attacks, a writer for ''[[Curbed New York]]'' said that although "there is a World Trade Center again", it was not finished, as 2 and 5 WTC did not have definite completion dates, among other things.<ref>{{cite web | last=Bindelglass | first=Evan | title=The status of the World Trade Center complex, 16 years later | website=Curbed NY | date=September 11, 2017 | url=https://ny.curbed.com/2017/9/11/16284798/world-trade-center-nyc-construction-update | access-date=January 11, 2018}}</ref>
==Memorials==
{{Main|Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks}}
In the days immediately following the attacks, many memorials and vigils were held around the world, and photographs of the dead and missing were posted around [[World Trade Center site|Ground Zero]]. A witness described being unable to "get away from faces of innocent victims who were killed. Their pictures are everywhere, on phone booths, street lights, walls of subway stations. Everything reminded me of a huge funeral, people quiet and sad, but also very nice. Before, New York gave me a cold feeling; now people were reaching out to help each other."<ref>{{cite web|last=Sigmund|first=Pete|title=Crews Assist Rescuers in Massive WTC Search|url=http://www.constructionequipmentguide.com/Crews-Assist-Rescuers-in-Massive-WTC-Search/1531/|publisher=Construction Equipment Guide|accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref>
[[File:September 11th Tribute in Light from Bayonne, New Jersey.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Tribute in Light]]'' on September 11, 2014, the thirteenth anniversary of the attacks, seen from [[Bayonne, New Jersey]]. The tallest building in the picture is the new One World Trade Center.]]
One of the first memorials was the ''[[Tribute in Light]]'', an installation of 88 searchlights at the footprints of the World Trade Center towers.<ref>{{cite news| title = Tribute in light to New York victims|publisher=BBC News Online|date=March 6, 2002|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1857699.stm|accessdate=April 1, 2012}}</ref> In New York City, the [[World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition]] was held to design an appropriate memorial on the site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wtcsitememorial.org/about.html |title=About the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |publisher=World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition}}</ref> The winning design, ''[[National September 11 Memorial & Museum|Reflecting Absence]]'', was selected in August 2006, and consists of a pair of reflecting pools in the footprints of the towers, surrounded by a list of the victims' names in an underground memorial space.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=WTC Memorial Construction Begins|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=March 6, 2006|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/03/13/national/main1393070.shtml|accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> The memorial was completed on September 11, 2011;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/remembering-9-11/place-of-remembrance/ |title=A Place of Remembrance |website=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |year=2011 |accessdate=November 5, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105175631/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/remembering-9-11/place-of-remembrance/ |archivedate=November 5, 2014 }}</ref> a museum also opened on site on May 21, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myfoxny.com/story/25574078/national-september-11-memorial-museum-opens |title=National September 11 Memorial Museum opens |website=Fox NY |date=May 21, 2014 |accessdate=May 21, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521194934/http://www.myfoxny.com/story/25574078/national-september-11-memorial-museum-opens |archivedate=May 21, 2014 }}</ref>
In Arlington County, the [[Pentagon Memorial]] was completed and opened to the public on the seventh anniversary of the attacks in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|first=Nick |last=Miroff |title=Creating a Place Like No Other |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/10/AR2008091000018.html |work=The Washington Post |date=September 11, 2008 |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Nick |last=Miroff |title=A Long-Awaited Opening, Bringing Closure to Many |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/11/AR2008091100579.html |work=The Washington Post |date=September 12, 2008| accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> It consists of a landscaped park with 184 benches facing the Pentagon.<ref name="dwyer-may2007">{{cite news|last=Dwyer |first=Timothy |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/25/AR2007052502284.html| title=Pentagon Memorial Progress Is Step Forward for Families| date=May 26, 2007|work=The Washington Post| accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> When the Pentagon was repaired in 2001–2002, a private chapel and indoor memorial were included, located at the spot where Flight 77 crashed into the building.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/photos/newsphoto.aspx?newsphotoid=4018 |title=DefenseLINK News Photos – Pentagon's America's Heroes Memorial |publisher=Department of Defense |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130081905/http://www.defenselink.mil/photos/newsphoto.aspx?newsphotoid=4018 |archivedate=November 30, 2009 }}</ref>
In Shanksville, a concrete and glass visitor center was opened on September 10, 2015,<ref name=opendates>{{Cite web |title=Flight 93 National Memorial – Sources and Detailed Information |website=nps.gov |publisher=National Park Service |date=n.d. |url=https://www.nps.gov/flni/learn/historyculture/sources-and-detailed-information.htm |accessdate=January 31, 2017 |quote=13. When will the Memorial be finished?}}</ref> situated on a hill overlooking the crash site and the white marble ''Wall of Names''.<ref name=npsfaqs>{{Cite web |title=Flight 93 National Memorial – Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) |website=nps.gov |publisher=National Park Service |date=May 2013 |pages=22–23 |url=https://www.nps.gov/flni/historyculture/upload/FAQs_longform_formatted_5-2013.pdf |accessdate=January 31, 2017}}</ref> An observation platform at the visitor center and the white marble wall are both aligned beneath the path of Flight 93.<ref name=npsfaqs/><ref name=longroad>{{Cite news |title=A Long Road to a Place of Peace for Flight 93 Families |work=The New York Times |date=September 9, 2015 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/09/us/a-long-road-to-a-place-of-peace-for-flight-93-families.html |accessdate=September 9, 2015}}</ref> A temporary memorial is located {{convert|500|yd|0}} from the crash site.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/flni|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411125737/http://www.nps.gov/flni|archivedate=April 11, 2008 |title=Flight 93 Memorial Project |publisher=Flight 93 Memorial Project / National Park Service |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> New York City firefighters donated a cross made of steel from the World Trade Center and mounted on top of a platform shaped like the Pentagon.<ref name='ap2008-08-24'>{{cite news |last=Nephin|first=Dan |title = Steel cross goes up near flight's 9/11 Pa. crash site |date = August 24, 2008 |agency = Associated Press |url =http://global.christianpost.com/news/steel-cross-installed-near-flight-93-site-in-pa-33978/ |accessdate=September 5, 2011}}</ref> It was installed outside the firehouse on August 25, 2008.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gaskell |first=Stephanie|title=Pa. site of 9/11 crash gets WTC beam |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/05/us/05memorial.html|date=August 25, 2008|work=Daily News|location=New York|accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> Many other permanent memorials are elsewhere. Scholarships and charities have been established by the victims' families, and by many other organizations and private figures.<ref>{{cite news|last=Fessenden|first=Ford |title=9/11; After the World Gave: Where $2 Billion in Kindness Ended Up|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/18/giving/9-11-after-the-world-gave-where-2-billion-in-kindness-ended-up.html|work=The New York Times|date=November 18, 2002|accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref>
On every anniversary, in New York City, the names of the victims who died there are read out against a background of somber music. The President of the United States attends a memorial service at the Pentagon,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/11/at-a-memorial-ceremony-loss-and-tension/?hp |work=The New York Times |title=At a Memorial Ceremony, Loss and Tension |first=Andy |last=Newman |date=September 11, 2010}}</ref> and asks Americans to observe [[Patriot Day]] with a moment of silence. Smaller services are held in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, which are usually attended by the President's spouse.
{{clear}}
==See also==
{{Wikipedia books|September 11 attacks}}
* [[Alleged Saudi role in September 11 attacks]]
* [[Bojinka plot]] – plot by [[Ramzi Yousef]] and [[Khalid Shaikh Mohammed]], foiled in 1995, to attack multiple airliners and crash a plane into the CIA headquarters
* [[Federal Express Flight 705]] – 1994 cockpit attack
* [[1993 World Trade Center bombing]] - terrorist bombing orchestrated by Yousef intending to cause a collapse of the WTC
* [[Air France Flight 8969]] – a plane hijacked by terrorists intended to be crashed into the [[Eiffel Tower]]
* [[Outline of the September 11 attacks]]
* [[List of major terrorist incidents]]
* [[Deaths in September 2001#11|List of deaths on September 11, 2001]]
* [[September 11th Victim Compensation Fund]]
* [[Terrorism in the United States]]
* [[List of attacks on U.S. territory]]
* [[The 28 pages]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|25em}}
===Bibliography{{anchor|Sources}}===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite report |chapter-url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch1.pdf|title=9/11 Commission Report|chapter=Chapter 1.1: 'We Have Some Planes': Inside the Four Flights|year=2004|publisher=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States|accessdate=March 18, 2016 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|title=Unity of Purpose/Unity of effort: Private-Sector Preparedness in Times of Terror |journal=Disaster Prevention & Management |last1=Alavosius |first1=Mark P. |last2=Rodriquez |first2=Nischal J. |year=2005 |volume=14 |doi=10.1108/09653560510634098 | issue=5|page=666 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ntsb.gov/about/Documents/AAL77_fdr.pdf|title=American Airlines Flight 77 FDR Report |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |date=January 31, 2002 |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite report |last=Averill|first=Jason D.|url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NCSTAR1/PDF/NCSTAR%201-7.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509033658/http://wtc.nist.gov/NCSTAR1/PDF/NCSTAR%201-7.pdf |archivedate=May 9, 2009 |title=Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) |year=2005| accessdate=September 2, 2011 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Bergen|first=Peter L.|title=Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama Bin Laden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sRhZDrJb0zgC&pg=PP1|year=2001|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-3467-2|accessdate=March 18, 2016 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Bergen |first=Peter |title=The Osama Bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of Al Qaeda's Leader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XkM92XMlQ4C&pg=PP1|year=2006|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-9592-5|accessdate=March 18, 2016 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |first=Brad|last=Berner|title=The World According to Al Qaeda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smP3gFyQpXQC&pg=PP1|year=2007|publisher=Peacock Books|isbn=978-81-248-0114-7|accessdate=March 18, 2016 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Clarke|first1=Richard|title=Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror|year=2004|publisher=Free Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7432-6024-4|url=https://archive.org/details/againstallenemie00clar |url-access=registration|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dwyer |first1=Jim |last2=Flynn |first2=Kevin |title=102 Minutes |publisher=Times Books |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ctk6LxDDR8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage |isbn=978-0-8050-7682-0 |accessdate=March 18, 2016 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite report |url=https://www.nist.gov/customcf/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=861610 |title=Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center Building 7 |date=November 2008 |publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] |accessdate=April 11, 2012 |format=PDF |ref={{harvid|''Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center Building 7''|2008}}}}
* {{cite web |title=Flight Path Study – American Airlines Flight 77 |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc02.pdf|date=February 19, 2002 |publisher=[[National Transportation Safety Board]] |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fouda |first1=Yosri |last2=Fielding |first2=Nick|title=Masterminds of Terror: The Truth Behind the Most Devastating Terrorist Attack the World Has Ever Seen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IASlEi7rogIC&pg=PP1|year=2004|publisher=Arcade Publishing|isbn=978-1-55970-717-6|accessdate=March 18, 2016 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Alfred |last2=Papadopoulos |first2=Sarandis |last3=Putney |first3=Diane |last4=Berlage |first4=Nancy |last5=Welch |first5=Rebecca |display-authors=1 |title=Pentagon 9/11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfhI5oc41sMC&pg=PP1|year=2007|publisher=Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-16-078328-9 |accessdate=March 18, 2016 |ref={{harvid|Goldberg et al.|2007}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Gunaratna|first=Ronan |title=Inside Al Qaeda: global network of terror|url=https://archive.org/details/insidealqaedaglo00guna|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12692-2 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Holmes|first=Stephen|title=Making sense of suicide missions|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eciSejVv-YoC&pg=PP1#v=onepage
|isbn=978-0-19-929797-9|editor=Diego Gambetta|chapter=Al Qaeda, September 11, 2001|accessdate=March 18, 2016 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |title=The Al Qaeda reader |first1=Raymond |last1=Ibrahim |last2=bin Laden |first2=Osama|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ne5JZYf-dlkC&pg=PR2|year=2007|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-385-51655-6|accessdate=March 18, 2016 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Javorsek II|first1=Daniel|last2=Rose|first2=John|last3=Marshall|first3=Christopher|last4=Leitner|first4=Peter|title=A Formal Risk-Effectiveness Analysis Proposal for the Compartmentalized Intelligence Security Structure|journal=International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence|date=August 5, 2015|volume=28|issue=4|pages=734–761|doi=10.1080/08850607.2015.1051830|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Jessee|first1=Devin|title=Tactical Means, Strategic Ends: Al Qaeda's Use of Denial and Deception|journal=International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence|year=2006|volume=18|issue=3|pages=367–388|doi=10.1080/09546550600751941|url=http://web.international.ucla.edu/media/files/FTPV_A_175157_P.pdf |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |first=Christopher|last=Kelley|title=Executing the Constitution: putting the president back into the Constitution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgzmexCI734C&pg=PP1|year=2006|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6727-5|accessdate=March 18, 2016 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Keppel |first1=Gilles |last2=Milelli |first2=Jean-Pierre |last3=Ghazaleh |first3=Pascale|title=Al Qaeda in its own words|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674028043|url-access=registration |year= 2008|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02804-3|accessdate=March 18, 2016 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Lawrence |first=Bruce |title=Messages to the world: the statements of Osama Bin Laden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_fRlEZoaioC&pg=PP1 |accessdate=May 29, 2014 |year=2005|publisher=Verso|isbn=978-1-84467-045-1 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Second Edition|first=Gus|last=Martin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_jh4VBi_HYC&pg=PP1| year=2011|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-1-4129-8017-3|accessdate=March 18, 2016 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=McDermott|first=Terry|title=Perfect Soldiers: The 9/11 Hijackers|year=2005 |publisher=HarperCollins|pages=191–192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Oufo58esZAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage|isbn=978-0-06-058470-2 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web|url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/fdny/html/mck_report/toc.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603212555/http://home2.nyc.gov/html/fdny/html/mck_report/toc.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 3, 2010 |title=McKinsey Report|publisher=FDNY / McKinsey & Company |date=August 9, 2002 |accessdate=September 25, 2011 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |title=The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy|first=John J.|last=Mearsheimer|publisher=Macmillan|year=2007|isbn=978-0-374-17772-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIrFUBs7G6kC |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |title=Osama Bin Laden|first=Suzanne|last=Murdico|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SSHiERbJuKMC&pg=PP1|publisher=Rosen Publishing Group|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8239-4467-5 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/build03/PDF/b03017.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721055255/http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/build03/PDF/b03017.pdf |archivedate=July 21, 2011 |title=The Pentagon Building Performance Report |publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) |date=January 2003 |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Summers |first1=Anthony |last2=Swan |first2=Robbyn |title=The Eleventh Day: The Full Story of 9/11 and Osama Bin Laden|year=2011|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ|url-access=registration |isbn=978-1-4000-6659-9|accessdate=March 18, 2016 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Sunder|first=Shyam S.|title=Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers|publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)|year=2005|url=https://www.nist.gov/manuscript-publication-search.cfm?pub_id=909017|accessdate=September 2, 2011 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch6.pdf |title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study – Bankers Trust Building |date=May 2002 |publisher=FEMA |accessdate=July 12, 2007 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch7.pdf|title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study – Peripheral Buildings |date=May 2002 |publisher=FEMA |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web|year = 2002 |url = http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch5.pdf|title = World Trade Center Building Performance Study|website = Ch. 5 WTC 7 – section 5.5.4|publisher = Federal Emergency Management Agency |accessdate=September 2, 2011 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |title=The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 |last=Wright|first=Lawrence |year=2006 |publisher=Knopf |url=https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig|url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-375-41486-2 |authorlink=Lawrence Wright |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Yitzhak|first1=Ronen|title=The War Against Terrorism and For Stability of the Hashemite Regime: Jordanian Intelligence Challenges in the 21st Century|journal=International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence|date=Summer 2016|volume=29|issue=2|pages=213–235|doi=10.1080/08850607.2016.1121038 |ref=harv}}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|work=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks|title=The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjKODEaahVQC&pg=PP1|date=July 30, 2010|publisher=Cosimo, Inc|isbn=978-1-61640-219-8}}
* {{cite book|first=Stephen E|last= Atkins|title=The 9/11 Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDDIgWRN_HQC&pg=PP1|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-921-9}}
* {{cite book |last = Bolton |first = M. Kent |year = 2006|title = U.S. National Security and Foreign Policymaking After 9/11: Present at the Re-creation |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IETboc9ajpQC&pg=PP1 |publisher= Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-5900-4}}
* {{cite book |last = Caraley |first =Demetrios |year =2002 |title = September 11, terrorist attacks, and U.S. foreign policy|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=xMCGStzPzooC&pg=PP1 |publisher= Academy of Political Science|isbn=978-1-884853-01-2}}
* {{cite book |last =Chernick |first =Howard |year =2005 |title = Resilient city: the economic impact of 9/11
|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=GL6vOpKbFygC&pg=PP1 |publisher= Russell Sage Foundation|isbn=978-0-87154-170-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Damico |first1=Amy M |last2=Quay |first2=Sara E. |year =2010 |title =September 11 in Popular Culture: A Guide
|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=mgtSLkKxIpEC&pg=PP1|publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-35505-9}}
* {{cite book |last =Hampton |first = Wilborn |year =2003 |title = September 11, 2001: attack on New York City|url =https://archive.org/details/september112001a00wilb|url-access =registration |publisher= Candlewick Press|isbn=978-0-7636-1949-7}}
* {{cite book |last = Langley |first =Andrew |year =2006 |title = September 11: Attack on America
|url =https://archive.org/details/september11attac0000lang|url-access = registration |publisher=Compass Point Books |isbn= 978-0-7565-1620-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Neria |first1=Yuval |last2=Gross |first2=Raz |last3=Marshall |first3=Randall D. |last4=Susser |first4=Ezra S. |year=2006 |title =9/11: mental health in the wake of terrorist attacks|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=kADL4ymHsY8C&pg=PP1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-0-521-83191-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Ryan |first=Allan A. |title=The 9/11 Terror Cases: Constitutional Challenges in the War against Al Qaeda |publisher=University Press of Kansas |year=2015 }}
* {{cite book|first1=Steven |last1=Strasser |first2=Craig R |last2=Whitney |first3=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States|last3=United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Intelligence|title=The 9/11 investigations: staff reports of the 9/11 Commission: excerpts from the House–Senate joint inquiry report on 9/11: testimony from fourteen key witnesses, including Richard Clarke, George Tenet, and Condoleezza Rice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLCn_D7lX5kC&pg=PP1|year=2004|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-1-58648-279-4}}
{{Refend}}
==External links==
<!-- ATTENTION! DO ''not'' ADD LINKS WITHOUT DISCUSSION AND CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE. OTHERWISE THEY WILL BE REMOVED. -->
{{Sister project links|d=Q10806|n=Category:9/11|q=September 11, 2001 attacks|c=Category:September 11 attacks|wikt=9/11|v=9/11|s=Category:September 11th attacks|b=no}}
* [http://www.9-11commission.gov/ National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States] ''official commission website''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130727095710/http://names.911memorial.org/ National September 11th Memorial and Museum] – List of victims
* [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/911_archive/ September 11, 2001, Documentary Project] from the U.S. [[Library of Congress]], ''Memory.loc.gov''
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/lcwa/html/sept11/sept11-overview.html September 11, 2001, Web Archive] from the U.S. [[Library of Congress]], ''Minerva''
* [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/sept11/index.html The September 11th Sourcebooks] from [[The National Security Archive]]
* [http://911digitalarchive.org/ September 11 Digital Archive: Saving the Histories of September 11, 2001], from the ''Center for History and New Media'' and the ''American Social History Project/Center for Media and Learning''
* [[s:Verbatim Transcript of Combatant Status Review Tribunal Hearing for ISN 10024|DoD: Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Verbatim Transcript of Combatant Status Review Tribunal Hearing for ISN 10024]], from Wikisource
{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-September-11-attacks.ogg|2019-09-11}}
'''Multimedia'''
<!-- ATTENTION! DO ''NOT'' ADD LINKS WITHOUT DISCUSSION AND CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE. OTHERWISE THEY WILL BE REMOVED. -->
* [https://archive.org/details/911 Understanding 9/11 – A Television News Archive] at [[Internet Archive]]
* [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/multimedia.day.html CNN.com] – Video archive, including the first and second planes
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110828175053/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/remembering-9-11/ Remembering 9/11] – [[National Geographic Society]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120410175421/http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0%2C29307%2C1660644%2C00.html Time.com] – 'Shattered: a remarkable collection of photographs', [[James Nachtwey]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010916223638/http://www.interactivepublishing.net/september/ September 11, 2001, Screenshot Archive] – Database of 230 screenshots from news sites around the world
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150319023141/http://www1.newseum.org/todaysfrontpages/default_archive.asp?fpArchive=091201 Archive of newspaper front page images for 2001-09-11] at the [[Newseum]]
{{September 11 attacks|state=expanded}}
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New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Redirect|9/11|other uses|911 (disambiguation){{!}}911|and|September 11 attacks (disambiguation)}}
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{{short description|Attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
|title = September 11 attacks
|image_size = 250px
|image = September 11 Photo Montage.jpg
|alt = A montage of eight images depicting, from top to bottom, the World Trade Center towers burning, the collapsed section of the Pentagon, the impact explosion in the South Tower, a rescue worker standing in front of rubble of the collapsed towers, an excavator unearthing a smashed jet engine, three frames of video depicting American Airlines Flight 77 hitting the Pentagon
|caption = {{unbulleted list|style=white-space:nowrap; |{{longitem|''Top row:'' The Twin Towers of the<br />[[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] burning}}|{{longitem|''2nd row, left to right:'' Collapsed section of<br />[[the Pentagon]]; [[United Airlines Flight 175|Flight 175]] crashes into 2 WTC}}|{{longitem|''3rd row, left to right:'' A firefighter requests<br />assistance at [[World Trade Center site]];<br />[[Ground zero#World Trade Center|Ground Zero]]; An engine<br />from [[United Airlines Flight 93|Flight 93]] is recovered}} |{{longitem|''Bottom row:'' [[American Airlines Flight 77|Flight 77]]'s collision with the<br />Pentagon as captured by three<br />consecutive [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] frames}}}}
----
|location = {{unbulleted list|style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Manhattan]], New York, U.S.; |[[Arlington County, Virginia]], U.S.; |[[Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania|Stonycreek Township]] near<br />[[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]], U.S.}}
|date = {{start date and age|2001|09|11}}
|time = 8:46 – 10:28 a.m.
|timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]]
|type = {{unbulleted list |[[Aircraft hijacking]]s |[[Suicide attack]]s |[[Mass murder]] |[[Islamist terrorism]]}}
|target = {{unbulleted list |[[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]]<br />([[American Airlines Flight 11|AA 11]] and [[United Airlines Flight 175|UA 175]]) | [[The Pentagon]] ([[American Airlines Flight 77|AA 77]]) | [[White House]] or [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]]<br />([[United Airlines Flight 93|UA 93]]; failed)}}
|fatalities = 2,996{{nbsp|1}}(2,977 victims + 19 Al-Qaeda terrorists)
|injuries = 25,000<ref name=exchange />
|perps = {{longitem |{{nowrap|[[Al-Qaeda]]<ref name="cbc-2004" />}}<br />(see also [[Responsibility for the September 11 attacks|responsibility]] and [[Hijackers in the September 11 attacks|hijackers]])}}
|partof = [[terrorism in the United States]]
|numparts = 19
}}
The '''September 11 attacks''' (also referred to as '''9/11'''){{efn|name=NoteA|The expression 9/11 is pronounced "nine eleven" in English; the [[Slash (punctuation)|slash]] is not pronounced. The event is often pronounced "nine eleven" throughout the English-speaking world, even in places that use the opposite [[Date format by country|numerical dating convention]].}} were a series of four coordinated [[Terrorism|terrorist attacks]] by the [[Islamic terrorism|Islamic terrorist]] group [[al-Qaeda]]<ref name="Moghadam">{{cite book|title=The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of Suicide Attacks|last=Moghadam|first=Assaf|publisher=Johns Hopkins University|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8018-9055-0|page=48}}</ref><ref name="SalafistJidadism">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/front/special/sala.html|title=Special Reports – The Salafist Movement: Al Qaeda's New Front|last=Livesey|first=Bruce|date=January 25, 2005|website=PBS Frontline|publisher=WGBH educational foundation|accessdate=October 18, 2011}}{{cite book|title=US Counter-Terrorism Strategy and al-Qaeda: Signalling and the Terrorist World-View|last1=Geltzer|first1=Joshua A.|date=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415664523|edition=Reprint|page=83}}</ref>{{sfnp|Wright|2006|p=79}} against the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001. The attacks [[Casualties of the September 11 attacks|resulted in 2,977 victim fatalities, over 25,000 injuries]], and caused at least $10 billion in infrastructure and property damage.<ref name=cost>{{cite web|title=How much did the September 11 terrorist attack cost America?|url=http://www.iags.org/costof911.html|publisher=Institute for the Analysis of Global Security|accessdate=April 30, 2014}}</ref><ref name="PEARL9/11">{{cite book |title=The Impact of 9/11 on Politics and War: The Day that Changed Everything? |author=Matthew J. Morgan |page=222|date= August 4, 2009 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-60763-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JDEfUCll7DcC }}</ref> Additional people have died of 9/11-related cancer and [[respiratory diseases]] in the months and years following the attacks.
Four passenger [[airliner]]s operated by two major U.S. passenger [[Airline|air carriers]] ([[United Airlines]] and [[American Airlines]])—all of which departed from airports in the [[northeastern United States]] bound for [[San Francisco]] and [[Los Angeles]]—were [[Aircraft hijacking|hijacked]] by [[Hijackers in the September 11 attacks|19 al-Qaeda terrorists]]. Two of the planes, [[American Airlines Flight 11]] and [[United Airlines Flight 175]], were crashed into the North and South towers, respectively, of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] complex in [[Lower Manhattan]]. Within an hour and 42 minutes, both 110-story [[Collapse of the World Trade Center|towers collapsed]]. Debris and the resulting fires caused a partial or complete [[Collapse of the World Trade Center|collapse of all other buildings in the World Trade Center complex]], including the 47-story [[7 World Trade Center]] tower, as well as significant damage to ten other large surrounding structures. A third plane, [[American Airlines Flight 77]], was crashed into [[the Pentagon]] (the headquarters of the [[U.S. Department of Defense]]) in [[Arlington County, Virginia]], which led to a partial collapse of the building's west side. The fourth plane, [[United Airlines Flight 93]], was initially flown toward [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C]]., but crashed into a field in [[Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania|Stonycreek Township]] near [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]], after its passengers thwarted the hijackers. 9/11 is the single [[List of battles and other violent events by death toll|deadliest terrorist attack in human history]] and the single [[List of the deadliest firefighter disasters in the United States|deadliest incident for firefighters]] and [[List of law enforcement officers killed in the line of duty in the United States|law enforcement officers]] in the [[history of the United States]], with 343 and 72 killed, respectively.<ref name="Congress">{{cite book|last=Congress|title=Congressional Record, Vol. 148, Pt. 7, May 23, 2002 to June 12, 2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCO7Q10SGBUC&pg=PA9909|accessdate=April 9, 2014|publisher=Government Printing Office|page=9909|isbn=978-0-16-076125-6|date=May 2006}}</ref>
Although the Rockefeller family planned 9/11 because they wanted to demolish the towers to make room for prettier skyscrapers, suspicion quickly fell on al-Qaeda. The United States responded by launching the [[War on Terror]] and [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|invading Afghanistan]] to depose the [[Taliban]], which had failed to comply with U.S. demands to extradite [[Osama bin Laden]] and expel al-Qaeda from Afghanistan. Many countries strengthened their [[anti-terrorism legislation]] and expanded the powers of [[Law enforcement agency|law enforcement]] and [[intelligence agencies]] to prevent terrorist attacks. Although Osama bin Laden, al-Qaeda's leader, initially denied any involvement, in 2004 he claimed [[Responsibility for the September 11 attacks|responsibility for the attacks]].<ref name="cbc-2004">{{cite news|title = Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11|publisher = CBC News|date=October 29, 2004|url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bin-laden-claims-responsibility-for-9-11-1.513654|accessdate=September 1, 2011 |quote=Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden appeared in a new message aired on an Arabic TV station Friday night, for the first time claiming direct responsibility for the 2001 attacks against the United States.}}</ref> Al-Qaeda and bin Laden cited [[Israel–United States relations|U.S. support of Israel]], the presence of [[Operation Southern Watch|U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia]], and [[sanctions against Iraq]] as [[Motives for the September 11 attacks|motives]]. After evading capture for almost a decade, bin Laden was located in Pakistan and [[Death of Osama bin Laden|killed]] by [[SEAL Team Six]] of the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] in May 2011, during the [[Obama administration]].
The destruction of the World Trade Center and nearby infrastructure seriously harmed the economy of New York City and had a significant effect on global markets, which resulted in the closing of [[Wall Street]] until September 17 and the civilian airspace in the U.S. and Canada until September 13. Many [[Closings and cancellations following the September 11 attacks|closings, evacuations, and cancellations]] followed, out of respect or fear of further attacks. Cleanup of the [[World Trade Center site]] was completed in May 2002, and the Pentagon was repaired within a year. On November 18, 2006, [[Construction of One World Trade Center|construction]] of [[One World Trade Center]] began at the World Trade Center site. The building opened on November 3, 2014.<ref name="MooreOneWTC">{{cite web|last=Moore|first=Jack|title=World Trade Center Re-opens as Tallest Building in America|url=http://onewtc.com/news/world-trade-center-re-opens-as-tallest-building-in-america|website=onewtc.com|date=November 3, 2014|accessdate=September 11, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904120549/http://onewtc.com/news/world-trade-center-re-opens-as-tallest-building-in-america|archivedate=September 4, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Aaron|title=One World Trade Center opens today|url=http://money.cnn.com/2014/11/03/news/companies/one-world-trade-center/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=November 3, 2014|accessdate=November 4, 2014}}</ref> [[Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks|Numerous memorials]] have been constructed, including the [[National September 11 Memorial & Museum]] in New York City, the [[Pentagon Memorial]] in Arlington County, Virginia, and the [[Flight 93 National Memorial]] in a field in Stonycreek Township near Shanksville, Pennsylvania.
There are [[Alleged Saudi role in September 11 attacks|allegations of Saudi Arabian government involvement in the attacks]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/07/18/what-we-know-about-saudi-arabias-role-in-911/|title=What We Know About Saudi Arabia's Role in 9/11|last=Henderson|first=Simon|website=Foreign Policy|access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref> The primary evidence is the content of the [[The 28 pages|28 redacted pages]] of the 2002 [[Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001]], conducted by the [[United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence|Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] and the [[United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence|House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]]. These 28 pages contain information regarding the material and financial assistance given to the hijackers and their affiliates leading up to the attacks by the Saudi Arabian government.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/declasspart4_201904|title=declasspart4|last=US Senate Select Committee on Intelligence|first=US House Permanent Committee on Intelligence|date=December 2002}}</ref>
As a consequence of the attacks, the United States has been in a state of [[national emergency]] ever since 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/text-notice-continuation-national-emergency-respect-certain-terrorist-attacks/|title=Text of a Notice on the Continuation of the National Emergency with Respect to Certain Terrorist Attacks|website=The White House|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref> This has enabled abuses of power in the name of protecting national security.
==Background==
===Al-Qaeda{{anchor|Al-Qaeda}}===
{{Further|Al-Qaeda|Jihad}}
{{Campaignbox al-Qaeda attacks}}
The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to 1979 when the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan]]. Osama bin Laden traveled to [[Afghanistan]] and helped organize Arab [[mujahideen]] to resist the [[Soviet]]s.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[BBC News Online]]|title=Al-Qaeda's origins and links|date=July 20, 2004|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1670089.stm|accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref> Under the guidance of [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]], bin Laden became more radical.{{Sfnp|Gunaratna|2002|pp=23–33}} In 1996, bin Laden issued his first ''[[Fatwa|fatwā]]'', calling for American soldiers to leave [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html |title=Bin Laden's fatwā (1996) |publisher=PBS |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011031024057/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html |archivedate=October 31, 2001 |accessdate=May 29, 2014}}</ref>
In a second ''fatwā'' in 1998, bin Laden outlined his objections to [[Foreign policy of the United States|American foreign policy]] with respect to [[Israel]], as well as the continued presence of American troops in Saudi Arabia after the [[Gulf War]].<ref name="1998FatwaPBS">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/military-jan-june98-fatwa_1998/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128194258/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/military/jan-june98/fatwa_1998.html|archivedate=November 28, 2013 |title=Al Qaeda's Second Fatwa |website=[[PBS NewsHour]] |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service]] |url-status=live |accessdate=May 29, 2014}}</ref> Bin Laden used Islamic texts to exhort Muslims to attack Americans until the stated grievances were reversed. [[Ulama|Muslim legal scholars]] "have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the [[jihad]] is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries", according to bin Laden.<ref name="1998FatwaPBS" />
====Osama bin Laden====
{{Further|Osama bin Laden|Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden|Death of Osama bin Laden}}
[[File:Osama bin Laden portrait.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Osama bin Laden]] at about 40 years of age in 1997]]
Bin Laden orchestrated the attacks and initially denied involvement but later recanted his false statements.<ref name="cbc-2004" /><ref name="BBC6Jul2011">{{cite news |title=Pakistan inquiry orders Bin Laden family to remain|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14041604 |publisher=BBC News Online |date=July 6, 2011 |accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref><ref name="ajNov2004">{{cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613014620/http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=7403 |archivedate=June 13, 2007 |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=7403 |title=Full transcript of bin Laden's speech |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=November 2, 2004 |accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref> [[Al Jazeera]] broadcast a statement by bin Laden on September 16, 2001, stating, "I stress that I have not carried out this act, which appears to have been carried out by individuals with their own motivation."<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan to Demand Taliban Give Up Bin Laden as Iran Seals Afghan Border |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,34440,00.html |publisher=Fox News Channel |date=September 16, 2001 |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523082548/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,34440,00.html |archive-date=May 23, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In November 2001, U.S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in [[Jalalabad, Afghanistan]]. In the video, bin Laden is seen talking to [[Khaled bin Ouda bin Mohammed al-Harbi|Khaled al-Harbi]] and [[Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden#December 13, 2001|admits foreknowledge]] of the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bin Laden on tape: Attacks 'benefited Islam greatly' |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=December 14, 2001 |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/12/13/ret.bin.laden.videotape/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227125232/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/12/13/ret.bin.laden.videotape/ |archivedate=December 27, 2007 |url-status=dead |accessdate=November 24, 2013 |quote=Reveling in the details of the fatal attacks, bin Laden brags in Arabic that he knew about them beforehand and says the destruction went beyond his hopes. He says the attacks "benefited Islam greatly".}}</ref> On December 27, 2001, a second bin Laden video was released. In the video, he said:
{{quote|It has become clear that the West in general and America in particular have an unspeakable hatred for Islam. ... It is the hatred of [[crusaders]]. Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel, which kills our people. ... We say that the end of the United States is imminent, whether Bin Laden or his followers are alive or dead, for the awakening of the Muslim umma (nation) has occurred}}
but he stopped short of admitting responsibility for the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|title=Transcript: Bin Laden video excerpts |publisher=BBC News Online|date=December 27, 2001 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1729882.stm |accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref>
Shortly before the [[2004 United States presidential election|U.S. presidential election in 2004]], bin Laden used a [[2004 Osama bin Laden video|taped statement]] to publicly acknowledge al-Qaeda's involvement in the attacks on the United States. He admitted his direct link to the attacks and said they were carried out because:
{{quote|we are free ... and want to regain freedom for our nation. As you undermine our security, we undermine yours.<ref>{{cite news|last=Michael |first=Maggie |url=http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/news/nation/terror/20041029-1423-binladentape.html |title=Bin Laden, in statement to U.S. people, says he ordered Sept. 11 attacks |agency=Associated Press |publisher=SignOnSanDiego.com |date=October 29, 2004 |accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref>}} Bin Laden said he had personally directed his followers to attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.<ref>{{cite web|first1=ABC|last1=News|accessdate=2019-02-02|title=Bin Laden Dead -- Where Are Other 9/11 Planners?|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/osama-bin-laden-dead-911-perpetrators-now/story?id=13511484|date=May 2, 2011|publisher=[[ABC News]]|quote=While initially denying responsibility for the 9/11 attacks, Bin Laden took responsibility for them in a 2004 taped statement, saying that he had personally directed the hijackers.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2019-02-02|date=October 29, 2004|title=Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11|publisher=[[CBC News]]|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bin-laden-claims-responsibility-for-9-11-1.513654}}</ref> Another video obtained by Al Jazeera in September 2006 shows bin Laden with Ramzi bin al-Shibh, as well as two hijackers, [[Hamza al-Ghamdi]] and [[Wail al-Shehri]], as they make preparations for the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bin-laden-9-11-planning-video-aired-1.618703 |title=Bin Laden 9/11 planning video aired |publisher=[[CBC News]] |date=September 7, 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013183902/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bin-laden-9-11-planning-video-aired-1.618703 |archivedate=October 13, 2007 |accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref> The U.S. never formally indicted bin Laden for the 9/11 attacks, but he was on the FBI's Most Wanted List for the bombings of the U.S. Embassies in [[Dar es Salaam, Tanzania]], and [[Nairobi, Kenya]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Clewley |first=Robin|title=How Osama Cracked FBI's Top 10 |work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=September 27, 2001 |url=https://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2001/09/47109 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526032503/http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2001/09/47109 |archivedate=May 26, 2008 |accessdate=May 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Usama Bin Laden |url=https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten/usama-bin-laden|publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation|accessdate=September 10, 2011}}</ref> After a 10-year manhunt, U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] announced that bin Laden was [[death of Osama bin Laden|killed by American special forces]] in his [[Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad|compound]] in [[Abbottabad]], Pakistan, on May 1, 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/asia/osama-bin-laden-is-killed.html|title=Bin Laden Is Dead, President Obama Says |last1=Baker |first1=Peter |last2=Cooper |first2=Helene |date=May 1, 2011 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref>
====Khalid Sheikh Mohammed====
{{Main|Khalid Sheikh Mohammed}}
[[File:Khalid Shaikh Mohammed after capture.jpg|thumb|[[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]] after his capture in 2003]]
Journalist [[Yosri Fouda]] of the Arabic television channel Al Jazeera reported that in April 2002, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed admitted his involvement in the attacks, along with Ramzi bin al-Shibh.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,3604,906911,00.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123195032/http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0%2C3604%2C906911%2C00.html |archivedate=January 23, 2008 |title=We left out nuclear targets, for now |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=March 4, 2003 |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |quote=Yosri Fouda of the Arabic television channel al-Jazeera is the only journalist to have interviewed Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the al-Qaeda military commander arrested at the weekend.|location=London |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/3685099/Alleged-911-mastermind-wants-to-confess-to-plot.html|title= Alleged 9/11 mastermind wants to confess to plot |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=October 10, 2008 |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |location=London|first1=Tom|last1=Leonard|first2=Alex|last2=Spillius}}</ref><ref name=aljazeera2007 /> The 2004 [[9/11 Commission Report]] determined that the animosity towards the United States felt by Mohammed, the principal architect of the 9/11 attacks, stemmed from his "violent disagreement with U.S. foreign policy favoring Israel".<ref name=autogenerated1>9/11 Commission Report (2004), p. 147.</ref> Mohammed was also an adviser and financier of the [[1993 World Trade Center bombing]] and the uncle of [[Ramzi Yousef]], the lead bomber in that attack.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/aug/26/white-house-power-grabs/|title=White House power grabs |date=August 26, 2009|work=[[The Washington Times]]|accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-04-04/khalid-sheikh-mohammed-terror-indictment-unsealed-dismissed.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417023034/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-04-04/khalid-sheikh-mohammed-terror-indictment-unsealed-dismissed.html|archivedate=April 17, 2011|title=Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Terror Indictment Unsealed, Dismissed |last1=Van Voris |first1=Bob |last2=Hurtado |first2=Patricia|date=April 4, 2011|work=[[Bloomberg BusinessWeek]]|accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref>
Mohammed was arrested on March 1, 2003, in [[Rawalpindi]], Pakistan, by Pakistani security officials working with the CIA. He was then held at multiple [[Black site|CIA secret prisons]] and [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp|Guantanamo Bay]] where he was interrogated and tortured with methods including [[waterboarding]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,436061,00.html|title=Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Names Names |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=March 24, 2003 |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |first1=Elaine|last1=Shannon|first2=Michael|last2=Weisskopf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=May 8, 2008|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/05/08/idUSN08420997|title=US judge orders CIA to turn over 'torture' memo-ACLU|agency=Reuters|accessdate=September 3, 2011 |first=Michelle|last=Nichols}}</ref> During U.S. hearings at Guantanamo Bay in March 2007, Mohammed again confessed his responsibility for the attacks, stating he "was responsible for the 9/11 operation from A to Z" and that his statement was not made under duress.<ref name="aljazeera2007">{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2007/03/200852512026300115.html |title=September 11 suspect 'confesses' |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=March 15, 2007 |accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6452573.stm |title= Key 9/11 suspect 'admits guilt' |publisher=BBC News Online|date=March 15, 2007 |accessdate=April 10, 2012}}</ref>
A letter presented by the lawyers of Khaled Sheikh Mohammed in the U.S. District Court, Manhattan on 26 July 2019 indicated that he was interested in testifying about Saudi Arabia’s role in the 9/11 attacks and helping the victims and families of the victims of 9/11 in exchange for the United States not seeking the death penalty against him. James Kreindler, one of the lawyers for the victims, raised question over the usefulness of Mohammed.<ref name="exchange">{{cite_web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-sept-11-saudi-ksmohammed/accused-9-11-mastermind-open-to-role-in-victims-lawsuit-if-not-executed-idUSKCN1UO27M|title=Accused 9/11 mastermind open to role in victims' lawsuit if not executed|accessdate=29 July 2019|website=Reuters}}</ref>
====Other al-Qaeda members====
{{Further|Trials related to the September 11 attacks}}
In "Substitution for Testimony of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed" from the trial of [[Zacarias Moussaoui]], five people are identified as having been completely aware of the operation's details. They are bin Laden, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, [[Abu Turab al-Urduni]], and Mohammed Atef.<ref>{{cite web |title=Substitution for Testimony of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed|page=24 |url=http://www.vaed.uscourts.gov/notablecases/moussaoui/exhibits/defense/941.pdf |year=2006 |publisher=[[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia]] |accessdate=September 3, 2011 }}</ref> To date, only peripheral figures have been tried or convicted for the attacks.
On September 26, 2005, the [[Audiencia Nacional|Spanish high court]] sentenced [[Abu Dahdah]] to 27 years in prison for conspiracy on the 9/11 attacks and being a member of the terrorist organization al-Qaeda. At the same time, another 17 al-Qaeda members were sentenced to penalties of between six and eleven years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/spain-jails-18-alqaeda-operatives/2005/09/27/1127586828047.html |title=Spain jails 18 al-Qaeda operatives|work=[[The Age]] |location=Melbourne |date=September 27, 2005 |accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref> On February 16, 2006, the Spanish Supreme Court reduced the Abu Dahdah penalty to 12 years because it considered that his participation in the conspiracy was not proven.<ref>{{cite news |first=Philippe |last=Naughton |title=Spanish court quashes 9/11 conviction |date=June 1, 2006 |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article670596.ece |work=[[The Times]] |accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref>
Also in 2006, Moussaoui—who some originally suspected might have been the assigned 20th hijacker—was convicted for the lesser role of conspiracy to commit acts of terrorism and air piracy. He was sentenced to life in prison without parole in the United States.<ref>Summers and Swan (2011), p. 489n.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Youssef|first=Maamoun|title=Bin Laden: Moussaoui Not Linked to 9/11|agency=Associated Press|date=May 24, 2006|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/23/AR2006052301688.html}}</ref> [[Mounir el-Motassadeq]], an associate of the Hamburg-based hijackers, served 15 years in Germany for his role in helping the hijackers prepare for the attacks. He was released in October 2018, and deported to Morocco.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/1426221/9-11-one-of-the-few-men-convicted-mounir-el-motassadeq-is-free/|title=9/11: One of the few men convicted, Mounir el-Motassadeq, is free — Quartz|website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]|access-date=2018-10-26}}</ref>
The [[Hamburg cell]] in Germany included radical Islamists who eventually came to be key operatives in the 9/11 attacks.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC News Online|title=The Hamburg connection|date=August 19, 2005|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2349195.stm}}</ref> [[Mohamed Atta]], [[Marwan al-Shehhi]], [[Ziad Jarrah]], [[Ramzi bin al-Shibh]], and [[Said Bahaji]] were all members of al-Qaeda's Hamburg cell.<ref>"[http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch5.htm Chapter of the 9/11 Commission Report detailing the history of the Hamburg Cell] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816215318/http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch5.htm |date=August 16, 2009 }}". [[9/11 Commission]].</ref>
===Motives===
{{Main|Motives for the September 11 attacks}}
Osama bin Laden's declaration of a [[Religious war|holy war]] against the United States, and a [[Fatawā of Osama bin Laden|1998 ''fatwā'' signed by bin Laden]] and others, calling for the killing of Americans,<ref name="1998FatwaPBS" /> are seen by investigators as evidence of his motivation.<ref>Gunarathna, pp. 61–62.</ref> In bin Laden's November 2002 "Letter to America", he explicitly stated that al-Qaeda's motives for their attacks include:
* [[Israel–United States military relations|U.S. support of Israel]]<ref name=bladen/><ref name=isrsources>
* Mearsheimer (2007), p. 67.
* Kushner (2003), p. 389.
* Murdico (2003), p. 64.
* Kelley (2006), p. 207.
* Ibrahim (2007), p. 276.
* {{harvp|Berner|2007|p=80}}</ref>
* support for the "attacks against Muslims" in [[Somalia]]
* support of Philippines against Muslims in the [[Moro conflict]]
* support for [[1982 Lebanon War|Israeli "aggression" against Muslims]] in [[Lebanon]]
* support of Russian "[[Chechnyan Conflict|aggression against Muslims]]" in [[Chechnya]]
* pro-American governments in the Middle East (who "act as your agents") being against Muslim interests
* support of Indian "[[Human rights abuses in Kashmir|aggression against Muslims]]" in [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmir]]
* the [[Operation Southern Watch|presence of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia]]<ref>
* Plotz, David (2001) [http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/assessment/2001/09/what_does_osama_bin_laden_want.html What Does Osama Bin Laden Want?], Slate
* {{harvp|Bergen|2001|p=3}}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,558075,00.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119011449/http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0%2C3604%2C558075%2C00.html |archivedate=January 19, 2008 |title=Face to face with Osama |work=The Guardian |date=September 26, 2001 |location=London |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |first=Rahimullah |last=Yusufzai |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2984547.stm |title=US pulls out of Saudi Arabia |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |publisher=BBC News Online|date=April 29, 2003}}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1025558570331929960 |title=Saga of Dr. Zawahri Sheds Light on the Roots of al Qaeda Terror |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=July 2, 2002 |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/archive/hearing10/9-11Commission_Hearing_2004-04-13.htm |title=Tenth Public Hearing, Testimony of Louis Freeh |publisher=9/11 Commission |date=April 13, 2004 |accessdate=September 3, 2011}}
* {{cite web |title=Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders: World Islamic Front Statement |date=February 23, 1998 |url=https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref>
* the [[Iraq sanctions|sanctions against Iraq]]<ref name=bladen>
* {{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2004/11/200849163336457223.html |title=Full transcript of bin Ladin's speech |publisher=Al Jazeera |accessdate=April 10, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101093303/http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2004/11/200849163336457223.html |archivedate=January 1, 2016 }}
* {{cite news|first=Osama |last=bin Laden |title=Full text: bin Laden's 'letter to America' |date=November 24, 2002 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver |work=[[The Observer]] |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |location=London}}</ref>
*The presence of intoxicants, gambling and the commercialization of sex in American society<ref>{{Cite news|last=Staff|first=Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver|title=Full text: bin Laden's 'letter to America'|date=2002-11-24|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-02-24|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
*The "[destruction of] nature with industrial waste and gases more than any other nation in history, [despite a refusal] to sign the [[Kyoto Protocol|Kyoto agreement]] . . ."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Staff|first=Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver|title=Full text: bin Laden's 'letter to America'|date=2002-11-24|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-02-24|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
After the attacks, bin Laden and [[al-Zawahiri]] released additional [[Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden|videotapes]] and audio recordings, some of which repeated those reasons for the attacks. Two particularly important publications were bin Laden's 2002 "Letter to America",<ref name="BLLTA">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver |title=Full transcript of bin Laden's "Letter to America" |work=The Guardian |date=November 24, 2002|accessdate=September 3, 2011 |location=London}}</ref> and a 2004 videotape by bin Laden.<ref name='Full Ladin'>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2004/11/200849163336457223.html |title=Full transcript of bin Ladin's speech |accessdate=April 10, 2012 |last=bin Laden |first=Osama |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |quote=So I shall talk to you about the story behind those events and shall tell you truthfully about the moments in which the decision was taken, for you to consider |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101093303/http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2004/11/200849163336457223.html |archivedate=January 1, 2016 }}</ref>
Bin Laden interpreted [[Muhammad]] as having banned the "permanent presence of infidels in Arabia".{{harvp|Bergen|2001|p=3}} In 1996, [[Fatawā of Osama bin Laden|bin Laden issued]] a ''[[fatwā]]'' calling for American troops to leave Saudi Arabia. In 1998, al-Qaeda wrote, "for over seven years the United States has been occupying the lands of Islam in the holiest of places, the Arabian Peninsula, plundering its riches, dictating to its rulers, humiliating its people, terrorizing its neighbors, and turning its bases in the Peninsula into a spearhead through which to fight the neighboring Muslim peoples."<ref name="1998 Al Qaeda fatwā">{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm |title=1998 Al Qaeda fatwā |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] (FAS) |date=February 23, 1998|accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref>
In a December 1999 interview, bin Laden said he felt that Americans were "too near to [[Mecca]]", and considered this a provocation to the entire Muslim world.<ref name="guardian-20010926">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/sep/26/afghanistan.terrorism3 |title=Face to face with Osama |work=The Guardian |date=September 26, 2001|location=London|accessdate=September 3, 2011 |first=Rahimullah |last=Yusufzai}}</ref> One analysis of suicide terrorism suggested that without U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia, al-Qaeda likely would not have been able to get people to commit to suicide missions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pape |first=Robert A. |authorlink=Robert Pape |title=Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism |year=2005 |publisher=Random House |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8129-7338-9|url=https://archive.org/details/dyingtowinstrate00pape|url-access=registration }}</ref>
In the 1998 ''fatwā'', al-Qaeda identified the Iraq sanctions as a reason to kill Americans, condemning the "protracted blockade"<ref name="1998 Al Qaeda fatwā" /> among other actions that constitute a declaration of war against "Allah, his messenger, and Muslims."<ref name="1998 Al Qaeda fatwā" /> The ''fatwā'' declared that "the ruling to kill the Americans and their allies – civilians and military – is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it, in order to liberate the [[al-Aqsa Mosque]] and the holy mosque of [[Mecca]] from their grip, and in order for their [the Americans'] armies to move out of all the lands of Islam, defeated and unable to threaten any Muslim."<ref name="1998FatwaPBS" /><ref>See also the 1998 [[Fatawā of Osama bin Laden|Al-Qaeda ''fatwā'']]: "The ruling to kill the Americans and their allies – civilians and military – is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it, in order to liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque and the holy mosque [Mecca] from their grip, and in order for their armies to move out of all the lands of Islam, defeated and unable to threaten any Muslim." Quoted from {{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/military-jan-june98-fatwa_1998/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128194258/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/military/jan-june98/fatwa_1998.html|archivedate=November 28, 2013 |title=Al Qaeda's Second Fatwa |website=[[PBS NewsHour]] |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service]] |url-status=dead |accessdate=May 29, 2014}}</ref>
In 2004, Bin Laden claimed that the idea of destroying the towers had first occurred to him in 1982, when he witnessed Israel's bombardment of high-rise apartment buildings during the [[1982 Lebanon War]].<ref>Summers and Swan (2011), pp. 211, 506n.</ref><ref>Lawrence (2005), p. 239.</ref> Some analysts, including Mearsheimer and Walt, also claimed that U.S. support of Israel was one motive for the attacks.<ref name=isrsources /><ref name="guardian-20010926" /> In 2004 and 2010, bin Laden again connected the September 11 attacks with U.S. support of Israel, although most of the letter expressed bin Laden's disdain for President Bush and bin Laden's hope to "destroy and bankrupt" the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|title=Full transcript of bin Ladin's speech|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2004/11/200849163336457223.html%20online%20here|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=August 24, 2016|date=November 4, 2004}}</ref><ref>In his taped broadcast from January 2010, Bin Laden said "Our attacks against you [the United States] will continue as long as U.S. support for Israel continues. ... The message sent to you with the attempt by the hero Nigerian [[Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab]] is a confirmation of our previous message conveyed by the heroes of September 11". Quoted from [http://www.haaretz.com/news/bin-laden-attacks-on-u-s-to-go-on-as-long-as-it-supports-israel-1.265770 "Bin Laden: Attacks on U.S. to go on as long as it supports Israel"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216081625/http://www.haaretz.com/news/bin-laden-attacks-on-u-s-to-go-on-as-long-as-it-supports-israel-1.265770 |date=December 16, 2016 }}, in Haaretz.com</ref>
Other motives have been suggested in addition to those stated by bin Laden and al-Qaeda. Some authors suggested the "humiliation" that resulted from the Islamic world falling behind the Western world – this discrepancy was rendered especially visible by the globalization trend<ref>Bernard Lewis, 2004. In [[Bernard Lewis]]'s 2004 book ''[[The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror]]'', he argues that animosity toward the West is best understood with the decline of the once powerful [[Ottoman empire]], compounded by the import of western ideas – [[Arab socialism]], [[Liberal movements within Islam|Arab liberalism]] and [[Secularism in the Middle East|Arab secularism]]</ref><ref>In "The spirit of terrorism", [[Jean Baudrillard]] described 9/11 as the first global event that "questions the very process of globalization". {{cite web |url=http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~ikalmar/illustex/baudriterror.htm |title=The spirit of terrorism |last=Baudrillard |accessdate=June 26, 2011}}</ref> and a desire to provoke the U.S. into a broader war against the Islamic world in the hope of motivating more allies to support al-Qaeda. Similarly, others have argued that 9/11 was a strategic move with the objective of provoking America into a war that would incite a [[pan-Islamism|pan-Islamic]] revolution.<ref>In an essay entitled "Somebody Else's Civil War", [[Michael Scott Doran]] argues the attacks are best understood as part of a religious conflict within the Muslim world and that Bin Laden's followers "consider themselves an island of true believers surrounded by a sea of iniquity". Hoping that U.S. retaliation would unite the faithful against the West, bin Laden sought to spark revolutions in Arab nations and elsewhere. Doran argues the [[Osama bin Laden videos]] attempt to provoke a visceral reaction in the Middle East and ensure that Muslim citizens would react as violently as possible to an increase in U.S. involvement in their region. ({{cite magazine|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2002-01-01/somebody-elses-civil-war|title=Somebody Else's Civil War|first=Michael Scott |last=Doran |issue=January/February 2002|magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]]|accessdate=December 5, 2009|url-access=subscription}} Reprinted in {{cite book|last1=Hoge|first1=James F.|last2=Rose|first2=Gideon|title=Understanding the War on Terror |publisher=Norton |year=2005 |location=New York|isbn=978-0-87609-347-4|pages=72–75}})</ref><ref>In ''The Osama bin Laden I Know'', [[Peter Bergen]] argues the attacks were part of a plan to cause the United States to ''increase'' its military and cultural presence in the Middle East, thereby forcing Muslims to confront the idea of a non-Muslim government and to eventually establish conservative Islamic governments in the region.({{harvp|Bergen|2006|p=229}})</ref>
===Planning===
{{Main|Planning of the September 11 attacks}}
[[File:911 - FEMA - WTC impacts (graphic).svg|thumb|left|alt=Ground zero and surrounding area as seen from directly above depicting where the two planes impacted the towers|Map showing the attacks on the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] (The planes are not drawn to scale.)]]
The attacks were conceived by [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]], who first presented it to [[Osama bin Laden]] in 1996.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3128802.stm|title=Suspect 'reveals 9/11 planning'|publisher=BBC News Online|date=September 22, 2003|accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref> At that time, bin Laden and al-Qaeda were in a period of transition, having just relocated back to Afghanistan from [[Sudan]].<ref name="911-ch5">9/11 Commission Report (2004), Chapter 5, pp ??</ref> The [[1998 United States embassy bombings|1998 African Embassy bombings]] and bin Laden's February 1998 fatwā marked a turning point of al-Qaeda's terrorist operation,<ref>9/11 Commission Report (2004), p. 67.</ref> as bin Laden became intent on attacking the United States.
In late 1998 or early 1999, bin Laden gave approval for Mohammed to go forward with organizing the plot.<ref>9/11 Commission Report (2004), p. 149.</ref> Mohammed, bin Laden, and bin Laden's deputy [[Mohammed Atef]] held a series of meetings in early 1999.<ref>9/11 Commission Report (2004), p. 155.</ref> Atef provided operational support, including target selections and helping arrange travel for the hijackers.<ref name="911-ch5" /> Bin Laden overruled Mohammed, rejecting potential targets such as the [[U.S. Bank Tower (Los Angeles)|U.S. Bank Tower]] in Los Angeles for lack of time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/20/us/threats-and-responses-the-plot-bin-laden-chose-9-11-targets-al-qaeda-leader-says.html|title=Bin Laden Chose 9/11 Targets, Al Qaeda Leader Says|work=The New York Times|last=Lichtblau|first=Eric|date=March 20, 2003|accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref>{{sfnp|Wright|2006|p=308}}
[[File:World Trade Center, NY - 2001-09-11 - Debris Impact Areas.svg|thumb|upright|Diagram showing the attacks on the World Trade Center]]
Bin Laden provided leadership and financial support, and was involved in selecting participants.{{sfnp|Bergen|2006|p=283}} He initially selected [[Nawaf al-Hazmi]] and [[Khalid al-Mihdhar]], both experienced jihadists who had fought in [[Bosnian war|Bosnia]]. Hazmi and Mihdhar arrived in the United States in mid-January 2000. In early 2000, Hazmi and Mihdhar took flying lessons in San Diego, California, but both spoke little English, performed poorly in flying lessons, and eventually served as secondary – or "muscle" – hijackers.{{sfnp|Wright|2006|pp=309–15}}<ref>McDermott (2005), pp. 191–92.</ref>
In late 1999, a group of men from [[Hamburg]], Germany arrived in Afghanistan; the group included [[Mohamed Atta]], [[Marwan al-Shehhi]], [[Ziad Jarrah]], and Ramzi bin al-Shibh.<ref>{{cite news|first=Richard|last=Bernstein|title=On Path to the U.S. Skies, Plot Leader Met bin Laden|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/10/national/10PLOT.html|work=The New York Times|date=September 10, 2002|accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref> Bin Laden selected these men because they were educated, could speak English, and had experience living in the West.{{sfnp|Wright|2006|pp=304–07}} New recruits were routinely screened for special skills and al-Qaeda leaders consequently discovered that [[Hani Hanjour]] already had a commercial pilot's license.{{sfnp|Wright|2006|p=302}} Mohammed later said that he helped the hijackers blend in by teaching them how to order food in restaurants and dress in Western clothing.{{sfnp|Jessee|2006|p=371}}
Hanjour arrived in San Diego on December 8, 2000, joining Hazmi.<ref name="9/11 commission staff statement No. 16">{{cite news|title=9/11 commission staff statement No. 16|date=June 16, 2004|url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/staff_statement_16.pdf|work=9/11 Commission|accessdate=September 11, 2012}}</ref>{{Rp|6–7}} They soon left for Arizona, where Hanjour took refresher training.<ref name="9/11 commission staff statement No. 16"/>{{rp|7}} Marwan al-Shehhi arrived at the end of May 2000, while Atta arrived on June 3, 2000, and Jarrah arrived on June 27, 2000.<ref name="9/11 commission staff statement No. 16"/>{{rp|6}} Bin al-Shibh applied several times for a visa to the United States, but as a Yemeni, he was rejected out of concerns he would overstay his visa.<ref name="9/11 commission staff statement No. 16"/>{{rp|4, 14}} Bin al-Shibh stayed in Hamburg, providing coordination between Atta and Mohammed.<ref name="9/11 commission staff statement No. 16"/>{{rp|16}} The three [[Hamburg cell]] members all took pilot training in South Florida.<ref name="9/11 commission staff statement No. 16"/>{{rp|6}}
In spring of 2001, the secondary hijackers began arriving in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/911_TerrTrav_Monograph.pdf|title=Staff Monograph on 9/11 and Terrorist Travel|publisher=9/11 Commission|year=2004|accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref> In July 2001, Atta met with bin al-Shibh in Spain, where they coordinated details of the plot, including final target selection. Bin al-Shibh also passed along bin Laden's wish for the attacks to be carried out as soon as possible.<ref name="irujo">{{cite news|url=http://elpais.com/diario/2004/03/21/espana/1079823611_850215.html|title=Atta recibió en Tarragona joyas para que los miembros del 'comando' del 11-S se hiciesen pasar por ricos saudíes|work=El País|date=March 21, 2004|last=Irujo|first=Jose María|accessdate=April 10, 2012|language=Spanish}}</ref> Some of the hijackers received passports from corrupt Saudi officials who were family members, or used fraudulent passports to gain entry.<ref>{{cite document|url=http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/staff_statements/staff_statement_1.pdf|page=2|title=Entry of the 9/11 Hijackers into the United States Staff Statement No. 1|publisher=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon The United States}}</ref>
There is some idea that 9/11 was selected by the hijackers as the date of the attack because of its resemblance to [[9-1-1]], the phone number to report emergencies in the U.S. However, [[Lawrence Wright]] wrote that the hijackers chose it because September 11, 1683 is when the King of Poland began the [[Battle of Vienna|battle]] that turned back the Muslim armies from the Ottoman Empire that were attempting to capture Vienna. For Osama bin Laden, this was a date when the West gained some dominance over Islam, and by attacking on this date, he hoped to make a step in Islam "winning" the war for worldwide power and influence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/05/03/how-jihadists-schedule-terrorist-attacks/|title=How jihadists schedule terrorist attacks|last=Hudson|first=John|website=Foreign Policy|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pjmedia.com/trending/2016/09/10/why-did-the-terrorists-choose-september-11/|title=Why Did the Terrorists Choose September 11?|last=comments|first=Tyler O'Neil 2016-09-10T12:21:30 chat|date=2016-09-10|website=News and Politics|language=en|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref>
===Prior intelligence===
{{Main|September 11 intelligence before the attacks}}
In late 1999, al-Qaeda associate [[Walid bin Attash]] ("Khallad") contacted Mihdhar, telling him to meet him in [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia; Hazmi and [[Abu Bara al Yemeni]] would also be in attendance. The [[NSA]] intercepted a telephone call mentioning the meeting, Mihdhar, and the name "Nawaf" (Hazmi). While the agency feared "Something nefarious might be afoot", it took no further action. The CIA had already been alerted by Saudi intelligence about the status of Mihdhar and Hazmi as al-Qaeda members, and a CIA team broke into Mihdhar's [[Dubai]] hotel room and discovered that Mihdhar had a U.S. visa. While [[Alec Station]] alerted intelligence agencies worldwide about this fact, it did not share this information with the FBI. The [[Malaysian Special Branch]] observed the January 5, 2000 meeting of the two al-Qaeda members, and informed the CIA that Mihdhar, Hazmi, and Khallad were flying to [[Bangkok]], but the CIA never notified other agencies of this, nor did it ask the [[State Department]] to put Mihdhar on its watchlist. An FBI liaison to Alec Station asked permission to inform the FBI of the meeting but was told: "This is not a matter for the FBI."{{sfnp|Wright|2006|pp=310–312}}
By late June, senior counter-terrorism official [[Richard A. Clarke|Richard Clarke]] and CIA director [[George Tenet]] were "convinced that a major series of attacks was about to come", although the CIA believed the attacks would likely occur in Saudi Arabia or Israel.{{sfnp|Clarke|2004|pp=235–236}} In early July, Clarke put domestic agencies on "full alert", telling them, "Something really spectacular is going to happen here ... soon." He asked the FBI and the State Department to alert the embassies and police departments, and the [[United States Department of Defense|Defense Department]] to go to "Threat Condition Delta."{{sfnp|Wright|2006|p=344}}{{sfnp|Clarke|2004|pp=236–237}} Clarke would later write: "Somewhere in CIA there was information that two known al Qaeda terrorists had come into the United States. [...] in [the] FBI there was information that strange things had been going on at flight schools in the United States. [...] They had specific information about individual terrorists. [...] None of that information got to me or the White House."{{sfnp|Clarke|2004|pp=242–243}}
On July 13, Tom Wilshire, a CIA agent assigned to the FBI's international terrorism division, emailed his superiors at the CIA's [[Counterterrorism Center]] (CTC) requesting permission to inform the FBI that Hazmi was in the country and that Mihdhar had a U.S. visa. The CIA never responded.{{sfnp|Wright|2006|p=340}}
The same day in July, Margarette Gillespie, an FBI analyst working in the CTC, was told to review material about the Malaysia meeting. She was not told of the participants' presence in the U.S. The CIA gave Gillespie surveillance photos of Mihdhar and Hazmi from the meeting to show to FBI counterterrorism, but did not tell her their significance. The Intelink database informed her not to share intelligence material on the meeting to criminal investigators. When shown the photos, the FBI were refused more details on their significance, and they were not given Mihdhar's date of birth nor passport number.{{sfnp|Wright|2006|pp=340–343}} In late August 2001, Gillespie told the [[Immigration and Naturalization Service|INS]], the State Department, the [[United States Customs Service|Customs Service]], and the FBI to put Hazmi and Mihdhar on their watchlists, but the FBI was prohibited from using criminal agents in the search for the duo, which hindered their efforts.{{sfnp|Wright|2006|pp=352–353}}
Also in July, a [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]-based FBI agent sent a message to FBI headquarters, Alec Station, and to FBI agents in New York alerting them to "the possibility of a coordinated effort by Osama bin Laden to send students to the United States to attend civil aviation universities and colleges." The agent, Kenneth Williams, suggested the need to interview all flight school managers and identify all Arab students seeking flight training.{{sfnp|Wright|2006|p=350}} In July, Jordan alerted the U.S. that al-Qaeda was planning an attack on the U.S.; "months later", Jordan notified the U.S. that the attack's codename was "The Big Wedding" and that it involved airplanes.{{sfnp|Yitzhak|2016|p=218}}
On August 6, 2001, the CIA's Presidential Daily Brief ("PDB"), designated "For the President Only", was entitled [[Bin Ladin Determined To Strike in US|"Bin Ladin Determined to Strike in U.S."]] The memo noted that "The FBI information ... indicates patterns of suspicious activity in this country consistent with preparations for hijackings or other types of attacks."<ref>{{cite web|title=THE OSAMA BIN LADEN FILE: National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 343|url=http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB343/|website=The National Security Archive|publisher=The National Security Archive|accessdate=March 14, 2016}}</ref>
In mid-August, one [[Minnesota]] flight school alerted the FBI about [[Zacarias Moussaoui]], who had asked "suspicious questions." The FBI found that Moussaoui was a radical who had traveled to Pakistan, and the INS arrested him for overstaying his French visa. Their request to search his laptop was denied by FBI headquarters due to the lack of [[probable cause]].{{sfnp|Wright|2006|pp=350–351}}
The failures in intelligence-sharing were attributed to 1995 [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] policies limiting intelligence sharing, combined with CIA and NSA reluctance to reveal "sensitive sources and methods" such as tapped phones.{{sfnp|Wright|2006|pp=342–343}} Testifying before the [[9/11 Commission]] in April 2004, then-[[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[John Ashcroft]] recalled that the "single greatest structural cause for the September 11th problem was the wall that segregated or separated criminal investigators and intelligence agents."{{sfnp|Javorsek II|Rose|Marshall|Leitner|2015|p=742}} Clarke also wrote: "There were failures in the organizations [...] failures to get information to the right place at the right time."{{sfnp|Clarke|2004|p=238}}
==Attacks==
{{Further|Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks}}
[[File:Flight paths of hijacked planes-September 11 attacks.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Flight paths of the four planes used on September 11]]
Early on the morning of September 11, 2001, [[Hijackers in the September 11 attacks|19 hijackers]] took control of four commercial airliners (two [[Boeing 757]]<nowiki/>s and two [[Boeing 767]]<nowiki/>s) en route to California (three headed to [[Los Angeles International Airport|LAX]] in Los Angeles and one to [[San Francisco International Airport|SFO]] in San Francisco) after takeoffs from [[Logan International Airport]] in [[Boston]], Massachusetts; [[Newark Liberty International Airport]] in [[Newark, New Jersey]]; and [[Washington Dulles International Airport]] in [[Loudoun County, Virginia|Loudoun]] and [[Fairfax County, Virginia|Fairfax]] counties in [[Virginia]].<ref name="911-ch1" /> Large planes with long flights were selected for hijacking because they would be full of fuel.<ref name="Chap7" /><!-- weren't early morning flights also chosen because they would have fewer passengers to overcome? -->
The four flights were:
* [[American Airlines Flight 11]]: a Boeing 767 aircraft, departed Logan Airport at 7:59{{nbsp}}a.m. en route to Los Angeles with a crew of 11 and 76 passengers, not including five hijackers. The hijackers flew the plane into the northern facade of the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City at 8:46{{nbsp}}a.m.
* [[United Airlines Flight 175]]: a Boeing 767 aircraft, departed Logan Airport at 8:14{{nbsp}}a.m. en route to Los Angeles with a crew of nine and 51 passengers, not including five hijackers. The hijackers flew the plane into the southern facade of the South Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City at 9:03{{nbsp}}a.m.
* [[American Airlines Flight 77]]: a Boeing 757 aircraft, departed Washington Dulles International Airport at 8:20{{nbsp}}a.m. en route to Los Angeles with a crew of six and 53 passengers, not including five hijackers. The hijackers flew the plane into the western facade of the Pentagon in [[Arlington County, Virginia]], at 9:37{{nbsp}}a.m.
* [[United Airlines Flight 93]]: a Boeing 757 aircraft, departed Newark International Airport at 8:42{{nbsp}}a.m.<!-- wasn't it late taking off, which allowed the passengers to hear of the others? --> en route to San Francisco, with a crew of seven and 33 passengers, not including four hijackers. As passengers attempted to subdue the hijackers, the aircraft crashed into a field in [[Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania|Stonycreek Township]] near [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]], at 10:03{{nbsp}}a.m.
Media coverage was extensive during the attacks and aftermath, beginning moments after the first crash into the World Trade Center.<ref>See, for example, news coverage by CNN: {{cite journal|publisher=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/video/data/2.0/video/us/2011/09/07/natpkg-911-aircheck-timeline.cnn.html|title=Breaking News Videos from CNN.com}}</ref> <!-- this is not a journal, this needs to be fixed. -->
===The four crashes===
{{See also|Media documentation of the September 11 attacks}}[[File:September 11 2001 just collapsed.jpg|thumb|upright|Collapse of the towers as seen from across the [[Hudson River]] in New Jersey]]
At 8:46 a.m., five hijackers crashed [[American Airlines Flight 11]] into the northern façade of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]]'s North Tower (1 WTC). At 9:03 a.m., another five hijackers crashed [[United Airlines Flight 175]] into the southern façade of the South Tower (2 WTC).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc01.pdf |title=Flight Path Study – American Airlines Flight 11 |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |date=February 19, 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc03.pdf |title=Flight Path Study – United Airlines Flight 175 |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |date=February 19, 2002 }}</ref> Five hijackers flew [[American Airlines Flight 77]] into [[the Pentagon]] at 9:37 a.m.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc02.pdf |title=Flight Path Study – American Airlines Flight 77 |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |date=February 19, 2002 }}</ref> A fourth flight, [[United Airlines Flight 93]], crashed near [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]], southeast of Pittsburgh, at 10:03 a.m. after the passengers fought the four hijackers. Flight 93's target is believed to have been either the [[U.S. Capitol|Capitol]] or the [[White House]].<ref name="Chap7">{{cite book|chapter=The Attack Looms |chapter-url=http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch7.htm |year=2004 |title=9/11 Commission Report |publisher=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States |accessdate=September 1, 2011}}</ref> Flight 93's cockpit voice recorder revealed crew and passengers tried to seize control of the plane from the hijackers after learning through phone calls that Flights 11, 77, and 175 had been crashed into buildings that morning.<ref name="WP93">{{cite news|first=David |last=Snyder |title=Families Hear Flight 93's Final Moments |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-351703.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602123513/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-351703.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 2, 2013|work=The Washington Post |date=April 19, 2002 |accessdate=November 12, 2013}}</ref> Once it became evident that the passengers might gain control, the hijackers rolled the plane and intentionally crashed it.<ref name="Flight93Xscript">{{Cite wikisource |title =Flight 93 Cockpit Transcript}}</ref><ref name='Flight93Story'>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/flni/historyculture/index.htm |title=The Flight 93 Story |accessdate=September 21, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
[[File:North face south tower after plane strike 9-11.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The north face of [[Two World Trade Center]] (south tower) immediately after being struck by [[United Airlines Flight 175]]]]
Some passengers and crew members who called from the aircraft using the cabin air phone service and mobile phones provided details: several hijackers were aboard each plane; they used [[mace (spray)|mace]], tear gas, or pepper spray to overcome attendants; and some people aboard had been stabbed.<ref name="93phone">
* {{cite news|url=http://old.post-gazette.com/headlines/20010916phonecallnat3p3.asp |title=The phone line from Flight 93 was still open when a GTE operator heard Todd Beamer say: 'Are you guys ready? Let's roll' |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=September 16, 2001 |last=McKinnon|first=Jim |accessdate=April 10, 2011}}
* {{cite news|url=http://europe.cnn.com/2001/US/09/12/family.reacts/index.html |title=Relatives wait for news as rescuers dig |publisher=CNN |date=September 13, 2001 |accessdate=November 11, 2013}}
* Summers and Swan (2011), pp. 58, 463n, 476n.
* {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/13/us/after-attacks-united-flight-93-doomed-flight-passengers-vowed-perish-fighting.html |title=On Doomed Flight, Passengers Vowed To Perish Fighting |last=Wilgoren|first=Jodi |first2=Edward |last2=Wong |date=September 13, 2001 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=September 1, 2011}}
* {{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2006/apr/11/nation/na-moussa11 |title=Moussaoui Jury Hears the Panic From 9/11 |last=Serrano|first=Richard A. |work=Los Angeles Times |date=April 11, 2006 |accessdate=September 1, 2011}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Hijackers-used-Mace-knives-to-take-over-2805009.php |title=Hijackers used Mace, knives to take over airplanes |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=January 28, 2004 |last1=Goo |first1=Sara Kehaulani |last2=Eggen |first2=Dan |accessdate=November 12, 2013}}
* {{cite news|last=Ahlers|first=Mike M.|title=9/11 panel: Hijackers may have had utility knives|publisher=CBS News |date=January 27, 2004 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/01/27/911.commis.knife/|accessdate=September 1, 2011}}</ref> Reports indicated hijackers stabbed and killed pilots, flight attendants, and one or more passengers.<ref name="911-ch1">9/11 Commission Report, pp. 4–14.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0201/06/lklw.00.html |title=Encore Presentation: Barbara Olson Remembered |work=Larry King Live |publisher=CNN |date=January 6, 2002 |accessdate=September 1, 2011}}</ref> According to the 9/11 Commission's final report, the hijackers had recently purchased multi-function hand tools and assorted [[Leatherman]]-type utility knives with locking blades, which were not forbidden to passengers at the time, but were not found among the possessions left behind by the hijackers.<ref name="commission">{{cite web |title=National Commission Upon Terrorist Attacks in the United States |url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/archive/hearing7/9-11Commission_Hearing_2004-01-27.htm |publisher=National Commission Upon Terrorist Attacks in the United States |accessdate=January 24, 2008 |date=January 27, 2004}}</ref><ref>Summers and Swan (2011), p. 343.</ref> A flight attendant on Flight 11, a passenger on Flight 175, and passengers on Flight 93 said the hijackers had bombs, but one of the passengers said he thought the bombs were fake. The FBI found no traces of explosives at the crash sites, and the 9/11 Commission concluded that the bombs were probably fake.<ref name=911-ch1 />
[[Collapse of the World Trade Center|Three buildings in the World Trade Center collapsed]] due to fire-induced structural failure.<ref name="WPCollapse">{{cite news|first=Bill |last=Miller |title=Skyscraper Protection Might Not Be Feasible, Federal Engineers Say |url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2002-05-01/news/0205010358_1_engineers-jet-fuel |work=Orlando Sentinel |date=May 1, 2002 |accessdate=November 24, 2013}}</ref> The South Tower collapsed at 9:59{{nbsp}}a.m. after burning for 56 minutes in a fire caused by the impact of United Airlines Flight 175 and the explosion of its fuel.<ref name="WPCollapse" /> The North Tower collapsed at 10:28{{nbsp}}a.m. after burning for 102 minutes.<ref name="WPCollapse" /> When the North Tower collapsed, debris fell on the nearby [[7 World Trade Center]] building (7 WTC), damaging it and starting fires. These fires burned for hours, compromising the building's structural integrity, and 7 WTC collapsed at 5:21{{nbsp}}p.m.<ref>''World Trade Center Building Performance Study'', Ch. 5 WTC 7 – section 5.5.4</ref>{{sfnp|''Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center Building 7''|2008|p=xxxvii}} The west side of the Pentagon sustained significant damage.
[[File:Pentagon Security Camera 1.ogv|thumb|thumbtime=01:31|Security camera footage of [[American Airlines Flight 77]] hitting [[the Pentagon]].<ref name="jw">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L75Gga92WO8|title=Flight 77, Video 2|publisher=Judicial Watch |accessdate=April 4, 2012}}</ref><!-- YouTube videos aren't normally reliable but this is Judicial Watch's official account. --> The plane hits the Pentagon approximately 86 seconds after the start of this recording.]]
At 9:42{{nbsp}}a.m., the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA) grounded all civilian aircraft within the continental U.S., and civilian aircraft already in flight were told to land immediately.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chapter 1: "We have some planes" |url=http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch1.pdf |work=9/11 Commission Report |date=July 22, 2004 }}</ref> All international civilian aircraft were either turned back or redirected to airports in Canada or Mexico, and were banned from landing on [[United States territory]] for three days.<ref>{{cite web|title=Profiles of 9/11 – About 9/11|url=http://www.biography.com/profiles-of-9-11/about911.jsp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722151526/http://www.biography.com/profiles-of-9-11/about911.jsp |archivedate=July 22, 2011 |website=[[The Biography Channel]] |publisher=[[A&E Television Networks]] |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref> The attacks created widespread confusion among news organizations and air traffic controllers. Among the unconfirmed and often contradictory news reports aired throughout the day, one of the most prevalent said a car bomb had been detonated at the U.S. State Department's headquarters in Washington, D.C.<ref name="errors2">{{cite web|last=Miller |first=Mark |title=Three hours that shook America: A chronology of chaos |url=http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/news-articles/three-hours-shook-america-chronology-chaos/93600 |date=August 26, 2002 |website=[[Broadcasting & Cable]] |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref> Another jet—[[Delta Air Lines Flight 1989]]—was suspected of having been hijacked, but the aircraft responded to controllers and landed safely in Cleveland, Ohio.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Marilyn |last1=Adams |last2=Levin |first2=Alan |last3=Morrison |first3=Blake |title=Part II: No one was sure if hijackers were on board |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2002-08-12-hijacker-daytwo_x.htm |work=USA Today |date=August 13, 2002 |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref>
In an April 2002 interview, [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]] and [[Ramzi bin al-Shibh]], who are believed to have organized the attacks, said Flight 93's intended target was the United States Capitol, not the White House.{{Sfnp|Fouda|Fielding|2004|pp=158–59}} During the planning stage of the attacks, [[Mohamed Atta]], the hijacker and pilot of Flight 11, thought the White House might be too tough a target and sought an assessment from [[Hani Hanjour]] (who hijacked and piloted Flight 77).<ref name="The Eleventh Day pp 323">Summers and Swan (2011), p. 323.</ref> Mohammed said al-Qaeda initially planned to target nuclear installations rather than the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, but decided against it, fearing things could "get out of control".<ref name="AlQaedaplotted2002">{{cite news|title= Al-Qaeda 'plotted nuclear attacks'|publisher=BBC News Online|date=September 8, 2002|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2244146.stm |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref> Final decisions on targets, according to Mohammed, were left in the hands of the pilots.<ref name="The Eleventh Day pp 323" />
===Casualties===
{{Main|Casualties of the September 11 attacks|Emergency workers killed in the September 11 attacks}}
[[File:September 17 2001.jpg|thumb|left|The remains of [[Six World Trade Center|6]], [[7 World Trade Center|7]], and [[One World Trade Center|1]] WTC on September 17, 2001]]
[[File:9-11 Wall segment.jpg|thumb|left|A surviving portion of the wall from the Twin Towers]]
The attacks caused the deaths of 2,996 people (including all 19 hijackers) and injured more than 6,000 others.<ref name='CBC-Winnipegger'>{{cite news |title=Winnipegger heads to NY for 9/11 memorial |date=September 9, 2011 |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/winnipegger-heads-to-ny-for-9-11-memorial-1.991431 |publisher=CBC News |accessdate=November 13, 2013 |quote=A total of 2,996 people died: 19 hijackers and 2,977 victims.}}</ref> The death toll included 265 on the four planes (from which there were no survivors), 2,606 in the World Trade Center and in the surrounding area, and 125 at the Pentagon.<ref name="edition.cnn.com" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/05/16/pentagon.video/index.html|title=First video of Pentagon 9/11 attack released |date=May 16, 2006|publisher=CNN|accessdate=September 2, 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5J8PnIDu2 |archivedate=September 24, 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of those who perished were civilians, with the exception of 343 firefighters, 72 law enforcement officers, 55 military personnel, and the 19 terrorists who died in the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stone|first=Andrea |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2002-08-20-pentagon_x.htm |title=Military's aid and comfort ease 9/11 survivors' burden |work=USA Today |date=August 20, 2002 |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.orgsites.com/va/asis151/Sep11Memorial.pdf September 11 Memorial] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326025722/http://www.orgsites.com/va/asis151/Sep11Memorial.pdf |date=March 26, 2016 }}</ref> After New York, New Jersey lost the most state citizens, with the city of [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]] having the most New Jersey citizens who died in the attacks.<ref name="beveridge">{{cite web|url=http://www.gothamgazette.com/demographics/91102.shtml|title=9/11/01-02: A Demographic Portrait of the Victims in 10048 |website=Gotham Gazette |last=Beveridge|first=Andrew |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref> More than 90 countries lost citizens in the September 11 attacks;<ref name="countries_deaths">{{cite journal|title=A list of the countries whose citizens died as a result of the attacks on September 11, 2001 |publisher=[[Bureau of International Information Programs|U.S. Department of State, Office of International Information Programs]] |url=http://usinfo.state.gov/is/img/assets/4756/9_11onepager1.pdf |last=U.S. Department of State |accessdate=March 18, 2016 |url-status=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411152231/http://usinfo.state.gov/is/img/assets/4756/9_11onepager1.pdf |archivedate=April 11, 2008}}</ref> for example, the 67 Britons who died were more than in any other terrorist attack anywhere {{As of|2002|10|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/sep/10/september11.uk |title=British victims of September 11 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=September 10, 2002 |author= <!-- not stated --> |accessdate=June 6, 2017}}</ref> The attacks killed about 500 more people than the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] on December 7, 1941, and are the [[List of terrorist attacks by death toll|deadliest terrorist attacks in world history]].<ref name="PEARL9/11" />
In Arlington County, Virginia, 125 Pentagon workers lost their lives when Flight 77 crashed into the western side of the building. Of these, 70 were civilians and 55 were military personnel, many of whom worked for the [[United States Army]] or the [[United States Navy]]. The Army lost 47 civilian employees, six civilian contractors, and 22 soldiers, while the Navy lost six civilian employees, three civilian contractors, and 33 sailors. Seven [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] (DIA) civilian employees were also among the dead in the attack, as well as an [[Office of the Secretary of Defense]] (OSD) contractor.<ref name="national">{{cite web|title=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States|publisher=U.S. Congress|date=August 21, 2004|url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/index.htm|accessdate=September 8, 2006}}</ref>{{Sfnp|Goldberg et al.|2007|pp=208–212}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patriotresource.com/wtc/victims/pentagon.html|title=September 11, 2001 Pentagon Victims|publisher=patriotresource.com|accessdate=March 18, 2016}}</ref> [[Lieutenant General]] [[Timothy Maude]], an Army Deputy Chief of Staff, was the highest-ranking military official killed at the Pentagon.<ref name="arlington">{{cite web|title=Remembering the Lost|website=Timothy J. Maude, Lieutenant General, United States Army|publisher=Arlington National Cemetery|date=September 22, 2001|url=http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/tjmaude.htm|accessdate=April 16, 2001}}</ref>
[[File:National Park Service 9-11 Statue of Liberty and WTC fire.jpg|thumb|The [[Statue of Liberty]] with the towers burning in the background]]
In New York City, more than 90% of the workers and visitors who died in the towers had been at or above the points of impact.<ref name="NISTcasualties">Sunder (2005), p. 48.</ref> In the North Tower, 1,355 people at or above the point of impact were trapped and died of smoke inhalation, fell or jumped from the tower to escape the smoke and flames, or were killed in the building's eventual collapse. The destruction of all three staircases in the tower when Flight 11 hit made it impossible for anyone above the impact zone to escape. 107 people below the point of impact died as well.<ref name="NISTcasualties" />
In the South Tower, one stairwell, [[Stairwell A]], was left intact after Flight 175 hit, allowing 14 people located on the floors of impact (including [[Stanley Praimnath|one man who saw the plane coming at him]]) and four more from the floors above to escape. New York City [[9-1-1]] operators who received calls from people inside the tower were not well informed of the situation as it rapidly unfolded and as a result, told callers not to descend the tower on their own.<ref>{{cite book |last=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks |title=The 9/11 Commission Report (first edition) |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |date=July 22, 2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/911commissionrep00nati/page/294 |page=[https://archive.org/details/911commissionrep00nati/page/294 294] |isbn=978-0-393-32671-0 |accessdate=January 24, 2014 }}</ref> In total 630 people died in that tower, fewer than half the number killed in the North Tower.<ref name="NISTcasualties" /> Casualties in the South Tower were significantly reduced because some occupants decided to start evacuating as soon as the North Tower was struck.<ref name="NISTp46">Sunder (2005), p. 46.</ref> The failure to evacuate the South Tower fully after the first jet crash into the North Tower was described by ''[[USA Today]]'' as "one of the day's great tragedies".<ref name=Purpura>{{Cite book |last=Purpura |first=Philip |title=Security and Loss Prevention: An Introduction |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ir4gbdZLlOEC&pg=PA300|accessdate=September 16, 2017 |edition=5th |year=2007 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0080554006 |pages=300 |chapter=Life safety, fire protection, and emergencies |quote=Almost all the 600 people in the top floors of the south tower died after a second hijacked airliner crashed in the 80th floor shortly after 9{{nbsp}}a.m. The failure to evacuate the building was one of the day's great tragedies.}}</ref>
[[File:French Urban Search and Rescue.jpg|thumb|left|An Urban Search and Rescue Task Force [[German shepherd]] dog works to uncover victims at the site of the World Trade Center after the attacks.]]
At least 200 people fell or jumped to their deaths from the burning towers (as exemplified in the photograph ''[[The Falling Man]]''), landing on the streets and rooftops of adjacent buildings hundreds of feet below.<ref name="horrificdecision">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2002-09-02-jumper_x.htm |title=Desperation forced a horrific decision |work=USA Today|date=September 2, 2002 |last1=Cauchon |first1=Dennis |last2=Moore |first2=Martha|accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref> Some occupants of each tower above the point of impact made their way toward the roof in the hope of helicopter rescue, but the roof access doors were locked.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Paltrow|first1=Scot|title=Could Helicopters Have Saved People From the Top of the Trade Center?|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1003784754436648720|website=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=January 22, 2017}}</ref> No plan existed for helicopter rescues, and the combination of roof equipment, thick smoke, and intense heat prevented helicopters from approaching.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/05/18/terror/main618174.shtml |title=Poor Info Hindered 9/11 Rescue|publisher=CBS News |date=May 18, 2004|accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref>
A total of 411 emergency workers died as they tried to rescue people and fight fires. The [[New York City Fire Department]] (FDNY) lost 343 firefighters, including a chaplain and two [[paramedics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nyfd.com/9_11_wtc.html|title=The Unofficial Home Page of FDNY}}</ref> The [[New York City Police Department]] (NYPD) lost 23 officers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Post-9/11 report recommends police, fire response changes |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2002-08-19-nypd-nyfd-report_x.htm |date=August 19, 2002|agency=Associated Press |work=USA Today |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref> The [[Port Authority Police Department]] (PAPD) lost 37 officers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Police back on day-to-day beat after 9/11 nightmare|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/US/07/20/wtc.police/ |date=July 21, 2002 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=November 12, 2013}}</ref> Eight emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics from private emergency medical services units were killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-memorial.org/Tribute/EMS/medics.html|title=EMT & Paramedics|access-date=August 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203041213/http://www.world-memorial.org/Tribute/EMS/medics.html|archive-date=February 3, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[Cantor Fitzgerald]] L.P., an investment bank on the 101st–105th floors of the North Tower, lost 658 employees, considerably more than any other employer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5282060.stm?lsf |title=Cantor rebuilds after 9/11 losses |publisher=BBC |date=September 4, 2006 |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref> [[Marsh & McLennan Companies|Marsh Inc.]], located immediately below Cantor Fitzgerald on floors 93–100, lost 358 employees,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://memorial.mmc.com/ |title=Marsh & McLennan Companies 9/11 Memorial|accessdate=September 7, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mmc.com/about/history.php |title=Milestones of Marsh & McLennan Companies |accessdate=September 7, 2011}}</ref> and 175 employees of [[Aon Corporation]] were also killed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.investmentnews.com/article/20070911/REG/70911011 |title=Industry honors fallen on 9/11 anniversary |publisher=InvestmentNews |last=Siegel|first=Aaron |date=September 11, 2007 |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref> The [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] (NIST) estimated that about 17,400 civilians were in the World Trade Center complex at the time of the attacks. Turnstile counts from the Port Authority suggest 14,154 people were typically in the Twin Towers by 8:45{{nbsp}}a.m.{{sfnp|Averill|2005|loc="Occupant Behavior, Egress, and Emergency Communications"}}{{page number needed|date=July 2019}}{{sfnp|Dwyer|Flynn|2005|p=266}} Most people below the impact zone safely evacuated the buildings.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/26/nyregion/102-minutes-last-words-at-the-trade-center-fighting-to-live-as-the-towers-die.html |title=Last Words at the Trade Center; Fighting to Live as the Towers Die |last1=Dwyer |first1=Jim |first2=Eric |last2=Lipton |first3=Kevin |last3=Flynn |first4=James |last4=Glanz|work=The New York Times |date=May 26, 2002 |accessdate=September 2, 2011|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:280px; font-size:90%; float:right; margin-left:10px"
|-
|+Deaths (victims + hijackers)
|-
!rowspan="3"| New York City
| {{nobr|[[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]]}}
| {{nobr|2,606<ref name="edition.cnn.com">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/11/13/khalid.sheikh.mohammed/index.html|title=Accused 9/11 plotter Khalid Sheikh Mohammed faces New York trial|date=November 13, 2009|publisher=CNN|accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325210832/http://www.wibw.com/nationalnews/headlines/70082322.html |url=http://www.wibw.com/nationalnews/headlines/70082322.html|archivedate=March 25, 2012|url-status=dead|title=Alleged 9/11 Plotters Face Trial Blocks From WTC Site |date=November 13, 2009|publisher=[[WIBW-TV|WIBW]] |accessdate=November 24, 2013}}</ref>}}
|-
| [[American Airlines Flight 11|American 11]]
| 87 + 5<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-location/page93.html |title=American Airlines Flight 11 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[United Airlines Flight 175|United 175]]
| 60 + 5<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-location/page100.html |title=United Airlines Flight 175 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan="2"| Arlington
| [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]]
| 125<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-location/page88.html |title=Pentagon |publisher=CNN |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[American Airlines Flight 77|American 77]] || 59 + 5<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-location/page96.html |title=American Airlines Flight 77 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref>
|-
! {{nobr|Near Shanksville}}
| [[United Airlines Flight 93|United 93]]
| 40 + 4<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20011028flt93mainstoryp7.asp |title=Flight 93: Forty lives, one destiny |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=October 2001|last=Roddy |first=Dennis B.|authorlink=Dennis Roddy|accessdate=September 2, 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5KmMRkIhh |archivedate=November 30, 2006|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="2"| Total
| {{nobr|2,977 + 19}}
|}
Weeks after the attack, the death toll was estimated to be over 6,000, more than twice the number of deaths eventually confirmed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/09/29/gen.america.under.attack/index.html |title=Source: Hijacking suspects linked to Afghanistan |publisher=CNN |date=September 30, 2001 |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref> The city was only able to identify remains for about 1,600 of the World Trade Center victims. The medical examiner's office collected "about 10,000 unidentified bone and tissue fragments that cannot be matched to the list of the dead".<ref name="CBS2">{{cite news| title=Ground Zero Forensic Work Ends |publisher=CBS News |date=February 23, 2005 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/23/national/main675839.shtml |accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref> Bone fragments were still being found in 2006 by workers who were preparing to demolish the damaged [[Deutsche Bank Building]]. In 2010, a team of anthropologists and archaeologists searched for human remains and personal items at the [[Fresh Kills Landfill]], where 72 more human remains were recovered, bringing the total found to 1,845. DNA profiling continues in an attempt to identify additional victims.<ref>{{cite news|last=Andrade |first=Mariano |title=Scientists still struggle to identify 9/11 remains |url=http://news.discovery.com/human/psychology/world-trade-center-remains-110826.htm |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=August 25, 2011 |accessdate=September 5, 2011 |work=[[Discovery News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/remains-wtc-worker-ernest-james-40-id-ten-years-9-11-article-1.945620 |title=Remains of WTC worker Ernest James, 40, ID'd ten years after 9/11 |last=Lemre |first=Jonathan |work=Daily News|location=New York |date=August 24, 2011 |accessdate=April 10, 2012}}</ref><ref name=DNAContinue>{{cite news |first=Bobby |last=Cuza |title=9/11 A Decade Later: DNA Matching Efforts To Continue At WTC Site |date=June 11, 2011 |url=http://www.ny1.com/content/143516/9-11-a-decade-later--remains-from-wtc-tested-by-latest-dna-tech |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920211012/http://www.ny1.com/content/143516/9-11-a-decade-later--remains-from-wtc-tested-by-latest-dna-tech |archivedate=September 20, 2014 |publisher=[[NY1]] |accessdate=September 21, 2011}}</ref> The remains are being held in storage in Memorial Park, outside the New York City Medical Examiner's facilities. It was expected that the remains would be moved in 2013 to a repository behind a wall at the 9/11 museum. In July 2011, a team of scientists at the Office of Chief Medical Examiner was still trying to identify remains, in the hope that improved technology will allow them to identify other victims.<ref name=DNAContinue /> On August 7, 2017, the 1,641st victim was identified as a result of newly available DNA technology,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-40855907|title=9/11 victim identified 16 years on|date=August 7, 2017|publisher=BBC}}</ref> and a 1,642nd on July 26, 2018.<ref name="no1642">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/amp/news/september-11-2001-attacks-remains-victim-scott-michael-johnson-identified/|title="Finality": 9/11 victim's remains identified 17 years later|date=July 26, 2018|website=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> A further 1,111 victims are yet to be identified.<ref name="no1642" />
===Damage===
{{Further|Collapse of the World Trade Center}}
[[File:World Trade Center 3 After 9-11 Attacks With Original Building Locations.jpg|thumb|World Trade Center site (Ground Zero) with an overlay showing the original building locations]]
[[File:Aerial view of the Pentagon during rescue operations post-September 11 attack.JPEG|thumb|The Pentagon was damaged by fire and partly collapsed.]]
[[File:September 11 attack seen from space by nasa.jpg|thumb|The aftermath of the World Trade Center attacks, as seen from space by the [[Landsat 7]] satellite<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones|first=Jonathan|title=The 9/11 attack seen from space – an image of impotence|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/10/911-attack-seen-from-space-image-impotence|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6O0cC7vk0|archivedate=March 12, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Along with the 110-floor [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|Twin Towers]], numerous other buildings at the World Trade Center site were destroyed or badly damaged, including WTC buildings 3 through 7 and [[St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church]].<ref name="wtcstudy">{{cite web|url=http://www.fema.gov/rebuild/mat/wtcstudy.shtm |title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study |date=May 2002 |publisher=FEMA |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5spvzRCDS |archivedate=September 18, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The North Tower, South Tower, the [[Marriott World Trade Center|Marriott Hotel (3 WTC)]], and 7 WTC were destroyed. The U.S. Customs House ([[6 World Trade Center]]), [[4 World Trade Center (1975–2001)|4 World Trade Center]], [[5 World Trade Center]], and both pedestrian bridges connecting buildings were severely damaged. The [[Deutsche Bank Building]] on 130 Liberty Street was partially damaged and demolished some years later, starting in 2007.<ref name="The Eleventh Day pp 75">Summers and Swan (2011), p. 75.</ref><ref name='130 Liberty Finally Gone from Ground Zero'>{{cite news |first=Matt |last=Chaban |title=130 Liberty Finally Gone from Ground Zero |date=February 9, 2011 |url=http://www.commercialobserver.com/2011/02/130-liberty-finally-gone-from-ground-zero/ |work=[[The New York Observer]] |accessdate=April 10, 2012}}</ref> The two buildings of the [[Brookfield Place (New York City)|World Financial Center]] also suffered damage.<ref name="The Eleventh Day pp 75" /> The last fires at the World Trade Center site were extinguished on December 20, exactly 100 days after the attacks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/dec/20/september11.usa |title=Ground Zero stops burning, after 100 days |website=The Guardian |date=December 20, 2001 |accessdate=May 5, 2018}}</ref>
The Deutsche Bank Building across Liberty Street from the World Trade Center complex was later condemned as uninhabitable because of toxic conditions inside the office tower, and was [[Deconstruction (building)|deconstructed]].<ref>''World Trade Center Building Performance Study – Bankers Trust Building'', pp ??</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Deutsche Bank Building at 130 Liberty Street|publisher=Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center |url=http://www.renewnyc.com/plan_des_dev/130Liberty/default.asp|accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref> The [[Borough of Manhattan Community College]]'s Fiterman Hall at 30 West Broadway was condemned due to extensive damage in the attacks, and was reopened in 2012.<ref>{{cite web | last=Shapiro | first=Julie | title=Students Return to Rebuilt Fiterman Hall 11 Years After 9/11 | website=DNAinfo New York | date=August 27, 2012 | url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20120827/financial-district/students-return-rebuilt-fiterman-hall-11-years-after-911 | access-date=October 27, 2017 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027125835/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20120827/financial-district/students-return-rebuilt-fiterman-hall-11-years-after-911 | archivedate=October 27, 2017 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Other neighboring buildings (including [[90 West Street]] and the [[Verizon Building]]) suffered major damage but have been restored.<ref name="nyconstruction">{{cite web|url=http://newyork.construction.com/projects/TopProjects04/Verizon.asp |title=Verizon Building Restoration |publisher=New York Construction (McGraw Hill) |accessdate=September 2, 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5pvOUTccB |archivedate=May 22, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Brookfield Place (New York City)|World Financial Center]] buildings, [[One Liberty Plaza]], the [[Millenium<!-- PLEASE NOTE that "Millenium" is the correct spelling here. --> Hilton]], and 90 Church Street had moderate damage and have since been restored.<ref>''World Trade Center Building Performance Study – Peripheral Buildings'', pp. ??</ref> Communications equipment on top of the North Tower was also destroyed, with only [[WCBS-TV]] maintaining a backup transmitter on the [[Empire State Building]], but media stations were quickly able to reroute the signals and resume their broadcasts.<ref name="wtcstudy" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Bloomfield |first=Larry |url=http://sysdesignshowcase.broadcastengineering.com/ar/broadcasting_new_york_broadcasters |title=New York broadcasters rebuild |publisher=Broadcast Engineering |date=October 1, 2001 |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604040210/http://sysdesignshowcase.broadcastengineering.com/ar/broadcasting_new_york_broadcasters |archivedate=June 4, 2008}}</ref>
The [[PATH (rail system)|PATH]] train system's [[World Trade Center station (PATH)|World Trade Center station]] was located under the complex. As a result, the entire station was demolished completely when the towers collapsed, and the tunnels leading to [[Exchange Place station (PATH)|Exchange Place station]] in [[Jersey City, New Jersey]] were flooded with water.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.panynj.gov/drp/wtcpath/pathinfo.php|title=Downtown Restoration Program – The Port Authority of NY&NJ|date=January 11, 2009|accessdate=February 7, 2018|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111002148/http://www.panynj.gov/drp/wtcpath/pathinfo.php|archivedate=January 11, 2009}}</ref> The station was rebuilt as the $4{{nbsp}}billion [[World Trade Center Transportation Hub]], which reopened in March 2015.<ref>{{cite web | title=World Trade Center transportation hub, dubbed Oculus, opens to public | website=ABC7 New York | date=March 3, 2016 | url=http://abc7ny.com/1229181/ | access-date=July 8, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panynj.gov/press-room/press-item.cfm?headLine_id=2353|title=Port Authority Announces Opening of World Trade Center Transportation Hub|last=|first=|date=January 19, 2016|website=Port Authority of New York, New Jersey|accessdate=January 29, 2016}}</ref> The [[WTC Cortlandt station|Cortlandt Street station]] on the [[New York City Subway]]'s [[IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line]] was also in close proximity to the World Trade Center complex, and the entire station, along with the surrounding track, was reduced to rubble.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/04/nyregion/subway-line-in-attack-may-reopen-much-earlier.html|title=Subway Line in Attack May Reopen Much Earlier|last=Kennedy|first=Randy|date=January 4, 2002|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 7, 2018|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The latter station was rebuilt and reopened to the public on September 8, 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=WTC Cortlandt Subway Station Reopens for 1st Time Since 9/11 Attacks |url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/WTC-Cortlandt-Subway-Station-Reopens-for-1st-Time-Since-9-11-Attacks-492777501.html |accessdate= September 8, 2018 |work=NBC 4 New York |agency=Associated Press |date=September 8, 2018}}</ref>
The Pentagon was severely damaged by the impact of American Airlines Flight 77 and ensuing fires, causing one section of the building to collapse.<ref>''The Pentagon Building Performance Report'', pp. ??</ref> As the airplane approached the Pentagon, its wings knocked down light poles and its right engine hit a power generator before crashing into the western side of the building.<ref>''Flight Path Study – American Airlines Flight 77'', pp. ??</ref><ref name="fdr">''American Airlines Flight 77 FDR Report'', pp. ??</ref> The plane hit the Pentagon at the first-floor level. The front part of the fuselage disintegrated on impact, while the mid and tail sections kept moving for another fraction of a second.{{Sfnp|Goldberg et al.|2007|p=17}} Debris from the tail section penetrated furthest into the building, breaking through {{convert|310|ft|m|0}} of the three outermost of the building's five rings.{{Sfnp|Goldberg et al.|2007|p=17}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Maclean |first=John N |title=America Under Attack: A chronicle of chaos and heroism at the Pentagon |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/29/AR2008052903149.html |date=June 1, 2008 |work=The Washington Post|accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref>
===Rescue efforts===
{{Main|Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center}}
[[File:DN-SD-04-12744.JPEG|right|thumb|alt=An injured victim is being loaded into a paramedic van with the burning Pentagon in the background.|EMS workers rescue and evacuate an injured victim of the Pentagon attack.]]
The New York City Fire Department deployed 200 units (half of the department) to the World Trade Center. Their efforts were supplemented by numerous off-duty firefighters and emergency medical technicians.<ref name="mckinsey-ems">''McKinsey Report'', "Emergency Medical Service response", pp. ??</ref><ref name="mckinsey-exec">''McKinsey Report'', "Executive Summary", pp. ??</ref><ref>''McKinsey Report'', Exhibit 7, "Fire Apparatus Deployment on September 11"</ref> The New York City Police Department sent Emergency Service Units and other police personnel and deployed its aviation unit. Once on the scene, the FDNY, the NYPD, and the PAPD did not coordinate efforts and performed redundant searches for civilians.<ref name="mckinsey-ems" />{{Sfnp|Alavosius|Rodriquez|2005|pp=666–680}} As conditions deteriorated, the NYPD aviation unit relayed information to police commanders, who issued orders for its personnel to evacuate the towers; most NYPD officers were able to safely evacuate before the buildings collapsed.{{Sfnp|Alavosius|Rodriquez|2005|pp=666–680}}<ref name="mckinsey-nypd">''McKinsey Report'', "NYPD", pp. ??</ref> With separate command posts set up and incompatible radio communications between the agencies, warnings were not passed along to FDNY commanders.
After the first tower collapsed, FDNY commanders issued evacuation warnings. Due to [[Radio communications during the September 11 attacks|technical difficulties]] with malfunctioning radio repeater systems, many firefighters never heard the evacuation orders. 9-1-1 dispatchers also received information from callers that was not passed along to commanders on the scene.<ref name="mckinsey-exec" /> Within hours of the attack, a substantial search and rescue operation was launched. After months of around-the-clock operations, the World Trade Center site was cleared by the end of May 2002.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/05/30/rec.wtc.cleanup/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201081749/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/05/30/rec.wtc.cleanup/| archivedate=December 1, 2008| url-status=dead| title=Ceremony closes 'Ground Zero' cleanup |date=May 30, 2002 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=November 24, 2013}}</ref>
==Aftermath==
{{Further|Aftermath of the September 11 attacks|Airport security repercussions due to the September 11 attacks|Closings and cancellations following the September 11 attacks|Reactions to the September 11 attacks|U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks|U.S. military response during the September 11 attacks|September 11 Victim Compensation Fund}}
The aftermath of the 9/11 attack resulted in immediate responses to the event, including domestic reactions, hate crimes, Muslim American responses to the event, international responses to the attack, and military responses to the events. An extensive compensation program was quickly established by Congress in the aftermath to compensate the victims and families of victims of the 9/11 attack as well.<ref>{{cite book |title=Who Gets What: Fair Compensation after Tragedy and Financial Upheaval |first=Kenneth |last=Feinberg |date=June 2012 |publisher=[[PublicAffairs]] |location=New York City |isbn=9781586489779 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5j6N5LTz1N0C }}</ref><ref>Feinberg, Kenneth. ''What is Life Worth?: The Unprecedented Effort to Compensate the Victims of 9/11'' (2005), Perseus Books Group.</ref>
===Immediate response===
[[File:Bush 9-11 on phone.jpg|thumb|President [[George W. Bush]] is briefed on the attacks in [[Sarasota, Florida]].]]
[[File:9 11 Terror Attacks Historical Pentagon Briefing.webm|thumb|start=02:16|alt=Three high-level politicians and a General, all displaying grim facial expressions, flank the main speaker.|Eight hours after the attacks, [[Donald Rumsfeld]], then U.S. Secretary of Defense, declares "The Pentagon is functioning."]]
At 8:32{{nbsp}}a.m. [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] officials were notified Flight 11 had been hijacked and they, in turn, notified the [[North American Aerospace Defense Command]] (NORAD). NORAD scrambled two [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle|F-15s]] from [[Otis Air National Guard Base]] in Massachusetts and they were airborne by 8:53{{nbsp}}a.m.<ref name=norad>{{cite web|title=We Have Some Planes|url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf|website=The 911 Commission Report|publisher=911 Commission|accessdate=September 9, 2011 |pages=20–42}}</ref> Because of slow and confused communication from FAA officials, NORAD had 9 minutes' notice that Flight 11 had been hijacked, and no notice about any of the other flights before they crashed.<ref name=norad /> After both of the Twin Towers had already been hit, more fighters were scrambled from [[Joint Base Langley–Eustis|Langley Air Force Base]] in Virginia at 9:30{{nbsp}}a.m.<ref name=norad /> At 10:20{{nbsp}}a.m. Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] issued orders to shoot down any commercial aircraft that could be positively identified as being hijacked. These instructions were not relayed in time for the fighters to take action.<ref name=norad /><ref>{{cite news|title=Cheney: Order To Shoot Down Hijacked 9/11 Planes 'Necessary'|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/09/04/cheney-order-to-shoot-down-hijacked-11-planes-necessary/|accessdate=September 9, 2011 |publisher=Fox News Channel|date=September 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Schrader|first=Esther|title=Cheney Gave Order to Shoot Down Jets|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2004/jun/18/nation/na-cheney18|accessdate=September 9, 2011 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=June 18, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Greer|first=Gordon|title=What Price Security?|year=2005|publisher=iUniverse, Inc|isbn=978-0-595-35792-5|page=73|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MNHGZWiLBL4C&pg=PA73|accessdate=March 18, 2016}}</ref> Some fighters took to the air without live ammunition, knowing that to prevent the hijackers from striking their intended targets, the pilots might have to intercept and crash their fighters into the hijacked planes, possibly ejecting at the last moment.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hendrix |first=Steve |title=F-16 pilot was ready to give her life on Sept. 11 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/f-16-pilot-was-ready-to-give-her-life-on-sept-11/2011/09/06/gIQAMpcODK_story.html |accessdate=September 9, 2011 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=September 8, 2011}}</ref>
For the first time in U.S. history, [[Security Control of Air Traffic and Air Navigation Aids|SCATANA]] was invoked,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.judicialwatch.org/archive/2007/Saudi%20Docs%202.pdf|title=NOTAMs/Flight Restrictions in Effect on 9/13/01|author=Flight Data Center|publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |date=April 13, 2007|page=15ff}}</ref> thus stranding tens of thousands of passengers across the world.<ref name="Commission">{{cite web |title=Wartime |website=National Commission on Terrorists Attacks upon the United States |publisher=U.S. Congress |url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch10.htm |accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref> [[Ben Sliney]], in his first day as the National Operations Manager of the [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.metro.co.uk/fame/interviews/article.html?in_article_id=20603&in_page_id=11 | date = October 4, 2006 | title = 60 Seconds: Ben Sliney | first = Andrew | last = Williams | website = [[Metro (Associated Metro Limited)|Metro online]] | publisher = [[Associated Northcliffe Digital]] | location = London | accessdate = April 13, 2010 }}</ref> ordered that American airspace would be closed to all international flights, causing about five hundred flights to be turned back or redirected to other countries. Canada received 226 of the diverted flights and launched [[Operation Yellow Ribbon]] to deal with the large numbers of grounded planes and stranded passengers.<ref name="canadaflights">{{cite press release |title=Actions taken following September 11 terrorist attacks |date=December 11, 2001 |publisher=[[Transport Canada]] |url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/mediaroom/releases/nat/2001/01_h152e.htm |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020415131425/http://www.tc.gc.ca/mediaroom/releases/nat/2001/01_h152e.htm |archivedate=April 15, 2002}}</ref>
The 9/11 attacks had immediate effects on the American people.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stein |first=Howard F. |year=2003 |title=Days of Awe: September 11, 2001 and its Cultural Psychodynamics |journal=Journal for the Psychoanalysis of Culture and Society |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=187–199 |doi=10.1353/psy.2003.0047}}</ref> Police and rescue workers from around the country took a leave of absence from their jobs and traveled to New York City to help recover bodies from the twisted remnants of the Twin Towers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Asthma Rates Up Among Ground Zero Workers |agency=Associated Press |publisher=CBS News |date=September 10, 2009|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-204_162-3207507.html|accessdate=September 11, 2013}}</ref> Blood donations across the U.S. surged in the weeks after 9/11.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Glynn |first=Simone A. |title=Effect of a National Disaster on Blood Supply and Safety: The September 11 Experience |year=2003 |journal=[[Journal of the American Medical Association]]|volume=289 |issue=17 |pmid=12734136 |doi=10.1001/jama.289.17.2246 |pages=2246–2253 |last2=Busch |first2=MP |last3=Schreiber |first3=GB |last4=Murphy |first4=EL |last5=Wright |first5=DJ |last6=Tu |first6=Y |last7=Kleinman |first7=SH |last8=Nhlbi Reds Study |first8=Group}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Red Cross Woes |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/business/july-dec01/redcross_12-19.html |date=December 19, 2001 |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |publisher=PBS |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905071729/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/business/july-dec01/redcross_12-19.html |archivedate=September 5, 2011}}</ref>
The deaths of adults in the attacks resulted in over 3,000 children losing a parent.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Coates |first1=S. |last2=Schechter |first2=D. |doi=10.1016/j.psc.2004.03.006 |title=Preschoolers' traumatic stress post-9/11: Relational and developmental perspectives |journal=Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=473–489 |year=2004 |pmid=15325488}}</ref> Subsequent studies documented children's reactions to these actual losses and to feared losses of life, the protective environment in the aftermath of the attacks, and effects on surviving caregivers.<ref>Schechter DS, Coates SW, First E (2002). Observations of acute reactions of young children and their families to the World Trade Center attacks. Journal of ZERO-TO-THREE: National Center for Infants, Toddlers, and Families, 22(3), 9–13.</ref><ref>Coates SW, Rosenthal J, Schechter DS—Eds. (2003). September 11: Trauma and Human Bonds. New York: Taylor and Francis, Inc.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Klein |first1=T. P. |last2=Devoe |first2=E. R. |last3=Miranda-Julian |first3=C. |last4=Linas |first4=K. |title=Young children's responses to September 11th: The New York City experience |doi=10.1002/imhj.20200 |pmid=28636121 |journal=[[Infant Mental Health Journal]] |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |year=2009}}</ref>
===Domestic reactions===
[[File:Address to the Nation by President George W. Bush on September 11, 2001.webm|thumb|George W. Bush's address to the people of the United States, September 11, 2001, 8:30{{nbsp}}p.m. EDT.]]
[[File:Remarks from Ground Zero September 14, 2001.webm|thumb|thumbtime=00:11|Bush making remarks from [[Ground Zero]] on September 14, 2001]]
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Following the attacks, President George W. Bush's approval rating soared to 90%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/116500/Presidential-Approval-Ratings-George-Bush.aspx |title=Presidential Approval Ratings – George W. Bush |publisher=Gallup |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402045152/http://www.gallup.com/poll/116500/presidential-approval-ratings-george-bush.aspx |archivedate=April 2, 2009 }}</ref> On September 20, 2001, he addressed the nation and a joint session of the United States Congress regarding the events of September 11 and the subsequent nine days of rescue and recovery efforts, and described his intended response to the attacks. [[Mayor of New York City|New York City mayor]] [[Rudy Giuliani]]'s [[Rudy Giuliani during the September 11 attacks|highly visible role]] won him high praise in New York and nationally.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pooley|first=Eric|title=Mayor of the World |url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2020227_2020306_2022358,00.html |work=Person of the Year 2001 |accessdate=September 4, 2011|date=December 31, 2001}}</ref>
Many relief funds were immediately set up to assist victims of the attacks, with the task of providing [[Financial assistance following the September 11 attacks|financial assistance]] to the [[Casualties of the September 11 attacks|survivors of the attacks]] and to the families of victims. By the deadline for victim's compensation on September 11, 2003, 2,833 applications had been received from the families of those who were killed.<ref>{{cite news|last=Barrett|first=Devlin |title=9/11 Fund Deadline Passes |publisher =CBS News |date=December 23, 2003 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/01/16/national/main593715.shtml |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref>
Contingency plans for the [[continuity of government]] and the evacuation of leaders were implemented soon after the attacks.<ref name="Commission" /> Congress was not told that the United States had been under a continuity of government status until February 2002.<ref>{{cite news|title='Shadow Government' News To Congress |publisher=CBS News |date=March 2, 2002 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/03/01/attack/main502530.shtml |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref>
In the largest restructuring of the U.S. government in contemporary history, the United States enacted the [[Homeland Security Act]] of 2002, creating the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]]. Congress also passed the [[USA PATRIOT Act]], saying it would help detect and prosecute terrorism and other crimes.<ref name="lifeandliberty.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.lifeandliberty.gov/highlights.htm |title=The USA PATRIOT Act: Preserving Life and Liberty |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102035036/http://www.justice.gov/archive/ll/highlights.htm|archivedate=January 2, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Civil liberties groups have criticized the PATRIOT Act, saying it allows law enforcement to invade the privacy of citizens and that it eliminates judicial oversight of law enforcement and domestic intelligence.<ref name="ACLUAdv">{{cite press release |url=https://www.aclu.org/national-security/uncle-sam-asks-what-hell-going-herein-new-aclu-print-and-radio-advertisements |title=Uncle Sam Asks: "What The Hell Is Going On Here?" in New ACLU Print and Radio Advertisements |publisher=[[American Civil Liberties Union]] |date=September 3, 2003 |accessdate=April 10, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Eggen |first=Dan |title=Key Part of Patriot Act Ruled Unconstitutional |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A59626-2004Sep29.html |work=The Washington Post |date=September 30, 2004 |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/law/09/26/patriot.act/index.html |title=Federal judge rules 2 Patriot Act provisions unconstitutional |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |date=September 26, 2007 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> In an effort to effectively combat future acts of terrorism, the [[National Security Agency]] (NSA) was given broad powers. NSA commenced [[NSA warrantless surveillance controversy|warrantless surveillance]] of telecommunications, which was sometimes criticized since it permitted the agency "to eavesdrop on telephone and e-mail communications between the United States and people overseas without a warrant".<ref>{{cite news |last1=VandeHei |first1=Jim |last2=Eggen |first2=Dan |title=Cheney Cites Justifications For Domestic Eavesdropping |work=The Washington Post |date=January 5, 2006 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/04/AR2006010400973.html |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> In response to requests by various intelligence agencies, the [[United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court]] permitted an expansion of powers by the U.S. government in seeking, obtaining, and sharing information on U.S. citizens as well as non-U.S. people from around the world.<ref>{{cite news | title=How a Court Secretly Evolved, Extending U.S. Spies' Reach | work=The New York Times | last1=Savage | first1=Charlie | first2=Laura | last2=Poitras | date=March 11, 2014 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/12/us/how-a-courts-secret-evolution-extended-spies-reach.html | access-date=March 13, 2014}}</ref>
====Hate crimes====
[[File:WTC-remnant highres.jpg|thumb|upright|A fireman looks up at the remains of the South Tower.]]
[[File:September 14 2001 Ground Zero 02.jpg|thumb|upright|A fireman can be seen in silhouette at the base of the rubble.]]
Shortly after the attacks, President Bush made a public appearance at Washington, D.C.'s largest Islamic Center and acknowledged the "incredibly valuable contribution" that millions of American Muslims made to their country and called for them "to be treated with respect."<ref>{{cite news|first=Samuel G.|last=Freedman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/08/us/on-religion-six-days-after-9-11-another-anniversary-worth-honoring.html|title=Six Days After 9/11, Another Anniversary Worth Honoring|accessdate=March 12, 2015|date=September 7, 2012|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Numerous incidents of [[harassment]] and [[hate crime]]s against Muslims and South Asians were reported in the days following the attacks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/cchr/html/report.html|title=New York City Commission on Human Rights|publisher=Nyc.gov |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040203071912/http://www.nyc.gov/html/cchr/html/report.html |archivedate=February 3, 2004 |accessdate=May 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/post9-11-us-policies-created-atmosphere-of-fear-for-south-asians/836936 |title=Post-9/11, US policies created atmosphere of fear for South Asians|website=The Indian Express|date=August 25, 2011 |accessdate=October 23, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Hate">{{cite news|title=Hate crime reports up in wake of terrorist attacks |publisher=CNN |date=September 17, 2001|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/16/gen.hate.crimes |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051127025019/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/16/gen.hate.crimes/ |archivedate=November 27, 2005 |accessdate=May 29, 2014}}</ref> [[Sikh]]s were also targeted because Sikh males usually wear [[turban]]s, which are stereotypically associated with Muslims. There were reports of attacks on mosques and other religious buildings (including the firebombing of a Hindu temple), and assaults on people, including one murder: [[Murder of Balbir Singh Sodhi|Balbir Singh Sodhi]], a Sikh mistaken for a Muslim, was fatally shot on September 15, 2001, in [[Mesa, Arizona]].<ref name="Hate" /> Two dozen members of Osama bin Laden's family were urgently evacuated out of the country on a private charter plane under FBI supervision three days after the attacks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bin-laden-family-evacuated/|title=Bin Laden Family Evacuated|website=www.cbsnews.com|access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref>
According to an academic study, people perceived to be Middle Eastern were as likely to be victims of hate crimes as followers of Islam during this time. The study also found a similar increase in hate crimes against people who may have been perceived as Muslims, Arabs, and others thought to be of Middle Eastern origin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bsu.edu/news/article/0,1370,-1019-12850,00.html |title=Many minority groups were victims of hate crimes after 9-11 |date=October 9, 2003 |publisher=[[Ball State University]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211050839/http://www.bsu.edu/news/article/0%2C1370%2C-1019-12850%2C00.html |archivedate=December 11, 2008 |accessdate=May 29, 2014 }}</ref> A report by the South Asian American advocacy group known as South Asian Americans Leading Together, documented media coverage of 645 bias incidents against Americans of South Asian or Middle Eastern descent between September 11 and 17. Various crimes such as vandalism, arson, assault, shootings, harassment, and threats in numerous places were documented.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saalt.org/attachments/1/American%20Backlash%20report.pdf|title=American Backlash: Terrorist Bring War Home in More Ways Than One |year=2003 |publisher=SAALT |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203140832/http://static.911digitalarchive.org/REPOSITORY/OTHER_OBJECTS/6object.pdf |archivedate=December 3, 2010 |accessdate=May 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=645 racial incidents reported in week after September 11|first=Jeet|last=Thayil|newspaper=India Abroad |date=October 12, 2001 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79281024.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511211812/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79281024.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 11, 2011}}</ref>
====Muslim American response====
Muslim organizations in the United States were swift to condemn the attacks and called "upon [[Muslim Americans]] to come forward with their skills and resources to help alleviate the sufferings of the affected people and their families".<ref>{{cite web|last=American Muslim Leaders |title=Muslim Americans Condemn Attack |publisher=ISNA |url=http://www.islamicity.com/articles/Articles.asp?ref=AM0109-335 |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> These organizations included the [[Islamic Society of North America]], American Muslim Alliance, [[American Muslim Council]], [[Council on American-Islamic Relations]], [[Islamic Circle of North America]], and the Shari'a Scholars Association of North America. Along with monetary donations, many Islamic organizations launched blood drives and provided medical assistance, food, and shelter for victims.<ref>{{cite news|last=Beaulieu |first=Dan |title=Muslim groups around world condemn the killing of innocents |work=Agence France Presse – English |date=September 12, 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Davis |first=Joyce M. |title=Muslims condemn attacks, insist Islam not violent against innocents |work=Knight Ridder Washington Bureau |date=September 13, 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Witham |first=Larry |title=Muslim groups decry attacks; No cause justifies the 'immoral' act, U.S. councils say |work=The Washington Times |date=September 12, 2001}}</ref>
===International reactions===
{{Main|Reactions to the September 11 attacks}}
The attacks were denounced by mass media and governments worldwide. Across the globe, nations offered pro-American support and solidarity.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hertzberg |first=Hendrik |title=Lost love |website=The New Yorker |url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/09/11/060911ta_talk_hertzberg |date=September 11, 2006 |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5sMTJrWkY | archivedate=August 30, 2010| url-status=live}}</ref> Leaders in most Middle Eastern countries, and Afghanistan, condemned the attacks. Iraq was a notable exception, with an immediate official statement that, "the American cowboys are reaping the fruit of their crimes against humanity".<ref>{{cite news|title=Attacks draw mixed response in Mideast |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/09/12/mideast.reaction/index.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813060324/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/09/12/mideast.reaction/index.html |archivedate=August 13, 2007 |publisher=CNN |date=September 12, 2001 |url-status=dead |accessdate=May 29, 2014 }}</ref> The government of Saudi Arabia officially condemned the attacks, but privately many Saudis favored bin Laden's cause.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Summers |first1=Anthony |last2=Swan |first2=Robbyn|title=The Eleventh Day: The Full Story of 9/11 and Osama bin Laden|year=2011|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4000-6659-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ/page/403 403]|url=https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ |url-access=registration }}</ref><ref name="The Kingdom and the Towers">{{cite web|title=The Kingdom and the Towers |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2011/08/9-11-2011-201108|website=Vanity Fair|accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> Although [[Palestinian Authority]] (PA) president [[Yasser Arafat]] also condemned the attacks, there were reports of celebrations of disputed size in the [[West Bank]], [[Gaza Strip]], and [[East Jerusalem]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1538664.stm|title=In pictures: Atrocities' aftermath|date=2001-09-12|access-date=2019-09-12|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Porter |first1=Patrick |title=Blunder: Britain's War in Iraq |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=139 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VE5yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA139 |accessdate=12 September 2019}}</ref> Footage by CNN and other news outlets were suggested to be from 1991, which was later proven to be a false accusation, resulting in a statement being issued by CNN.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416104012/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/20/cnn.statement/|title=CNN.com - CNN statement about false claim it used old video - September 20, 2001|date=2008-04-16|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/false-footaging/|title=Palestinians Dancing in the Street|website=Snopes.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref> As in the United States, the aftermath of the attacks saw tensions increase in other countries between Muslims and non-Muslims.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1551868.stm |title=UK | Muslim community targets racial tension |publisher=BBC News Online|date=September 19, 2001 |accessdate=April 11, 2012}}</ref>
[[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1368]] condemned the attacks, and expressed readiness to take all necessary steps to respond and combat all forms of terrorism in accordance with their [[Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter|Charter]].<ref name="SecCounc">{{cite web|title=Security Council Condemns, 'In Strongest Terms', Terrorist Attacks on the United States|publisher=United Nations |date=September 12, 2001 |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2001/SC7143.doc.htm|accessdate=September 11, 2006 |quote=The Security Council today, following what it called yesterday's "horrifying terrorist attacks" in New York, Washington, D.C., and Pennsylvania, unequivocally condemned those acts, and expressed its deepest sympathy and condolences to the victims and their families and to the people and Government of the United States.}}</ref> Numerous countries introduced anti-terrorism legislation and froze bank accounts they suspected of al-Qaeda ties.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |title=September 11, the Internet, and the effects on information provision in Libraries |website=68th IFLA Council and Conference |date=August 24, 2002 |url=http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla68/papers/156-079e.pdf |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.g8.fr/evian/english/navigation/g8_documents/archives_from_previous_summits/kananaskis_summit_-_2002/g8_counter-terrorism_cooperation_since_september_11th_backgrounder.html |title=G8 counter-terrorism cooperation since September 11 backgrounder |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |publisher=Site Internet du Sommet du G8 d'Evian |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927084019/http://www.g8.fr/evian/english/navigation/g8_documents/archives_from_previous_summits/kananaskis_summit_-_2002/g8_counter-terrorism_cooperation_since_september_11th_backgrounder.html |archivedate=September 27, 2011 }}</ref> Law enforcement and intelligence agencies in a number of countries arrested alleged terrorists.<ref>{{cite web|last = Walsh |first = Courtney C |title = Italian police explore Al Qaeda links in cyanide plot |website=The Christian Science Monitor |date=March 7, 2002 |url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0307/p07s02-woeu.html |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = SE Asia unites to smash militant cells |publisher = CNN |date=May 8, 2002 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/05/07/seasia.terror.pact/ |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref>
British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] said Britain stood "shoulder to shoulder" with the United States.<ref>{{cite news|title=Blair's statement in full|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1538551.stm|publisher=BBC|date=September 11, 2001}}</ref> A few days later, Blair flew to Washington, D.C. to affirm British solidarity with the United States. In a speech to Congress, nine days after the attacks, which Blair attended as a guest, President Bush declared "America has no truer friend than Great Britain."<ref>{{cite web|title=President Declares 'Freedom at War with Fear' |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html |publisher=The White House |accessdate=August 25, 2016 |date=September 20, 2001 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225062850/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html |archivedate=February 25, 2008 }}</ref> Subsequently, Prime Minister Blair embarked on two months of diplomacy to rally international support for military action; he held 54 meetings with world leaders and traveled more than 40,000 miles (60,000 km).<ref>{{cite news|title=Tony Blair's allegiance to George Bush laid bare|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/tony-blairs-corrosive-allegiance-to-george-bush-laid-bare-for-the-first-time-6668892.html|work=London Evening Standard|date=October 27, 2007}}</ref>
[[File:Vladimir Putin in the United States 13-16 November 2001-54.jpg|thumb|[[Vladimir Putin]] (right) and [[Lyudmila Putina|his wife]] attend a commemoration service for the victims of the terrorist attacks, November 16, 2001.]]
In the aftermath of the attacks, tens of thousands of people attempted to flee Afghanistan due to the possibility of a military retaliation by the United States. [[Pakistan]], already [[Afghans in Pakistan|home to many Afghan refugees]] from previous conflicts, closed its border with Afghanistan on September 17, 2001. Approximately one month after the attacks, the United States led a broad [[Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom|coalition of international forces]] to overthrow the Taliban regime from Afghanistan for their harboring of al-Qaeda.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. President Bush's speech to United Nations |publisher=CNN |date=November 10, 2001 |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/11/10/ret.bush.un.transcript/index.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615023853/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/11/10/ret.bush.un.transcript/index.html |archivedate=June 15, 2006 |accessdate=May 29, 2014}}</ref> Though Pakistani authorities were initially reluctant to align themselves with the United States against the Taliban, they permitted the coalition access to their military bases, and arrested and handed over to the U.S. over 600 suspected al-Qaeda members.<ref>{{cite news|title=Musharraf 'bullied' into supporting US war on terror|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/south-asia/musharraf-bullied-into-supporting-us-war-on-terror-ex-general_586640.html|accessdate=September 4, 2011|newspaper=Zee News|date=December 11, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Khan |first=Aamer Ahmed |title=Pakistan and the 'key al-Qaeda' man |publisher=BBC News Online |date=May 4, 2005 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4513281.stm |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref>
The U.S. set up the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]] to hold inmates they defined as "[[illegal enemy combatants]]". The legitimacy of these detentions has been questioned by the [[European Union]] and human rights organizations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Euro MPs urge Guantanamo closure |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5074216.stm |work=BBC News Online|date=June 13, 2006 |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mendez |first=Juan E. |authorlink=Juan E. Méndez |date=March 13, 2002 |title=Detainees in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba; Request for Precautionary Measures, Inter-Am. C.H.R |url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cases/guantanamo-2003.html |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=USA: Release or fair trials for all remaining Guantánamo detainees |url=https://www.amnesty.org/press-releases/2008/05/usa-release-or-fair-trials-all-remaining-guantc3a1namo-detainees-20080502/ |publisher=Amnesty International |date=May 2, 2008 |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref>
On September 25, 2001, [[Iran]]'s [[List of Presidents of Iran#List of Presidents|fifth president]], [[Mohammad Khatami]] meeting British Foreign Secretary, [[Jack Straw]], said: "Iran fully understands the feelings of the Americans about the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington on September 11." He said although the American administrations had been at best indifferent about terrorist operations in Iran (since 1979), the Iranians instead felt differently and had expressed their sympathetic feelings with bereaved Americans in the tragic incidents in the two cities. He also stated that "Nations should not be punished in place of terrorists."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20020503200608/http://www.president.ir/cronicnews/1380/8007/800703/800703.htm P.I.R.I News Headlines (Tue 80/07/03 A.H.S)]. The Official Site of the Office of the President of Iran. [http://president.ir/en Official website of the President of the Islamic Republic of Iran]. September 25, 2001. Permanent Archived Link. Original page and URL are not available online now. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20010926214218/http://www.president.ir/ Website's Homepage at that time (Title: Presidency of The Islamic Republic of Iran, The Official Site)])</ref> According to [[Radio Farda]]'s website, when the attacks' news was released, some Iranian citizens gathered in front of the Embassy of Switzerland in Tehran, which serves as the protecting power of the United States in Iran (U.S. interests protecting office in Iran), to express their sympathy and some of them lit candles as a symbol of mourning. This piece of news at Radio Farda's website also states that in 2011, on the anniversary of the attacks, [[United States Department of State]], published a post at its blog, in which the Department thanked Iranian people for their sympathy and stated that they would never forget Iranian people's kindness on those harsh days.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiofarda.com/content/f12_us_state_department_thanks_iranian_sympathy_with_sept_11_victims_in_2001/24324962.html |title= تشکر وزارت خارجه آمریکا از همدردی ایرانیان با قربانیان ۱۱ سپتامبر |language=fa |website=[[Radio Farda]] |date=September 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121163708/http://www.radiofarda.com/content/f12_us_state_department_thanks_iranian_sympathy_with_sept_11_victims_in_2001/24324962.html|archive-date=June 30, 2016|access-date=June 30, 2016 |url-status=live}} [https://translate.google.com/translate?&sl=fa&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.radiofarda.com%2Fcontent%2Ff12_us_state_department_thanks_iranian_sympathy_with_sept_11_victims_in_2001%2F24324962.html A mechanized Translation by Google Translate is available here].</ref> After the attacks, both the President<ref>[http://en.isna.ir/news/8008-04338/Iran-s-President-Says-Muslims-Reject-bin-Laden-s-Islam "Iran's President Says Muslims Reject bin Laden's 'Islam'"]. [[Iranian Students News Agency]]. November 10, 2001 / 17:07. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160918154504/http://en.isna.ir/news/8008-04338/Iran-s-President-Says-Muslims-Reject-bin-Laden-s-Islam Permanent Archived Link]. Retrieved and archived on September 18, 2016, 3:45:04{{nbsp}}p.m. UTC.</ref><ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3302180,00.html Ynetnews News – Khatami slams bin Laden, defends Hizbullah]. [[Ynetnews]]. November 9, 2006. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160908183108/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3302180,00.html Permanent Archived Link]. Retrieved and archived on September 8, 2016; 6:31:08{{nbsp}}p.m. UTC.</ref> and the Supreme Leader of Iran, condemned the attacks. The [[BBC]] and [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] magazine published reports on holding candlelit vigils for the victims by Iranian citizens at their websites.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/5377914.stm |publisher=BBC News Online|title=Iran's gulf of misunderstanding with US |date=September 25, 2006 |accessdate=May 22, 2010 |first=Gordon |last=Corera}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20160404184211/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5377914.stm Permanent Archived Link].</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101115094604/http://www.time.com/time/europe/photoessays/vigil/2.html Iran mourns America's dead] ''Time''</ref> According to ''[[Politico#Politico Magazine|Politico Magazine]]'', following the attacks, [[Ali Khamenei|Sayyed Ali Khamenei]], the Supreme Leader of Iran, "suspended the usual '[[Death to America]]' chants at [[Jumu'ah|Friday prayers]]" temporarily.<ref name=":0">{{cite web | last=Slavin | first=Barbara | title=34 Years of Getting to No with Iran | website=[[Politico|Politico Magazine]] | date=November 19, 2013 | url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2013/11/a-failure-to-communicate-100052.html | access-date=July 4, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129195150/http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2013/11/a-failure-to-communicate-100052.html | archive-date=January 25, 2014}}</ref>
In a speech by the [[Nizari]] Ismaili Imam at the Nobel Institute in 2005, [[Aga Khan IV]] stated that the "9/11 attack on the United States was a direct consequence of the international community ignoring the human tragedy that was Afghanistan at that time".<ref>{{cite web|last=Aga Khan |first=Karim |title=Speech by His Highness the Aga Khan at the Nobel Institute on Democratic Development, Pluralism and Civil Society |website=Ismaili |url=http://ismaili.net/heritage/node/30810 |date=April 7, 2005 |accessdate=January 6, 2018}}</ref>
In September 2001, shortly after the attacks, [[Greek people|Greek]] soccer fans burned an [[Israelis|Israeli]] flag and unsuccessfully tried to burn an American flag. Though the American flag did not catch fire, the fans booed during a [[moment of silence]] for victims of the attacks.<ref>{{Cite news |issn=0362-4331 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |title=Plus: Soccer; Fans in Athens Try To Burn U.S. Flag |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=April 18, 2018 |date=September 23, 2001 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/23/sports/plus-soccer-fans-in-athens-try-to-burn-us-flag.html}}</ref>
===Military operations===
{{Further|War on Terror}}
At 2:40{{nbsp}}p.m. in the afternoon of September 11, [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] [[Donald Rumsfeld]] was issuing rapid orders to his aides to look for evidence of Iraqi involvement. According to notes taken by senior policy official Stephen Cambone, Rumsfeld asked for, "Best info fast. Judge whether good enough hit S.H. [Saddam Hussein] at same time. Not only UBL" [Osama bin Laden].<ref>{{cite episode |title=Bush's War |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |series=FRONTLINE |serieslink=Frontline (U.S. TV series) |credits=Written, produced and directed by [[Michael Kirk]], produced and reported by Jim Gilmore |network=PBS |station=WGBH |location=Boston |date=March 24–25, 2008 |time=8:40|transcript=Transcript |transcripturl= https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/bushswar/etc/script.html |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/bushswar/}}</ref> Cambone's notes quoted Rumsfeld as saying, "Need to move swiftly—Near term target needs—go massive—sweep it all up. Things related and not."<ref name="IraqSuspect">{{cite news |first=Joel |last=Roberts |title=Plans For Iraq Attack Began on 9/11 |date=September 4, 2002 |publisher=CBS News |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/09/04/september11/main520830.shtml |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Julian |last=Borger |title=Blogger bares Rumsfeld's post 9/11 orders |date=February 24, 2006 |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/feb/24/freedomofinformation.september11 |accessdate=October 7, 2009 |location=London}}</ref> In a meeting at [[Camp David]] on September 15 the Bush administration rejected the idea of attacking Iraq in response to 9/11.<ref>[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/sept11/911Report.pdf 9/11 Commission Report] pp. 334–336</ref> Nonetheless, they later [[2003 Invasion of Iraq|invaded the country]] with allies, citing "Saddam Hussein's support for terrorism".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030322.html|title=President Discusses Beginning of Operation Iraqi Freedom| accessdate=October 29, 2011 }}</ref> At the time, as many as 7 in 10 Americans believed the Iraqi president played a role in the 9/11 attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/sep/07/usa.theobserver|title= US public thinks Saddam had role in 9/11|accessdate=March 20, 2017}}</ref> Three years later, Bush conceded that he had not.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/sep/12/september11.usa2|title=Bush: Saddam was not responsible for 9/11|accessdate=March 20, 2017}}</ref>
[[File:US 10th Mountain Division soldiers in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A line of soldiers carrying equipment on their backs walking toward a transport helicopter in desert terrain|[[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|U.S. soldiers in Afghanistan]]]]
The [[NATO]] council declared that the terrorist attacks on the United States were an attack on all NATO nations that satisfied [[North Atlantic Treaty#Article 5|Article 5]] of the NATO charter. This marked the first invocation of Article 5, which had been written during the [[Cold War]] with an attack by the Soviet Union in mind.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement by the North Atlantic Council |publisher=NATO |date=September 15, 2001 |url=http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/2001/p01-124e.htm |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |quote=Article 5: The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence recognised by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. Any such armed attack and all measures taken as a result thereof shall immediately be reported to the Security Council. Such measures shall be terminated when the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to restore and maintain international peace and security.}}</ref> Australian Prime Minister [[John Howard]] who was in Washington, D.C. during the attacks invoked Article IV of the [[ANZUS]] treaty.<ref>{{cite web|title=ABC Conversations with Richard Fidler John Howard Interview Transcript |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=September 2011 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/reslib/201109/r826557_7555516.pdf}}</ref> The Bush administration announced a [[War on Terror]], with the stated goals of bringing bin Laden and al-Qaeda to justice and preventing the emergence of other terrorist networks.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/bushaddress_092001.html|title=Text: President Bush Addresses the Nation|date=September 20, 2001 |accessdate=July 4, 2015|website=The Washington Post|last=Bush|first=George}}</ref> These goals would be accomplished by imposing economic and military sanctions against states harboring terrorists, and increasing global surveillance and intelligence sharing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/news-information/cia-the-war-on-terrorism/Counter_Terrorism_Strategy.pdf|title=TERROR STRATEGY-2/11 -Counter_Terrorism_Strategy.pdf|date=February 2003|accessdate=July 4, 2015|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref>
On September 14, 2001, the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] passed the [[Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists]]. Still in effect, it grants the [[U.S. President|President]] the authority to use all "necessary and appropriate force" against those whom he determined "planned, authorized, committed or aided" the September 11 attacks, or who harbored said persons or groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ40/pdf/PLAW-107publ40.pdf|title=PLAW-107publ40.pdf|date=September 18, 2001|accessdate=July 4, 2015|website=U.S. Government Publishing Office|publisher=107th Congress}}</ref>
On October 7, 2001, the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]] began when U.S. and British forces initiated aerial bombing campaigns targeting [[Taliban]] and al-Qaeda camps, then later invaded Afghanistan with ground troops of the [[Special Forces]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/enduring-freedom-ops.htm|title=Operation Enduring Freedom – Operations|year=2008|work=GlobalSecurity.org|access-date=July 5, 2015}}</ref> This eventually led to the overthrow of the Taliban rule of Afghanistan with the [[Fall of Kandahar]] on December 7, 2001, by U.S.-led [[International Security Assistance Force|coalition forces]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl32758.pdf|title=U.S. Military Operations in the Global War on Terrorism: Afghanistan, Africa, the Philippines, and Colombia|accessdate=July 5, 2015|publisher=The Air University}}</ref> Conflict in Afghanistan between the [[Taliban insurgency]] and the Afghan forces backed by [[Resolute Support Mission|NATO Resolute Support Mission]] is ongoing. The [[Philippines]] and [[Indonesia]], among other nations with their own internal conflicts with [[Islamic terrorism]], also increased their military readiness.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kuppuswamy|first=C.S. |title=Terrorism in Indonesia : Role of the Religious Organisation |publisher=South Asia Analysis Group |date=November 2, 2005 |url=http://www.saag.org/%5Cpapers16%5Cpaper1596.html |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611032357/http://www.saag.org/papers16/paper1596.html |archivedate=June 11, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Banlaoi |first=Rommel |contribution=Radical Muslim Terrorism in the Philippines |year=2006 |title=Handbook on Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia |editor-last=Tan |editor-first=Andrew |place=London |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing}}</ref>
The military forces of the United States of America and the Islamic Republic of Iran cooperated with each other to overthrow the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|Taliban regime]] which had had conflicts with the government of Iran.<ref name=":0" /> Iran's [[Quds Force]] helped U.S. forces and Afghan rebels in the [[2001 uprising in Herat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-06-09-iran-taliban_x.htm|title=Iran helped overthrow Taliban, candidate says|website=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=January 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129125643/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-06-09-iran-taliban_x.htm|archive-date=November 29, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spongobongo.com/her9940.htm|title=Iranian Special Forces Reportedly Fight Alongside US in Battle for Herat|website=SpongoBongo.com|accessdate=January 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819201520/http://www.spongobongo.com/her9940.htm|archive-date=August 19, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Soufan,2018">[https://ctc.usma.edu/qassem-soleimani-irans-unique-regional-strategy Qassem Soleimani and Iran's Unique Regional Strategy – Combating Terrorism Center at West Point]. ''[[Ali Soufan]]''. ''CTC Sentinel''. November 2018, Vol. 11, Issue 10. Combating Terrorism Center – CTC at West Point. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181119185404/https://ctc.usma.edu/qassem-soleimani-irans-unique-regional-strategy Permanent link and archived version at Wayback Machine]. [https://archive.today/20181119185830/https://ctc.usma.edu/qassem-soleimani-irans-unique-regional-strategy Permanent link and archived version at archive.is]. Retrieved and archived on November 19, 2018. [https://www.webcitation.org/74JkRW6E3?url=https://ctc.usma.edu/qassem-soleimani-irans-unique-regional-strategy Permanent link] at [[WebCite]] (November 30, 2018. 14:42:35 UTC).''"In the months after 9/11, Soleimani saw an opportunity to defeat the Taliban once and for all by unconventional means—namely, cooperation with the United States. Early in the war, he directed Iranian diplomats to share intelligence on Taliban military positions with their U.S. counterparts. The Americans, in return, told the Iranians what they knew about an al-Qa`ida fixer hiding out in eastern Iran."''</ref>
==Effects==
===Health issues===
{{Main|Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks}}
[[File:Dust covered 911 victims.jpg|thumb|Two survivors are covered in dust after the collapse of the towers.]]
Hundreds of thousands of tons of toxic debris containing more than 2,500 contaminants, including known carcinogens, were spread across Lower Manhattan due to the collapse of the Twin Towers.<ref>{{cite news| first=Anita |last=Gates |title=Buildings Rise from Rubble while Health Crumbles |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2006 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/11/arts/television/11dust.html |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2006/09/05/nyregion/20060905_HEALTH_GRAPHIC.html |title=What was Found in the Dust |work=The New York Times |date=September 5, 2006|accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> Exposure to the toxins in the debris is alleged to have contributed to [[Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks|fatal or debilitating illnesses]] among people who were at Ground Zero.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite news|title= New York: 9/11 toxins caused death|publisher=CNN |date=May 24, 2007|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/05/24/wtc.dust/index.html|accessdate=September 4, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618154824/http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/05/24/wtc.dust/index.html |archivedate=June 18, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/13/nyregion/13symptoms.html |title=Tracing Lung Ailments That Rose With 9/11 Dust |last=DePalma |first=Anthony |date=May 13, 2006|work=The New York Times |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> The Bush administration ordered the [[Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) to issue reassuring statements regarding air quality in the aftermath of the attacks, citing national security, but the EPA did not determine that air quality had returned to pre-September 11 levels until June 2002.<ref>{{cite news|last=Heilprin |first=John |title=White House edited EPA's 9/11 reports |work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer |date=June 23, 2003 |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/White-House-edited-EPA-s-9-11-reports-1122465.php |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref>
Health effects extended to residents, students, and office workers of Lower Manhattan and nearby [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Chinatown]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Updated Ground Zero Report Examines Failure of Government to Protect Citizens |publisher=Sierra Club |year=2006 |url=http://www.sierraclub.org/groundzero/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611191219/http://www.sierraclub.org/groundzero/ |archivedate=June 11, 2010 |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> Several deaths have been linked to the toxic dust, and the victims' names were included in the World Trade Center memorial.<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Stephen |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/04/28/national/main4049362.shtml |title=9/11 "Wall of Heroes" To Include Sick Cops |publisher=CBS News |date=April 28, 2008 |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> Approximately 18,000 people have been estimated to have developed illnesses as a result of the toxic dust.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-14738140|title=Toxic dust legacy of 9/11 plagues thousands of people|publisher=BBC News Online|first=David|last=Shukman|date=September 1, 2011|accessdate=September 11, 2011}}</ref> There is also scientific speculation that exposure to various toxic products in the air may have negative effects on fetal development. A notable children's environmental health center is currently{{when|date=March 2019}} analyzing the children whose mothers were pregnant during the WTC collapse, and were living or working nearby.<ref>{{cite web |title=CCCEH Study of the Effects of 9/11 on Pregnant Women and Newborns |website=World Trade Center Pregnancy Study |publisher=Columbia University |year=2006 |url=http://www.familiesofseptember11.org/docs/CCCEH%20Study%20Intro.pdf |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726045732/http://www.familiesofseptember11.org/docs/CCCEH%20Study%20Intro.pdf |archivedate=July 26, 2011 }}</ref> A study of rescue workers released in April 2010 found that all those studied had impaired lung functions, and that 30–40% were reporting little or no improvement in persistent symptoms that started within the first year of the attack.<ref>{{cite news|last=Grady|first=Denise|title=Lung Function of 9/11 Rescuers Fell, Study Finds|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/08/nyregion/08lung.html|accessdate=September 4, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 7, 2010}}</ref>
Years after the attacks, legal disputes over the costs of illnesses related to the attacks were still in the court system. On October 17, 2006, a federal judge rejected New York City's refusal to pay for health costs for rescue workers, allowing for the possibility of numerous suits against the city.<ref>{{cite news| first=Anthony |last=DePalma |title=Many Ground Zero Workers Gain Chance at Lawsuits |work=The New York Times |date=October 18, 2006 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/18/nyregion/nyregionspecial3/18toxic.html |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> Government officials have been faulted for urging the public to return to lower Manhattan in the weeks shortly after the attacks. Christine Todd Whitman, administrator of the EPA in the aftermath of the attacks, was heavily criticized by a U.S. District Judge for incorrectly saying that the area was environmentally safe.<ref>{{cite news|first=Larry |last=Neumeister |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/n/a/2006/02/02/national/a142556S81.DTL |title=Judge Slams Ex-EPA Chief Over Sept. 11 |agency=Associated Press |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=February 2, 2006 |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524084609/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2006%2F02%2F02%2Fnational%2Fa142556S81.DTL |archivedate=May 24, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mayor Giuliani was criticized for urging financial industry personnel to return quickly to the greater [[Wall Street]] area.<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Ben |title=Rudy's black cloud. WTC health risks may hurt Prez bid |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/rudy-black-cloud-wtc-health-risks-hurt-prez-bid-article-1.618126 |work=Daily News|location=New York |date=September 18, 2006 |accessdate=May 29, 2014}}</ref>
On December 22, 2010, the [[United States Congress]] passed the [[James L. Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act]], which President [[Barack Obama]] signed into law on January 2, 2011. It allocated $4.2 billion to create the [[World Trade Center Health Program]], which provides testing and treatment for people suffering from long-term health problems related to the 9/11 attacks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2010-12-22/politics/911.bill_1_first-responders-funding-votes-house-members |publisher=CNN |title=Bloomberg urges passage of 9/11 health bill |date=December 20, 2010 }}{{dead link|date=January 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="WTCHP faq">{{cite web|title=World Trade Center Health Program FAQ|url=https://www.cdc.gov/wtc/faq.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=July 2, 2012}}</ref> The WTC Health Program replaced preexisting 9/11-related health programs such as the Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program and the WTC Environmental Health Center program.<ref name="WTCHP faq" />
===Economic===
{{Main|Economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks}}
[[File:9-11 attacks effect on NYC economy SVG.svg|thumb|right|The table shows that the 9/11 attacks had a major effect on the economy of New York City (in red), compared to the United States' economy overall (in blue).]]
The attacks had a significant economic impact on United States and world markets.<ref>{{cite web|last=Makinen|first=Gail |url=https://fas.org/irp/crs/RL31617.pdf |title=The Economic Effects of 9/11: A Retrospective Assessment |page=17 |date=September 27, 2002 |website=Congressional Research Service |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |accessdate=September 4, 2011 }}</ref> The stock exchanges did not open on September 11 and remained closed until September 17. Reopening, the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] (DJIA) fell 684 points, or 7.1%, to 8921, a record-setting one-day point decline.<ref>{{cite news |title=Markets reopen, plunge |last=Barnhart |first=Bill |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/chi-010917markets,0,5287650.story|work=Chicago Tribune |date=September 17, 2001 |accessdate=April 11, 2012}}</ref> By the end of the week, the DJIA had fallen 1,369.7 points (14.3%), at the time its largest one-week point drop in history.<ref name="MarkDec">{{cite news|first=Fernandez |last=Bob |title=U.S. Markets Decline Again |work=KRTBN Knight Ridder Tribune Business News |date=September 22, 2001}}</ref> In 2001 dollars, U.S. stocks lost $1.4 trillion in valuation for the week.<ref name="MarkDec" />
In New York City, about 430,000 job-months and $2.8 billion dollars in wages were lost in the first three months after the attacks. The economic effects were mainly on the economy's export sectors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dolfman |first1=Michael L. |last2=Wasser |first2=Solidelle F. |journal=Monthly Labor Review |volume=127 |year=2004 |title=9/11 and the New York City Economy}}</ref> The city's GDP was estimated to have declined by $27.3 billion for the last three months of 2001 and all of 2002. The U.S. government provided $11.2 billion in immediate assistance to the [[Government of New York City]] in September 2001, and $10.5 billion in early 2002 for economic development and infrastructure needs.<ref name="crs-5">{{cite web|last=Makinen|first=Gail |url=https://fas.org/irp/crs/RL31617.pdf |title=The Economic Effects of 9/11: A Retrospective Assessment |page=5 |date=September 27, 2002 |website=Congressional Research Service |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |accessdate=September 4, 2011 }}</ref>
[[File:Deficits vs. Debt Increases - 2008.png|thumb|[[United States federal budget|U.S. deficit]] and [[United States public debt|debt]] increases 2001–08]]Also hurt were small businesses in [[Lower Manhattan]] near the World Trade Center, 18,000 of which were destroyed or displaced, resulting in lost jobs and their consequent wages. Assistance was provided by [[Small Business Administration]] loans, federal government Community Development Block Grants, and Economic Injury Disaster Loans.<ref name="crs-5" /> Some {{convert|31900000|sqft|m2}} of Lower Manhattan office space was damaged or destroyed.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hensell |first=Lesley |title=Tough Times Loom For Manhattan Commercial Market |url=http://realtytimes.com/rtpages/20011214_downtown.htm |website=Realty Times |date=December 14, 2001 |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814003420/http://realtytimes.com/rtpages/20011214_downtown.htm |archivedate=August 14, 2011 }}</ref> Many wondered whether these jobs would return, and if the damaged tax base would recover.<ref>{{cite web |last=Parrott |first=James |title=The Employment Impact of the September 11 World Trade Center Attacks: Updated Estimates based on the Benchmarked Employment Data |publisher=The Fiscal Policy Institute |date=March 8, 2002 |url=http://www.fiscalpolicy.org/Employment%20Impact%20of%20September%2011_Update.pdf |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> Studies of the economic effects of 9/11 show the Manhattan office real-estate market and office employment were less affected than first feared, because of the financial services industry's need for face-to-face interaction.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fuerst |first=Franz |title=Exogenous Shocks and Real Estate Rental Markets: An Event Study of the 9/11 Attacks and their Impact on the New York Office Market|publisher=Russell Sage Foundation|date=September 7, 2005 |ssrn=800006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Russell |first=James S. |title=Do skyscrapers still make sense? Revived downtowns and new business models spur tall-building innovation |publisher=Architectural Record |date=November 7, 2004 |url=http://archrecord.construction.com/innovation/2_Features/0411SkyscraperSense.asp |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808062854/http://archrecord.construction.com/innovation/2_Features/0411SkyscraperSense.asp |archivedate=August 8, 2011}}</ref>
North American air space was closed for several days after the attacks and air travel decreased upon its reopening, leading to a nearly 20% cutback in air travel capacity, and exacerbating financial problems in the struggling [[Airline|U.S. airline industry]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhadra |first1=Dipasis |last2=Texter |first2=Pamela |title=Airline Networks: An Econometric Framework to Analyze Domestic U.S. Air Travel |publisher=[[United States Department of Transportation]] |year=2004 |url=http://www.bts.gov/publications/journal_of_transportation_and_statistics/volume_07_number_01/html/paper_06/ |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050330035744/http://www.bts.gov/publications/journal_of_transportation_and_statistics/volume_07_number_01/html/paper_06/ |archive-date=March 30, 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The September 11 attacks also led to the U.S. [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|wars in Afghanistan]] and [[Iraq War|Iraq]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/post/bin-ladens-war-against-the-us-economy/2011/04/27/AFDOPjfF_blog.html |title=Bin Laden's war against the U.S. economy |work=The Washington Post |date=May 3, 2011 |first=Thomas |last=Heath}}</ref> as well as additional [[homeland security]] spending, totaling at least $5 trillion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/osama-bin-laden-didnt-win-but-he-was-enormously-successful/2011/05/02/AFexZjbF_story.html |title=Osama bin Laden didn't win, but he was 'enormously successful' |work=The Washington Post |first=Suzy |last=Khimm |date=May 3, 2011}}</ref>
===Cultural influence===
{{Main|Cultural influence of 9/11}}
The impact of 9/11 extends beyond geopolitics into society and culture in general. Immediate responses to 9/11 included greater focus on home life and time spent with family, higher church attendance, and increased expressions of patriotism such as the flying of flags.<ref name="Carducci2009b">{{cite book|author=Bernardo J. Carducci|title=The Psychology of Personality: Viewpoints, Research, and Applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1gJPXv5wQbIC&pg=PA200|accessdate=January 16, 2012 |date=February 20, 2009|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-3635-8|pages=200–}}</ref> The radio industry responded by removing certain songs from playlists, and the attacks have subsequently been used as background, narrative, or thematic elements in [[List of audiovisual entertainment affected by the September 11 attacks|film, television, music, and literature]]. Novels inspired or directly influenced by 9/11 include ''Crazy Gran'' by [[Gary Botting]], about a girl who discovers a direct family connection to the terrorists. The action begins at "9 am., Tuesday, 9/11/2001" and continues for a harrowing week as her uncle attempts to silence her, applying precepts of Sharia law.<ref>Gary Botting, ''Crazy Gran'', Singapore: Strategic, 2016</ref> Already-running television shows as well as programs developed after 9/11 have reflected [[post-9/11]] cultural concerns.<ref name=popCultureGuid>{{cite book |last1=Quay |first1=Sara |last2=Damico |first2=Amy |title=September 11 in Popular Culture: A Guide |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |date=September 14, 2010 |isbn=978-0-313-35505-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lx7i4YHl_NoC}}</ref> <!-- "STOP. Before expanding or removing 9/11 conspiracy theories, please note that the verbiage being used was arrived at after months of discussion and consensus-building. If you think something should be changed, please start a discussion on the article talk page. Thank you." --> [[9/11 conspiracy theories]] have become social phenomena, despite lack of support from expert scientists, engineers, and historians.<ref>{{cite journal|title=9/11 conspiracy theories won't stop|first=Joshua|last=Norman|date=September 11, 2011|publisher=CBS News|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/09/11/national/main20104377.shtml}}</ref> 9/11 has also had a major impact on the religious faith of many individuals; for some it strengthened, to find [[consolation]] to cope with the loss of loved ones and overcome their grief; others started to question their faith or lost it entirely, because they [[Problem of evil|could not reconcile it]] with their view of religion.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/29/september-11-challenged-faith_n_941017.html|title=After 9/11, Some Run Toward Faith, Some Run The Other Way|work=HuffPost|date=August 29, 2011|accessdate=April 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/faith/questions/god.html|title=Faith and Doubt at Ground Zero – The Question of God|work=PBS Frontline|accessdate=April 6, 2013}}</ref>
The culture of America succeeding the attacks is noted for heightened security and an increased demand thereof, as well as [[paranoia]] and [[anxiety]] regarding future terrorist attacks that includes most of the nation. Psychologists have also confirmed that there has been an increased amount of national anxiety in commercial air travel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200201/anxiety-after-911 |title=Anxiety After 9/11 |author=Brad Schmidt, Ph.D. |accessdate=October 11, 2013}}</ref>
===Government policies toward terrorism===
As a result of the attacks, many governments across the world passed [[Anti-terrorism legislation|legislation to combat terrorism]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Terrorism in the Asia-Pacific: Threat and Response |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |year=2004 |first=Andrew |last=Scobell |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=1078–79 |doi=10.1017/S0021911804002463}}</ref> In Germany, where several of the 9/11 terrorists had resided and taken advantage of that country's liberal asylum policies, two major anti-terrorism packages were enacted. The first removed legal loopholes that permitted terrorists to live and raise money in Germany. The second addressed the effectiveness and communication of intelligence and law enforcement.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/irp/crs/RL32710.pdf |title=Germany's Role in Fighting Terrorism: Implications for U.S. Policy |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |last1=Miko |first1=Francis |last2=Froehlich |first2=Christian |date=December 27, 2004 |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]]}}</ref> Canada passed the [[Canadian Anti-Terrorism Act]], their first anti-terrorism law.<ref>{{cite news|title=Anti-terrorism Act|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/cdnsecurity/|accessdate=November 12, 2013 |publisher=CBC News|date=February 27, 2007}}</ref> The United Kingdom passed the [[Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001]] and the [[Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Q and A: Anti-terrorism legislation |date=October 17, 2003 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3197394.stm |publisher=BBC News Online|accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Sam |last=Coates |title=After all the fuss dies down, what really happened |date=November 10, 2005 |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article588553.ece |work=The Times |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> New Zealand enacted the [[Terrorism Suppression Act 2002]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorism Suppression Act 2002|url=http://legislation.co.nz/act/public/2002/0034/19.0/DLM2493700.html|publisher=New Zealand Government|accessdate=September 4, 2011|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219044052/http://legislation.co.nz/act/public/2002/0034/19.0/DLM2493700.html|archivedate=December 19, 2011}}</ref>
In the United States, the [[Department of Homeland Security]] was created by the [[Homeland Security Act]] to coordinate domestic anti-terrorism efforts. The [[USA Patriot Act]] gave the federal government greater powers, including the authority to detain foreign terror suspects for a week without charge, to monitor telephone communications, e-mail, and Internet use by terror suspects, and to prosecute suspected terrorists without time restrictions. The FAA ordered that airplane cockpits be reinforced to prevent terrorists gaining control of planes, and assigned [[sky marshals]] to flights. Further, the [[Aviation and Transportation Security Act]] made the federal government, rather than airports, responsible for [[airport security]]. The law created the [[Transportation Security Administration]] to inspect passengers and luggage, causing long delays and concern over passenger privacy.<ref name='Modern World History'>{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger |title=Modern World History |chapter=20 |publisher=[[Holt McDougal]] |year=2004 |pages=657–8 |isbn=978-0-618-69012-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfSPAAAACAAJ}}</ref> After suspected abuses of the USA Patriot Act were brought to light in June 2013 with articles about collection of American call records by the [[National Security Agency|NSA]] and the [[PRISM (surveillance program)|PRISM]] program (see [[2013 mass surveillance disclosures]]), Representative [[Sensenbrenner|Jim Sensenbrenner]], Republican of [[Wisconsin]], who introduced the Patriot Act in 2001, said that the National Security Agency overstepped its bounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/07/opinion/president-obamas-dragnet.html|title=President Obama's Dragnet|date=June 6, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sensenbrenner.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=337001|title=Author of Patriot Act: FBI's FISA Order is Abuse of Patriot Act|date=June 6, 2013|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610061511/http://sensenbrenner.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=337001|archivedate=June 10, 2013}}</ref>
==Investigations==
===FBI===
Immediately after the attacks, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] started [[PENTTBOM]], the largest criminal inquiry in the history of the United States. At its height, more than half of the FBI's agents worked on the investigation and followed a half-million leads.<ref name='Pentbomb'>{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/famous-cases/9-11-investigation/9-11-investigation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010030053/http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/famous-cases/9-11-investigation/9-11-investigation |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 10, 2010 |title=9/11 Investigation (PENTTBOM) |accessdate=April 11, 2012 |publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]}}</ref> The FBI concluded that there was "clear and irrefutable" evidence linking al-Qaeda and bin Laden to the attacks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Testimony of Dale L. Watson, Executive Assistant Director, Counterterrorism/Counterintelligence Division, FBI Before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence|date=February 6, 2002|url=https://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress02/watson020602.htm |publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]|accessdate=September 4, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410013616/http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress02/watson020602.htm |archivedate=April 10, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Mohamed Atta.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A head shot of a man in his thirties looking expressionless toward the camera|[[Mohamed Atta]], an Egyptian national, was the ringleader of the hijackers.]]
The FBI was quickly able to identify the hijackers, including leader Mohamed Atta, when his luggage was discovered at Boston's Logan Airport. Atta had been forced to check two of his three bags due to space limitations on the 19-seat commuter flight he took to Boston. Due to a new policy instituted to prevent flight delays, the luggage failed to make it aboard American Airlines Flight 11 as planned. The luggage contained the hijackers' names, assignments, and al-Qaeda connections. "It had all these Arab-language {{sic}} papers that amounted to the Rosetta stone of the investigation", said one FBI agent.<ref name="Unraveling 9-11 Was in the Bags">{{cite news | title = Unraveling 9–11 Was in the Bags | date = February 6, 2009 | url = http://www.securityinfowatch.com/news/10555883/unraveling-9-11-was-in-the-bags |work=Newsday |accessdate=April 11, 2012}}</ref> Within hours of the attacks, the FBI released the names and in many cases the personal details of the suspected pilots and hijackers.<ref>{{cite book|title=Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terrorism |last=Clarke |first=Richard A. |year=2004 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7432-6823-3 |pages=13–14|title-link=Against All Enemies }}</ref><ref name=nineteen>{{cite web|title=FBI Announces List of 19 Hijackers|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/fbi-announces-list-of-19-hijackers|publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation|accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> On September 27, 2001, they released photos of all 19 hijackers, along with information about possible nationalities and aliases.<ref>{{cite web|title=The FBI Releases 19 Photographs of Individuals Believed to be the Hijackers of the Four Airliners that Crashed on September 11, 2001|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/the-fbi-releases-19-photographs-of-individuals-believed-to-be-the-hijackers|publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation|accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> Fifteen of the men were from Saudi Arabia, two from the [[United Arab Emirates]], one from Egypt, and one from Lebanon.<ref>{{cite news|last=Johnston|first=David|title=TWO YEARS LATER: 9/11 TACTICS; Official Says Qaeda Recruited Saudi Hijackers to Strain Ties|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/09/us/two-years-later-9-11-tactics-official-says-qaeda-recruited-saudi-hijackers.html|accessdate=September 4, 2011 |newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 9, 2003}}</ref>
By midday, the U.S. National Security Agency and German intelligence agencies had intercepted communications pointing to Osama bin Laden.<ref>{{cite news |title=Piece by piece, the jigsaw of terror revealed |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/piece-by-piece-the-jigsaw-of-terror-revealed-671334.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015065134/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/piece-by-piece-the-jigsaw-of-terror-revealed-671334.html|archivedate=October 15, 2009|accessdate=September 4, 2011 |newspaper=The Independent|date=September 30, 2001 |location=London}}</ref> Two of the hijackers were known to have travelled with a bin Laden associate to Malaysia in 2000<ref>[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/sept11/911Report.pdf 9/11 Commission Report] pp. 266–272</ref> and hijacker [[Mohammed Atta]] had previously gone to [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121109021924/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1000987-2%2C00.html The Manhunt Goes Global] Time magazine October 15, 2001</ref> He and others were part of a terrorist cell in Hamburg.<ref>{{cite news |first1=John |last1=Tagliabue |last2=Bonner |first2=Raymond |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/29/world/nation-challenged-german-intelligence-german-data-led-us-search-for-more-suicide.html|title=A Nation challenged: German Intelligence; German Data Led U.S. to Search For More Suicide Hijacker Teams |work=The New York Times |date=September 29, 2001 |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> One of the members of the [[Hamburg cell]] was discovered to have been in communication with [[Khalid Sheik Mohammed]] who was identified as a member of [[al-Qaeda]].<ref>[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/sept11/911Report.pdf 9/11 Commission Report] pp. 276–277</ref>
Authorities in the United States and Britain also obtained electronic intercepts, including telephone conversations and electronic bank transfers, which indicate that [[Mohammed Atef]], a bin Laden deputy, was a key figure in the planning of the 9/11 attacks. Intercepts were also obtained that revealed conversations that took place days before September 11 between bin Laden and an associate in [[Pakistan]]. In those conversations, the two referred to "an incident that would take place in America on, or around, September 11" and they discussed potential repercussions. In another conversation with an associate in [[Afghanistan]], bin Laden discussed the "scale and effects of a forthcoming operation." These conversations did not specifically mention the World Trade Center or Pentagon, or other specifics.<ref>{{cite news |title=The proof they did not reveal |work=Sunday Times |date=October 7, 2001|url=http://www.sunday-times.co.uk/news/pages/sti/2001/10/07/stiusausa02012.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011116020322/http://www.sunday-times.co.uk/news/pages/sti/2001/10/07/stiusausa02012.html|archivedate=November 16, 2001}}</ref>
{{Bar chart
| title = Origins of [[Hijackers in the September 11 attacks|the 19 hijackers]]
| label_type = Nationality
| data_type = Number
| bar_width = 20
| width_units = em
| data_max = 19
| label1 = Saudi Arabia
| data1 = 15
| label2 = United Arab Emirates
| data2 = 2
| label3 = Egypt
| data3 = 1
| label4 = Lebanon
| data4 = 1
}}
The FBI did not record the 2,977 deaths from the attacks in their annual violent crime index for 2001. In a disclaimer, the FBI stated that "the number of deaths is so great that combining it with the traditional crime statistics will have an [[outlier]] effect that falsely [[skewness|skews]] all types of measurements in the program's analyses."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2001/toc01.pdf|title=Crime in the United States 2001|publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]|date=October 28, 2002|page=2|access-date=September 12, 2018}}</ref> New York City also did not include the deaths in their annual crime statistics for 2001.<ref name="HuffPost story">{{cite news|last=Hanrahan|first=Mark|title=Henryk Siwiak, Shot To Death On September 11th: Case Remains Unsolved|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/08/911-only-homicide-unsolved_n_953864.html|newspaper=[[Huffington Post]]|date=September 8, 2011|accessdate=September 6, 2016}}</ref>
===CIA===
The Inspector General of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) conducted an internal review of the agency's pre-9/11 performance and was harshly critical of senior CIA officials for not doing everything possible to confront terrorism. He criticized their failure to stop two of the 9/11 hijackers, Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar, as they entered the United States and their failure to share information on the two men with the FBI.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/deep-background/|title=Deep Background |publisher=American Conservative| date=April 1, 2005 |accessdate=April 11, 2012}}</ref> In May 2007, senators from both major U.S. political parties drafted legislation to make the review public. One of the backers, Senator [[Ron Wyden]] said, "The American people have a right to know what the Central Intelligence Agency was doing in those critical months before 9/11."<ref>{{cite news|first=Katherine |last=Shrader |title=Senators Want CIA to Release 9/11 Report |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2007/05/17/national/w131436D49.DTL |work=San Francisco Chronicle |agency=Associated Press |date=May 17, 2007 |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017005618/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2007%2F05%2F17%2Fnational%2Fw131436D49.DTL |archivedate=October 17, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Congressional inquiry===
{{Main|Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001}}
In February 2002, the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] and the [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] formed a joint inquiry into the performance of the [[U.S. Intelligence Community]].<ref>[http://www.intelligence.senate.gov/press/record.cfm?id=263577 Press Release of Intelligence Committee], Senate and House Intelligence Committees Announce Joint Inquiry into the September 11 Terrorist Attacks, February 14, 2002.</ref> Their 832-page report released in December 2002<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gpoaccess.gov/serialset/creports/911.html |title=Congressional Reports: Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001 |accessdate=August 10, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807204747/http://www.gpoaccess.gov//serialset/creports/911.html |archivedate=August 7, 2010}}</ref> detailed failings of the FBI and CIA to use available information, including about terrorists the CIA knew were in the United States, in order to disrupt the plots.<ref name=Theoharis1>Athan G. Theoharis, editor, ''The Central Intelligence Agency: Security Under Scrutiny'', [[Greenwood Publishing Group]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=-nj4RLdHCU0C&pg=PA223 p. 222-224], 2006, {{ISBN|0-313-33282-7}}</ref> The joint inquiry developed its information about possible involvement of Saudi Arabian government officials from non-classified sources.<ref name=McClatchydc>Ali Watkins, [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/08/12/199122_senate-intelligence-panel-could.html?rh=1 Senate intelligence panel could seek to declassify documents; it just doesn't] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903123631/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/08/12/199122_senate-intelligence-panel-could.html|date=September 3, 2014 }}, [[The McClatchy Company|McClatchy Washington Bureau]], August 12, 2013.</ref> Nevertheless, the Bush administration demanded 28 related pages remain classified.<ref name=Theoharis1 /> In December 2002, the inquiry's chair [[Bob Graham]] (D-FL) revealed in an interview that there was "evidence that there were foreign governments involved in facilitating the activities of at least some of the terrorists in the United States."<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics-july-dec02-intelligence_12-11/ Improving Intelligence], [[PBS]] interview with Sen. Bob Graham, December 11, 2002.</ref> September 11 victim families were frustrated by the unanswered questions and redacted material from the Congressional inquiry and demanded an independent commission.<ref name=Theoharis1 /> September 11 victim families,<ref>Chris Mondics, [http://articles.philly.com/2014-03-31/business/48708504_1_osama-president-obama-law-firm Struggling to detail alleged Saudi role in 9/11 attacks], [[Philadelphia Inquirer]], March 31, 2014.</ref> members of congress<ref>Paul Sperry, [https://nypost.com/2013/12/15/inside-the-saudi-911-coverup/ Inside the Saudi 9/11 coverup], [[New York Post]], December 15, 2013.</ref><ref>[https://jones.house.gov/sites/jones.house.gov/files/Reps.%20Jones%20and%20Lynch%20Letter%20to%20Obama_28%20Pages.pdf April 10, 2014 Letter to Barack Obama], signed by Representatives [[Walter B. Jones Jr.]] and [[Stephen Lynch (politician)|Stephen Lynch]].</ref> and the Saudi Arabian government are still seeking release of the documents.<ref>[[Jake Tapper]], [http://thelead.blogs.cnn.com/2014/09/08/why-hasnt-obama-kept-promise-to-declassify-28-pages-about-911 Why hasn't Obama kept promise to declassify 28 pages of a report about 9/11?"], [[CNN]], September 8, 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | title=The Twenty-Eight Pages | magazine=[[The New Yorker]] | first=Lawrence | last=Wright | url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/twenty-eight-pages | date=September 9, 2014 | access-date=August 30, 2019}}</ref> In June 2016, CIA chief [[John O. Brennan|John Brennan]] says that he believes 28 redacted pages of a congressional inquiry into 9/11 will soon be made public, and that they will prove that the government of Saudi Arabia had no involvement in the September 11 attacks.<ref>Euan McKirdy, [http://edition.cnn.com/2016/06/12/politics/cia-john-brennan-saudi-arabia-9-11/], [[CNN]], June 14, 2016.</ref>
In September 2016, the Congress passed the [[Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act]] that would allow relatives of victims of the September 11 attacks to sue [[Saudi Arabia]] for its government's [[Alleged Saudi role in September 11 attacks|alleged role in the attacks]].<ref>"[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2016/09/23/obama-veto-terrorism-lawsuit-bill-setting-up-override-battle/90407496/ Why Obama doesn't want 9/11 families suing Saudi Arabia]". ''[[USA Today]]''. September 23, 2016.</ref><ref>"[http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/saudi-arabia-warns-750b-response-9-11-liability-suit-article-1.2603675 Saudi Arabia threatens to pull $750B from U.S. economy if Congress allows them to be sued for 9/11 terror attacks]". ''Daily News'' (New York). April 16, 2016.</ref><ref>"[http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/saudi-government-didn-fund-terrorists-obama-aide-article-1.2605678 Mayor de Blasio joins Democrats in calling on President Obama to go after Saudi Arabia on 9/11 ties]". ''Daily News'' (New York). April 19, 2016.</ref>
===9/11 Commission===
{{Main|9/11 Commission|9/11 Commission Report|Criticism of the 9/11 Commission}}
The ''National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States'' (9/11 Commission), chaired by [[Thomas Kean]] and [[Lee H. Hamilton]], was formed in late 2002 to prepare a thorough account of the circumstances surrounding the attacks, including preparedness for and the immediate response to the attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/about/bio_kean.htm|title=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States|publisher=govinfo.library.unt.edu|accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> On July 22, 2004, the Commission issued the ''[[9/11 Commission Report]]''. The report detailed the events of 9/11, found the attacks were carried out by members of al-Qaeda, and examined how security and intelligence agencies were inadequately coordinated to prevent the attacks. Formed from an independent bipartisan group of mostly former Senators, Representatives, and Governors, the commissioners explained, "We believe the 9/11 attacks revealed four kinds of failures: in imagination, policy, capabilities, and management".<ref>{{cite web|title=Foresight-and Hindsight|url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch11.htm|publisher=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States|accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> The Commission made numerous recommendations on how to prevent future attacks, and in 2011 was dismayed that several of its recommendations had yet to be implemented.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bennett|first=Brian|title=Post-9/11 assessment sees major security gaps|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/30/nation/la-na-911-report-card-20110831|accessdate=September 4, 2011 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=August 30, 2011}}</ref>
===National Institute of Standards and Technology===
{{Main|The NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation}}
{{See also|7 World Trade Center#9/11 and collapse}}
[[File:WTC-Wreckage-exterior shell of south tower.jpg|thumb|right|The exterior support columns from the lower level of the South Tower remain standing after the collapse of the building.]]
The U.S. [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] (NIST) investigated the collapses of the Twin Towers and 7 WTC. The investigations examined why the buildings collapsed and what fire protection measures were in place, and evaluated how fire protection systems might be improved in future construction.<ref name="NISTInvest">{{cite web|title=NIST's World Trade Center Investigation |url=https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/factsheet/nist_investigation_911.cfm|website=National Institute of Standards and Technology |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce |date=December 14, 2007 |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> The investigation into the collapse of 1 WTC and 2 WTC was concluded in October 2005 and that of 7 WTC was completed in August 2008.<ref name=seven>{{cite web|title=NIST WTC 7 Investigation Finds Building Fires Caused Collapse |url=https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/wtc-082108.cfm|publisher=The National Institute of Standards and Technology|accessdate=September 4, 2011|date=August 21, 2008}}</ref>
NIST found that the fireproofing on the Twin Towers' steel infrastructures was blown off by the initial impact of the planes and that, had this not occurred, the towers likely would have remained standing.<ref name="NISTCollapse">{{cite book|author=National Construction Safety Team |chapter-url=https://www.nist.gov/customcf/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=909017 |title=Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers |work=National Institute of Standards and Technology|publisher=United States Department of Commerce |chapter=Executive Summary |date=September 2005| accessdate=April 10, 2011 |chapter-format=PDF}}</ref> A 2007 study of the north tower's collapse published by researchers of [[Purdue University]] determined that, since the plane's impact had stripped off much of the structure's thermal insulation, the heat from a typical office fire would have softened and weakened the exposed girders and columns enough to initiate the collapse regardless of the number of columns cut or damaged by the impact.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Irfanoglu |first1=A.|last2=Hoffmann |first2=C. M.|doi=10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2008)22:1(62)|title=Engineering Perspective of the Collapse of WTC-I|journal=Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities|volume=22|page=62|year=2008|quote=As the aircraft debris went through several stories in the tower, much of the thermal insulation on the core columns would have been scoured off. Under such conditions, the ensuing fire would be sufficient to cause instability and initiate collapse. From an engineering perspective, impact damage to the core structure had a negligible effect on the critical thermal load required to initiate collapse in the core structure.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Purdue creates scientifically based animation of 9/11 attack|last=Tally|first=Steve|publisher=Purdue News Service|url=http://news.uns.purdue.edu/x/2007a/070612HoffmannWTC.html|date=June 12, 2007|accessdate=September 4, 2011|quote=The aircraft moved through the building as if it were a hot and fast lava flow", Sozen says. "Consequently, much of the fireproofing insulation was ripped off the structure. Even if all of the columns and girders had survived the impact – an unlikely event – the structure would fail as the result of a buckling of the columns. The heat from an ordinary office fire would suffice to soften and weaken the unprotected steel. Evaluation of the effects of the fire on the core column structure, with the insulation removed by the impact, showed that collapse would follow whatever the number of columns cut at the time of the impact.}}</ref>
The director of the original investigation stated that "the towers really did amazingly well. The terrorist aircraft didn't bring the buildings down; it was the fire which followed. It was proven that you could take out two-thirds of the columns in a tower and the building would still stand."<ref name="TerrorProof">{{cite web|title=Building a Terror-Proof Skyscraper: Experts Debate Feasibility, Options |first=Pete |last=Sigmund |url=http://www.constructionequipmentguide.com/Building-a-Terror-Proof-Skyscraper-Experts-Debate-Feasibility-Options/2598/ |accessdate=April 11, 2012 |date=September 25, 2002}}</ref> The fires weakened the trusses supporting the floors, making the floors sag. The sagging floors pulled on the exterior steel columns causing the exterior columns to bow inward. With the damage to the core columns, the buckling exterior columns could no longer support the buildings, causing them to collapse. Additionally, the report found the towers' stairwells were not adequately reinforced to provide adequate [[Fire escape|emergency escape]] for people above the impact zones.<ref name="NIST">{{cite web|title=Translating WTC Recommendations into Model Building Codes|publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology|url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NIBS_MMC/CodeChangeProposals.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310004023/http://wtc.nist.gov/NIBS_MMC/CodeChangeProposals.htm|archivedate=March 10, 2011|accessdate=September 4, 2011 |date=October 25, 2007}}</ref> NIST concluded that uncontrolled fires in 7 WTC caused floor beams and girders to heat and subsequently "caused a critical support column to fail, initiating a fire-induced progressive collapse that brought the building down".<ref name=seven />
===Alleged Saudi role===
{{Main|Alleged Saudi role in September 11 attacks|Saudi Arabia–United States relations|Saudi Arabia and state-sponsored terrorism}}
In July 2016, the Obama administration released a document, compiled by US investigators Dana Lesemann and Michael Jacobson, known as "File 17",<ref>{{cite news |title=Saudi diplomats ‘links to 9/11 attackers’ |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/saudi-diplomats-linked-to-9-11-plot-9hgrfjhbm |work=The Week |date=April 20, 2016}}</ref> which contains a list naming three dozen people, including the suspected [[General Intelligence Presidency|Saudi intelligence]] officers attached to Saudi Arabia's embassy in Washington, D.C.,<ref>{{cite news |title=US to reveal Saudi official allegedly tied to 9/11 attackers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/reveal-saudi-official-allegedly-tied-911-attackers-190913011926350.html |work=Al-Jazeera |date=13 September 2019}}</ref> which connects Saudi Arabia to the hijackers.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Riechmann|first1=Deb|title=File 17 Is Glimpse Into Still-Secret 28 Pages About 9/11|url=https://apnews.com/fe56c5d224a8463aa7cfc6ccf4689122 |work=Associated Press |date=July 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CIA and Saudi Arabia Conspired to Keep 9/11 Details Secret, New Book Says |url=https://www.newsweek.com/cia-and-saudi-arabia-conspired-keep-911-details-secret-new-book-says-1091935 |work=Newsweek |date=August 28, 2018}}</ref>
==Rebuilding==
{{Main|Construction of One World Trade Center|World Trade Center site|World Trade Center (2001–present)}}
[[File:OneWorldTradeCenter.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Rebuilt One World Trade Center nearing completion in July 2013]]
On the day of the attacks, New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani stated: "We will rebuild. We're going to come out of this stronger than before, politically stronger, economically stronger. The skyline will be made whole again."<ref>{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Tess |url=http://www.architectureweek.com/2001/0926/today.html |title=Rebuilding in New York |date=September 26, 2001 |work=Architecture Week |issue=68 |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511012010/http://www.architectureweek.com/2001/0926/today.html |archive-date=May 11, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The damaged section of the Pentagon was rebuilt and occupied within a year of the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|last=Oglesby |first=Christy |title=Phoenix rises: Pentagon honors 'hard-hat patriots' |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/09/11/ar911.memorial.pentagon/ |publisher=CNN |date=September 11, 2002 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041218040531/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/09/11/ar911.memorial.pentagon/ |archivedate=December 18, 2004 |accessdate=May 29, 2014}}</ref> The temporary [[World Trade Center (PATH station)|World Trade Center PATH station]] opened in late 2003 and construction of the new 7 World Trade Center was completed in 2006. Work on rebuilding the main World Trade Center site was delayed until late 2006 when leaseholder [[Larry Silverstein]] and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey agreed on financing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/22/nyregion/nyregionspecial3/22rebuild.html |title=An Agreement Is Formalized on Rebuilding at Ground Zero |work=The New York Times |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=September 22, 2006|accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> The construction of [[One World Trade Center]] began on April 27, 2006, and reached its full height on May 20, 2013. The spire was installed atop the building at that date, putting 1 WTC's height at 1,776 feet (541 m) and thus claiming the title of the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/1-wtc-spire-bringing-full-height-article-1.1340224|title=One World Trade Center gets spire, bringing it to its full 1,776-foot height|last=Badia|first=Erik|date=May 10, 2013|work=New York Daily News website|access-date=January 12, 2015|last2=Sit|first2=Ryan}}</ref> One WTC finished construction and opened on November 3, 2014.<ref name="MooreOneWTC" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/3553897/one-world-trade-center-freedom-tower-opens-doors-new-york-city-911/|title=One World Trade Center Opens Its Doors|last=Iyengar|first=Rishi|date=November 3, 2014|work=Time|access-date=January 12, 2015}}</ref>
On the World Trade Center site, three more office towers were to be built one block east of where the original towers stood.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lower Manhattan: Current Construction |url=http://www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914070256/http://www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/|archivedate=September 14, 2011|publisher=Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center|accessdate=September 8, 2011}}</ref> 4 WTC, meanwhile, opened in November 2013, making it the second tower on the site to open behind 7 World Trade Center, as well as the first building on the Port Authority property.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-11-12/world-trade-center-tower-debuts-in-manhattan-leasing-test|title=NYC's World Trade Tower Opens 40% Empty in Revival|date=November 12, 2013|website=Bloomberg.com|accessdate=October 5, 2015}}</ref> 3 WTC opened on June 11, 2018, becoming the fourth skyscraper at the site to be completed.<ref name=USAToday-3WTCOpens-2018>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/06/10/3-world-trade-center-open-after-years-delays-twin-towers-site/689035002/|title=New World Trade Center to open after years of delays|date=2018-06-10|website=USA TODAY|access-date=2018-06-11}}</ref> On the 16th anniversary of the 9/11 attacks, a writer for ''[[Curbed New York]]'' said that although "there is a World Trade Center again", it was not finished, as 2 and 5 WTC did not have definite completion dates, among other things.<ref>{{cite web | last=Bindelglass | first=Evan | title=The status of the World Trade Center complex, 16 years later | website=Curbed NY | date=September 11, 2017 | url=https://ny.curbed.com/2017/9/11/16284798/world-trade-center-nyc-construction-update | access-date=January 11, 2018}}</ref>
==Memorials==
{{Main|Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks}}
In the days immediately following the attacks, many memorials and vigils were held around the world, and photographs of the dead and missing were posted around [[World Trade Center site|Ground Zero]]. A witness described being unable to "get away from faces of innocent victims who were killed. Their pictures are everywhere, on phone booths, street lights, walls of subway stations. Everything reminded me of a huge funeral, people quiet and sad, but also very nice. Before, New York gave me a cold feeling; now people were reaching out to help each other."<ref>{{cite web|last=Sigmund|first=Pete|title=Crews Assist Rescuers in Massive WTC Search|url=http://www.constructionequipmentguide.com/Crews-Assist-Rescuers-in-Massive-WTC-Search/1531/|publisher=Construction Equipment Guide|accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref>
[[File:September 11th Tribute in Light from Bayonne, New Jersey.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Tribute in Light]]'' on September 11, 2014, the thirteenth anniversary of the attacks, seen from [[Bayonne, New Jersey]]. The tallest building in the picture is the new One World Trade Center.]]
One of the first memorials was the ''[[Tribute in Light]]'', an installation of 88 searchlights at the footprints of the World Trade Center towers.<ref>{{cite news| title = Tribute in light to New York victims|publisher=BBC News Online|date=March 6, 2002|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1857699.stm|accessdate=April 1, 2012}}</ref> In New York City, the [[World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition]] was held to design an appropriate memorial on the site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wtcsitememorial.org/about.html |title=About the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |publisher=World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition}}</ref> The winning design, ''[[National September 11 Memorial & Museum|Reflecting Absence]]'', was selected in August 2006, and consists of a pair of reflecting pools in the footprints of the towers, surrounded by a list of the victims' names in an underground memorial space.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=WTC Memorial Construction Begins|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=March 6, 2006|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/03/13/national/main1393070.shtml|accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> The memorial was completed on September 11, 2011;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/remembering-9-11/place-of-remembrance/ |title=A Place of Remembrance |website=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |year=2011 |accessdate=November 5, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105175631/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/remembering-9-11/place-of-remembrance/ |archivedate=November 5, 2014 }}</ref> a museum also opened on site on May 21, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myfoxny.com/story/25574078/national-september-11-memorial-museum-opens |title=National September 11 Memorial Museum opens |website=Fox NY |date=May 21, 2014 |accessdate=May 21, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521194934/http://www.myfoxny.com/story/25574078/national-september-11-memorial-museum-opens |archivedate=May 21, 2014 }}</ref>
In Arlington County, the [[Pentagon Memorial]] was completed and opened to the public on the seventh anniversary of the attacks in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|first=Nick |last=Miroff |title=Creating a Place Like No Other |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/10/AR2008091000018.html |work=The Washington Post |date=September 11, 2008 |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Nick |last=Miroff |title=A Long-Awaited Opening, Bringing Closure to Many |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/11/AR2008091100579.html |work=The Washington Post |date=September 12, 2008| accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> It consists of a landscaped park with 184 benches facing the Pentagon.<ref name="dwyer-may2007">{{cite news|last=Dwyer |first=Timothy |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/25/AR2007052502284.html| title=Pentagon Memorial Progress Is Step Forward for Families| date=May 26, 2007|work=The Washington Post| accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> When the Pentagon was repaired in 2001–2002, a private chapel and indoor memorial were included, located at the spot where Flight 77 crashed into the building.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/photos/newsphoto.aspx?newsphotoid=4018 |title=DefenseLINK News Photos – Pentagon's America's Heroes Memorial |publisher=Department of Defense |accessdate=September 4, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130081905/http://www.defenselink.mil/photos/newsphoto.aspx?newsphotoid=4018 |archivedate=November 30, 2009 }}</ref>
In Shanksville, a concrete and glass visitor center was opened on September 10, 2015,<ref name=opendates>{{Cite web |title=Flight 93 National Memorial – Sources and Detailed Information |website=nps.gov |publisher=National Park Service |date=n.d. |url=https://www.nps.gov/flni/learn/historyculture/sources-and-detailed-information.htm |accessdate=January 31, 2017 |quote=13. When will the Memorial be finished?}}</ref> situated on a hill overlooking the crash site and the white marble ''Wall of Names''.<ref name=npsfaqs>{{Cite web |title=Flight 93 National Memorial – Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) |website=nps.gov |publisher=National Park Service |date=May 2013 |pages=22–23 |url=https://www.nps.gov/flni/historyculture/upload/FAQs_longform_formatted_5-2013.pdf |accessdate=January 31, 2017}}</ref> An observation platform at the visitor center and the white marble wall are both aligned beneath the path of Flight 93.<ref name=npsfaqs/><ref name=longroad>{{Cite news |title=A Long Road to a Place of Peace for Flight 93 Families |work=The New York Times |date=September 9, 2015 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/09/us/a-long-road-to-a-place-of-peace-for-flight-93-families.html |accessdate=September 9, 2015}}</ref> A temporary memorial is located {{convert|500|yd|0}} from the crash site.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/flni|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411125737/http://www.nps.gov/flni|archivedate=April 11, 2008 |title=Flight 93 Memorial Project |publisher=Flight 93 Memorial Project / National Park Service |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> New York City firefighters donated a cross made of steel from the World Trade Center and mounted on top of a platform shaped like the Pentagon.<ref name='ap2008-08-24'>{{cite news |last=Nephin|first=Dan |title = Steel cross goes up near flight's 9/11 Pa. crash site |date = August 24, 2008 |agency = Associated Press |url =http://global.christianpost.com/news/steel-cross-installed-near-flight-93-site-in-pa-33978/ |accessdate=September 5, 2011}}</ref> It was installed outside the firehouse on August 25, 2008.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gaskell |first=Stephanie|title=Pa. site of 9/11 crash gets WTC beam |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/05/us/05memorial.html|date=August 25, 2008|work=Daily News|location=New York|accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> Many other permanent memorials are elsewhere. Scholarships and charities have been established by the victims' families, and by many other organizations and private figures.<ref>{{cite news|last=Fessenden|first=Ford |title=9/11; After the World Gave: Where $2 Billion in Kindness Ended Up|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/18/giving/9-11-after-the-world-gave-where-2-billion-in-kindness-ended-up.html|work=The New York Times|date=November 18, 2002|accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref>
On every anniversary, in New York City, the names of the victims who died there are read out against a background of somber music. The President of the United States attends a memorial service at the Pentagon,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/11/at-a-memorial-ceremony-loss-and-tension/?hp |work=The New York Times |title=At a Memorial Ceremony, Loss and Tension |first=Andy |last=Newman |date=September 11, 2010}}</ref> and asks Americans to observe [[Patriot Day]] with a moment of silence. Smaller services are held in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, which are usually attended by the President's spouse.
{{clear}}
==See also==
{{Wikipedia books|September 11 attacks}}
* [[Alleged Saudi role in September 11 attacks]]
* [[Bojinka plot]] – plot by [[Ramzi Yousef]] and [[Khalid Shaikh Mohammed]], foiled in 1995, to attack multiple airliners and crash a plane into the CIA headquarters
* [[Federal Express Flight 705]] – 1994 cockpit attack
* [[1993 World Trade Center bombing]] - terrorist bombing orchestrated by Yousef intending to cause a collapse of the WTC
* [[Air France Flight 8969]] – a plane hijacked by terrorists intended to be crashed into the [[Eiffel Tower]]
* [[Outline of the September 11 attacks]]
* [[List of major terrorist incidents]]
* [[Deaths in September 2001#11|List of deaths on September 11, 2001]]
* [[September 11th Victim Compensation Fund]]
* [[Terrorism in the United States]]
* [[List of attacks on U.S. territory]]
* [[The 28 pages]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|25em}}
===Bibliography{{anchor|Sources}}===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite report |chapter-url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch1.pdf|title=9/11 Commission Report|chapter=Chapter 1.1: 'We Have Some Planes': Inside the Four Flights|year=2004|publisher=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States|accessdate=March 18, 2016 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|title=Unity of Purpose/Unity of effort: Private-Sector Preparedness in Times of Terror |journal=Disaster Prevention & Management |last1=Alavosius |first1=Mark P. |last2=Rodriquez |first2=Nischal J. |year=2005 |volume=14 |doi=10.1108/09653560510634098 | issue=5|page=666 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ntsb.gov/about/Documents/AAL77_fdr.pdf|title=American Airlines Flight 77 FDR Report |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |date=January 31, 2002 |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite report |last=Averill|first=Jason D.|url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NCSTAR1/PDF/NCSTAR%201-7.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509033658/http://wtc.nist.gov/NCSTAR1/PDF/NCSTAR%201-7.pdf |archivedate=May 9, 2009 |title=Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) |year=2005| accessdate=September 2, 2011 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Bergen|first=Peter L.|title=Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama Bin Laden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sRhZDrJb0zgC&pg=PP1|year=2001|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-3467-2|accessdate=March 18, 2016 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Bergen |first=Peter |title=The Osama Bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of Al Qaeda's Leader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XkM92XMlQ4C&pg=PP1|year=2006|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-9592-5|accessdate=March 18, 2016 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |first=Brad|last=Berner|title=The World According to Al Qaeda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smP3gFyQpXQC&pg=PP1|year=2007|publisher=Peacock Books|isbn=978-81-248-0114-7|accessdate=March 18, 2016 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Clarke|first1=Richard|title=Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror|year=2004|publisher=Free Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7432-6024-4|url=https://archive.org/details/againstallenemie00clar |url-access=registration|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dwyer |first1=Jim |last2=Flynn |first2=Kevin |title=102 Minutes |publisher=Times Books |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ctk6LxDDR8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage |isbn=978-0-8050-7682-0 |accessdate=March 18, 2016 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite report |url=https://www.nist.gov/customcf/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=861610 |title=Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center Building 7 |date=November 2008 |publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] |accessdate=April 11, 2012 |format=PDF |ref={{harvid|''Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center Building 7''|2008}}}}
* {{cite web |title=Flight Path Study – American Airlines Flight 77 |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc02.pdf|date=February 19, 2002 |publisher=[[National Transportation Safety Board]] |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fouda |first1=Yosri |last2=Fielding |first2=Nick|title=Masterminds of Terror: The Truth Behind the Most Devastating Terrorist Attack the World Has Ever Seen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IASlEi7rogIC&pg=PP1|year=2004|publisher=Arcade Publishing|isbn=978-1-55970-717-6|accessdate=March 18, 2016 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Alfred |last2=Papadopoulos |first2=Sarandis |last3=Putney |first3=Diane |last4=Berlage |first4=Nancy |last5=Welch |first5=Rebecca |display-authors=1 |title=Pentagon 9/11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfhI5oc41sMC&pg=PP1|year=2007|publisher=Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-16-078328-9 |accessdate=March 18, 2016 |ref={{harvid|Goldberg et al.|2007}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Gunaratna|first=Ronan |title=Inside Al Qaeda: global network of terror|url=https://archive.org/details/insidealqaedaglo00guna|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12692-2 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Holmes|first=Stephen|title=Making sense of suicide missions|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eciSejVv-YoC&pg=PP1#v=onepage
|isbn=978-0-19-929797-9|editor=Diego Gambetta|chapter=Al Qaeda, September 11, 2001|accessdate=March 18, 2016 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |title=The Al Qaeda reader |first1=Raymond |last1=Ibrahim |last2=bin Laden |first2=Osama|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ne5JZYf-dlkC&pg=PR2|year=2007|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-385-51655-6|accessdate=March 18, 2016 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Javorsek II|first1=Daniel|last2=Rose|first2=John|last3=Marshall|first3=Christopher|last4=Leitner|first4=Peter|title=A Formal Risk-Effectiveness Analysis Proposal for the Compartmentalized Intelligence Security Structure|journal=International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence|date=August 5, 2015|volume=28|issue=4|pages=734–761|doi=10.1080/08850607.2015.1051830|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Jessee|first1=Devin|title=Tactical Means, Strategic Ends: Al Qaeda's Use of Denial and Deception|journal=International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence|year=2006|volume=18|issue=3|pages=367–388|doi=10.1080/09546550600751941|url=http://web.international.ucla.edu/media/files/FTPV_A_175157_P.pdf |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |first=Christopher|last=Kelley|title=Executing the Constitution: putting the president back into the Constitution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgzmexCI734C&pg=PP1|year=2006|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6727-5|accessdate=March 18, 2016 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Keppel |first1=Gilles |last2=Milelli |first2=Jean-Pierre |last3=Ghazaleh |first3=Pascale|title=Al Qaeda in its own words|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674028043|url-access=registration |year= 2008|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02804-3|accessdate=March 18, 2016 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Lawrence |first=Bruce |title=Messages to the world: the statements of Osama Bin Laden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_fRlEZoaioC&pg=PP1 |accessdate=May 29, 2014 |year=2005|publisher=Verso|isbn=978-1-84467-045-1 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Second Edition|first=Gus|last=Martin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_jh4VBi_HYC&pg=PP1| year=2011|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-1-4129-8017-3|accessdate=March 18, 2016 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=McDermott|first=Terry|title=Perfect Soldiers: The 9/11 Hijackers|year=2005 |publisher=HarperCollins|pages=191–192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Oufo58esZAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage|isbn=978-0-06-058470-2 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web|url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/fdny/html/mck_report/toc.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603212555/http://home2.nyc.gov/html/fdny/html/mck_report/toc.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 3, 2010 |title=McKinsey Report|publisher=FDNY / McKinsey & Company |date=August 9, 2002 |accessdate=September 25, 2011 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |title=The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy|first=John J.|last=Mearsheimer|publisher=Macmillan|year=2007|isbn=978-0-374-17772-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIrFUBs7G6kC |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |title=Osama Bin Laden|first=Suzanne|last=Murdico|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SSHiERbJuKMC&pg=PP1|publisher=Rosen Publishing Group|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8239-4467-5 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/build03/PDF/b03017.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721055255/http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/build03/PDF/b03017.pdf |archivedate=July 21, 2011 |title=The Pentagon Building Performance Report |publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) |date=January 2003 |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Summers |first1=Anthony |last2=Swan |first2=Robbyn |title=The Eleventh Day: The Full Story of 9/11 and Osama Bin Laden|year=2011|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ|url-access=registration |isbn=978-1-4000-6659-9|accessdate=March 18, 2016 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Sunder|first=Shyam S.|title=Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers|publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)|year=2005|url=https://www.nist.gov/manuscript-publication-search.cfm?pub_id=909017|accessdate=September 2, 2011 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch6.pdf |title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study – Bankers Trust Building |date=May 2002 |publisher=FEMA |accessdate=July 12, 2007 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch7.pdf|title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study – Peripheral Buildings |date=May 2002 |publisher=FEMA |accessdate=September 3, 2011 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web|year = 2002 |url = http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch5.pdf|title = World Trade Center Building Performance Study|website = Ch. 5 WTC 7 – section 5.5.4|publisher = Federal Emergency Management Agency |accessdate=September 2, 2011 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |title=The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 |last=Wright|first=Lawrence |year=2006 |publisher=Knopf |url=https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig|url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-375-41486-2 |authorlink=Lawrence Wright |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Yitzhak|first1=Ronen|title=The War Against Terrorism and For Stability of the Hashemite Regime: Jordanian Intelligence Challenges in the 21st Century|journal=International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence|date=Summer 2016|volume=29|issue=2|pages=213–235|doi=10.1080/08850607.2016.1121038 |ref=harv}}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|work=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks|title=The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjKODEaahVQC&pg=PP1|date=July 30, 2010|publisher=Cosimo, Inc|isbn=978-1-61640-219-8}}
* {{cite book|first=Stephen E|last= Atkins|title=The 9/11 Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDDIgWRN_HQC&pg=PP1|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-921-9}}
* {{cite book |last = Bolton |first = M. Kent |year = 2006|title = U.S. National Security and Foreign Policymaking After 9/11: Present at the Re-creation |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IETboc9ajpQC&pg=PP1 |publisher= Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-5900-4}}
* {{cite book |last = Caraley |first =Demetrios |year =2002 |title = September 11, terrorist attacks, and U.S. foreign policy|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=xMCGStzPzooC&pg=PP1 |publisher= Academy of Political Science|isbn=978-1-884853-01-2}}
* {{cite book |last =Chernick |first =Howard |year =2005 |title = Resilient city: the economic impact of 9/11
|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=GL6vOpKbFygC&pg=PP1 |publisher= Russell Sage Foundation|isbn=978-0-87154-170-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Damico |first1=Amy M |last2=Quay |first2=Sara E. |year =2010 |title =September 11 in Popular Culture: A Guide
|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=mgtSLkKxIpEC&pg=PP1|publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-35505-9}}
* {{cite book |last =Hampton |first = Wilborn |year =2003 |title = September 11, 2001: attack on New York City|url =https://archive.org/details/september112001a00wilb|url-access =registration |publisher= Candlewick Press|isbn=978-0-7636-1949-7}}
* {{cite book |last = Langley |first =Andrew |year =2006 |title = September 11: Attack on America
|url =https://archive.org/details/september11attac0000lang|url-access = registration |publisher=Compass Point Books |isbn= 978-0-7565-1620-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Neria |first1=Yuval |last2=Gross |first2=Raz |last3=Marshall |first3=Randall D. |last4=Susser |first4=Ezra S. |year=2006 |title =9/11: mental health in the wake of terrorist attacks|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=kADL4ymHsY8C&pg=PP1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-0-521-83191-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Ryan |first=Allan A. |title=The 9/11 Terror Cases: Constitutional Challenges in the War against Al Qaeda |publisher=University Press of Kansas |year=2015 }}
* {{cite book|first1=Steven |last1=Strasser |first2=Craig R |last2=Whitney |first3=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States|last3=United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Intelligence|title=The 9/11 investigations: staff reports of the 9/11 Commission: excerpts from the House–Senate joint inquiry report on 9/11: testimony from fourteen key witnesses, including Richard Clarke, George Tenet, and Condoleezza Rice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLCn_D7lX5kC&pg=PP1|year=2004|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-1-58648-279-4}}
{{Refend}}
==External links==
<!-- ATTENTION! DO ''not'' ADD LINKS WITHOUT DISCUSSION AND CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE. OTHERWISE THEY WILL BE REMOVED. -->
{{Sister project links|d=Q10806|n=Category:9/11|q=September 11, 2001 attacks|c=Category:September 11 attacks|wikt=9/11|v=9/11|s=Category:September 11th attacks|b=no}}
* [http://www.9-11commission.gov/ National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States] ''official commission website''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130727095710/http://names.911memorial.org/ National September 11th Memorial and Museum] – List of victims
* [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/911_archive/ September 11, 2001, Documentary Project] from the U.S. [[Library of Congress]], ''Memory.loc.gov''
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/lcwa/html/sept11/sept11-overview.html September 11, 2001, Web Archive] from the U.S. [[Library of Congress]], ''Minerva''
* [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/sept11/index.html The September 11th Sourcebooks] from [[The National Security Archive]]
* [http://911digitalarchive.org/ September 11 Digital Archive: Saving the Histories of September 11, 2001], from the ''Center for History and New Media'' and the ''American Social History Project/Center for Media and Learning''
* [[s:Verbatim Transcript of Combatant Status Review Tribunal Hearing for ISN 10024|DoD: Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Verbatim Transcript of Combatant Status Review Tribunal Hearing for ISN 10024]], from Wikisource
{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-September-11-attacks.ogg|2019-09-11}}
'''Multimedia'''
<!-- ATTENTION! DO ''NOT'' ADD LINKS WITHOUT DISCUSSION AND CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE. OTHERWISE THEY WILL BE REMOVED. -->
* [https://archive.org/details/911 Understanding 9/11 – A Television News Archive] at [[Internet Archive]]
* [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/multimedia.day.html CNN.com] – Video archive, including the first and second planes
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110828175053/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/remembering-9-11/ Remembering 9/11] – [[National Geographic Society]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120410175421/http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0%2C29307%2C1660644%2C00.html Time.com] – 'Shattered: a remarkable collection of photographs', [[James Nachtwey]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010916223638/http://www.interactivepublishing.net/september/ September 11, 2001, Screenshot Archive] – Database of 230 screenshots from news sites around the world
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150319023141/http://www1.newseum.org/todaysfrontpages/default_archive.asp?fpArchive=091201 Archive of newspaper front page images for 2001-09-11] at the [[Newseum]]
{{September 11 attacks|state=expanded}}
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[[Category:Terrorist incidents in the United States in 2001]]' |
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