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'{{short description|Boeing 737 MAX Crash (2nd)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}} {{Infobox aircraft occurrence | name = Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 | image = Ethiopian Airlines ET-AVJ takeoff from TLV (46461974574).jpg |image_upright = 1.2 | alt = | caption = ET-AVJ, the aircraft involved in the accident, seen in February 2019 | occurrence_type = Accident <!-- See usage note below. --> | date = {{start date|2019|03|10|df=y}} | summary = Crashed shortly after take-off; under investigation | site = Tulu Fara village near [[Bishoftu]], Ethiopia | coordinates = {{coord|8|52|37|N|39|15|04|E|type:event|display=inline,title}}<ref name="avherald-et302" /> | total_fatalities = <!-- Only for occurrences involving more than one aircraft or victims on the ground --> | total_injuries = <!-- same as above --> | total_missing = <!-- same as above --> | total_survivors = <!-- Only for occurrences involving more than one aircraft --> | ground_fatalities = | ground_injuries = <!-- The following entries are for occurrences involving a single aircraft: --> | aircraft_type = [[Boeing 737 MAX 8]] | aircraft_name = | operator = [[Ethiopian Airlines]] | IATA = ET302 | ICAO = ETH302 | callsign = ETHIOPIAN 302 | tail_number = ET-AVJ | origin = [[Addis Ababa Bole International Airport]], [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia | stopover = | stopover0 = | stopover1 = | stopover2 = | stopover3 = | stopover4 = | stopover5 = | last_stopover = | destination = [[Jomo Kenyatta International Airport]], [[Nairobi]], Kenya | occupants = 157 | passengers = 149 | crew = 8 | fatalities = 157 | survivors = 0 }}{{Use British English|date = March 2019}} {{OSM Location map | coord = {{coord|9.0|N|39.0|E}} | zoom= 9 | float = | width = 255 | height = 230 | scalemark = 80 | fullscreen-option = | caption = | title = | minimap = | mini-file = | mini-width = | mini-height = | minipog-x = | minipog-y = | minipog-boxwidth = | shape-color = | shape-outline = | mark = MUTCD I-5.svg | mark-dim = | mark-coord = {{coord|08|58|40|N|38|47|58|E}} | label = Addis Ababa Bole | labela = | labelb = | label-size = | label-color = green | label-angle = | label-pos = right | label-offset-x = | label-offset-y = | mark-title = | mark-image = | mark-size = 16 | shape = image | mark-description= <!-- second and subsequent markers--> | mark-coord1={{coord|8|52|37|N|39|15|04|E}} | label1=Impact site | label-size1 = 14 | label-color1 = | label-pos1 = bottom | shape1 = | mark1 = }} '''Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302''' was a scheduled international passenger flight from [[Addis Ababa Bole International Airport]] in [[Ethiopia]] to [[Jomo Kenyatta International Airport]] in [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]. On 10 March 2019, the [[Boeing 737 MAX 8|Boeing 737 MAX&nbsp;8]] aircraft which operated the flight crashed near the town of [[Bishoftu]] six minutes after [[takeoff]], killing all 157 people aboard. The cause of the accident is under investigation. Flight 302 is the deadliest accident involving an [[Ethiopian Airlines]] aircraft to date, surpassing the fatal hijacking of [[Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961|Flight 961]] resulting in a crash near the [[Comoros]] in 1996.<ref name="BBC47513508" /> It is also the deadliest aircraft accident to occur in Ethiopia, surpassing the [[Ethiopian Air Force An-26 14 Jan 1982|crash of an Ethiopian Air Force Antonov An-26]] in 1982, which killed 73.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/country/country.php?id=ET|title=Ethiopia air safety profile|last=Ranter|first=Harro|website=aviation-safety.net|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815025414/http://aviation-safety.net/database/country/country.php?id=ET|archive-date=15 August 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Boeing 737 MAX 8 model first flew on 29 January 2016 and entered service in 2017, making it one of the newest aircraft in [[Boeing]]'s commercial airliner offerings, and the newest generation of [[Boeing 737]].<ref name="ST290116">{{cite web |url=http://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/boeings-737-max-takes-off-on-first-flight/ |title=Boeing's 737 MAX takes wing with new engines, high hopes |date=29 January 2016 |access-date=10 March 2019 |work=The Seattle Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219043740/https://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/boeings-737-max-takes-off-on-first-flight/ |archive-date=19 February 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> As of February 2019, 376 aircraft of this model have been produced and one other had crashed, [[Lion Air Flight 610]] in Indonesia in October 2018.<ref name="BBC47513508" /><ref name="National" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.planespotters.net/airframe/Boeing/737/ET-AVJ-Ethiopian-Airlines/jKwyiw2p|title=ET-AVJ Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 737-8 MAX|website=www.planespotters.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Boeing Commercial Airplanes – Orders and Deliveries – 737 Model Summary |url=http://active.boeing.com/commercial/orders/displaystandardreport.cfm?cboCurrentModel=737&optReportType=AllModels&cboAllModel=737&ViewReportF=View+Report |publisher=Boeing Commercial Airplanes |access-date=10 March 2019 |quote=737 Model Summary Through January 2019 Model Series Orders Deliveries Unfilled {...} 737 MAX 5011 350 4661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106214930/http://active.boeing.com/commercial/orders/displaystandardreport.cfm?cboCurrentModel=737&optReportType=AllModels&cboAllModel=737&ViewReportF=View+Report |archive-date=6 November 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Following the accident, the [[Boeing 737 MAX groundings|737 MAX series of aircraft was grounded]] by various airlines and government regulators worldwide. ==Accident== Flight 302 was a scheduled international passenger flight from [[Addis Ababa]] to [[Nairobi]]. The aircraft took off from Addis Ababa at 08:38 [[East Africa Time|local time]] (05:38 [[coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) with 149 passengers and 8 crew on board.<ref name=National /> One minute into the flight, the first officer, acting on the instructions of the captain, reported a "flight control" problem to the control tower. Two minutes into the flight, the plane's [[Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System|MCAS]] system activated, pitching the plane into a dive toward the ground. The pilots struggled to control it and managed to prevent the nose from diving further, but the plane continued to lose altitude. The MCAS then activated again, dropping the nose even further down. The pilots then flipped a pair of switches to disable the electrical [[trim tab]] system, which also disabled the MCAS software. However, in shutting off the electrical trim system, they also shut off their ability to trim the [[stabilizer (aeronautics)|stabilizer]] into a neutral position with the electrical switch located on their [[yoke (aeronautics)|yokes]]. The only other possible way to move the stabilizer would be by cranking the wheel by hand, but because the stabilizer was located opposite to the [[elevator (aeronautics)|elevator]], strong aerodynamic forces were pushing on it. As the pilots had inadvertently left the engines on full takeoff power, which caused the plane to accelerate at high speed, there was further pressure on the stabilizer. The pilots' attempts to manually crank the stabilizer back into position failed. Three minutes into the flight, with the aircraft continuing to lose altitude and accelerating beyond its safety limits, the captain instructed the first officer to request permission from air traffic control to return to the airport. Permission was granted, and the air traffic controllers diverted other approaching flights. Following instructions from air traffic control, they turned the aircraft to the east, and it rolled to the right. The right wing came to point down as the turn steepened. At 8:43, having struggled to keep the plane's nose from diving further by manually pulling the yoke, the captain asked the first officer to help him, and turned the electrical trim tab system back on in the hope that it would allow him to put the stabilizer back into neutral trim. However, in turning the trim system back on, he also reactivated the MCAS system, which pushed the nose further down. The captain and first officer attempted to raise the nose by manually pulling their yokes, but the aircraft continued to plunge toward the ground.<ref name="nymag" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/14/world/boeing-737-max-ethiopian-airlines.html|title=Boeing 737 Max Hit Trouble Right Away, Pilot’s Tense Radio Messages Show|last=Gebrekidan|first=Selam|date=2019-03-14|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-03-16|last2=Glanz|first2=James|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315210038/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/14/world/boeing-737-max-ethiopian-airlines.html|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The aircraft disappeared from radar screens and crashed at almost 08:44, six minutes after takeoff<!--, having reached an altitude of about 7,000 feet [[Above Ground Level]]{{fv}}-->.<ref name=et302prelimreport /><!-- Aviation Herald mean to use the abbreviation AMSL = "Above Mean Sea Level". The previous mentioned 8600 feet was derived from the FL086 that flightradar showed which is an incorrect reference in this case---><ref name="BBC47513508">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47513508|title=Ethiopian Airlines: 'No survivors' on crashed Boeing 737|work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=10 March 2019 |date=10 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310141704/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47513508|archive-date=10 March 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="ASN100319" /><ref name="AJ100319">{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/ethiopian-airlines-flight-nairobi-crashes-deaths-reported-190310082515738.html|title=Ethiopian Airlines flight to Nairobi crashes, deaths reported|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310091517/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/ethiopian-airlines-flight-nairobi-crashes-deaths-reported-190310082515738.html|archive-date=10 March 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Flight tracking data showed that the aircraft's altitude and rate of climb and descent were fluctuating.<ref>{{cite web |title=Flightradar24 data regarding the crash of Ethiopian Airlines flight 302 |url=https://www.flightradar24.com/blog/flightradar24-data-regarding-the-crash-of-ethiopian-airlines-flight-302/ |website=Flightradar24 Blog |date=10 March 2019 |access-date=11 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313032423/https://www.flightradar24.com/blog/flightradar24-data-regarding-the-crash-of-ethiopian-airlines-flight-302/ |archive-date=13 March 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Several witnesses stated the plane trailed "white smoke" and made strange noises before crashing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-airplane-witnesses-idUSKBN1QS1LJ|title=Ethiopian plane smoked and shuddered before deadly plunge|last=Miriri|first=Duncan|date=2019-03-12|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-03-14|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312052936/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-airplane-witnesses-idUSKBN1QS1LJ|archive-date=12 March 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The aircraft impacted the ground at nearly 700&nbsp;mph.<ref name=nymag>{{Cite web|url=http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/04/what-passengers-experienced-on-the-ethiopian-airlines-flight.html|title=6 Minutes of Terror: What Passengers Experienced on Ethiopian Airlines Fl. 302|first=Jeff|last=Wise|date=9 April 2019|website=Intelligencer|accessdate=4 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410152519/http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/04/what-passengers-experienced-on-the-ethiopian-airlines-flight.html|archive-date=10 April 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> There were no survivors.<ref name="National">{{cite web |url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/africa/ethiopian-airlines-flight-et302-crashes-en-route-to-kenya-1.835173 |title=Ethiopian Airlines flight ET302 crashes en route to Kenya |work=The National |location=Addis Ababa |access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref> It crashed in the ''[[woreda]]'' (district) of [[Gimbichu]], [[Oromia Region]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethiopianairlines.com/corporate/media/media-relations/press-release/detail/1105|title=Honoring the Victims with Traditional Memorial Service|publisher=[[Ethiopian Airlines]]|date=2019-03-22|accessdate=2019-03-31|quote=Local residents of Gimbichu Woreda (district), where ET 302/10 March accident happened,[...]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330183418/https://www.ethiopianairlines.com/corporate/media/media-relations/press-release/detail/1105|archive-date=30 March 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> in a farm field near the town of [[Bishoftu]], {{convert|62|km|mi}} southeast of [[Bole international airport|Bole International Airport]].<ref name="TOI100319">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/ethiopian-airlines-flight-crashes-fatalities-feared/articleshow/68343078.cms |title=Ethiopian Airlines flight crashes with 157 on board, fatalities feared |work=Times of India |access-date=10 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310160201/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/ethiopian-airlines-flight-crashes-fatalities-feared/articleshow/68343078.cms |archive-date=10 March 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The impact created a crater about {{convert|90|ft|m}} wide,{{convert|120|ft|m}} long, and wreckage was driven up to {{convert|30|ft|m}} deep into the soil. Wreckage was strewn around the field along with personal effects and body parts.<ref name=nymag/><ref name="reuters">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-airplane-bodies-idUSKCN1R31V4|title=Confusion, grief as hunt for remains from Ethiopia crash halted|date=2019-03-22|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-08-20|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/ethiopian-airlines-boeing-737-max8-crash-190310125352109.html |title=Investigators at Ethiopian Airlines crash site look for answers |date=10 March 2019 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=10 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310170956/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/ethiopian-airlines-boeing-737-max8-crash-190310125352109.html |archive-date=10 March 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ==Emergency response== Shortly after the crash, police and a firefighting crew from a nearby [[Ethiopian Air Force]] base arrived and extinguished the fires caused by the crash.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/10/ethiopian-airlines-says-kenya-flight-with-157-onboard-has-crashed|title=Ethiopian plane crash: inquiry to explore how 'excellent' pilot was unable to avert disaster|last=Watts|first=Jonathan|date=2019-03-10|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-08-20|publisher=Africa correspondent and agencies|last2=Burke|first2=Jason|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Police cordoned off the site, and Ethiopian Red Cross personnel and air crash investigators moved in. Together with local villagers, they sifted through the wreckage, recovering pieces of the aircraft, personal effects, and human remains. Trucks and excavators were brought in to assist in clearing the crash site. Human remains found were bagged and taken to Bole International Airport for storage in refrigeration units typically used to store roses destined for export before being taken to [[St. Paul's Hospital, Ethiopia|St. Paul's Hospital]] in Addis Ababa for storage pending identification.<ref name="reuters"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-airplane-site-idUSKCN1QW2AD|title=Excavators may be damaging Ethiopia crash site: diplomats|date=2019-03-15|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-08-20|language=en}}</ref> Personnel from [[Interpol]] and Blake Emergency Services, a private British disaster response firm contracted by the Ethiopian government, arrived to gather human tissue for DNA testing, and an [[Israel Police]] forensics team also arrived to assist in identifying the remains of the two Israeli victims of the crash.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/tosv2.html?vid=&uuid=fd7bc5b0-c2e4-11e9-ba34-9f6b6c636581&url=L25ld3MvYXJ0aWNsZXMvMjAxOS0wNC0wOS9ldGhpb3BpYS1jcmFzaC12aWN0aW1zLWRuYS1zYW1wbGVzLXRvLWJlLXNlbnQtZm9yLWxvbmRvbi10ZXN0cw==|title=Bloomberg - Are you a robot?|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/police-team-dispatched-to-ethiopia-crash-site-to-search-for-israelis-remains/|title=Police team dispatched to Ethiopia crash site to search for Israelis’ remains|last=staff|first=T. O. I.|website=www.timesofisrael.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref> The Chinese railway construction firm [[China Railway Seventh Group|CRSG]] and later joined by another construction firm, [[China Communications Construction|CCCC]], brought in all large scale equipment including [[excavators]] and [[trucks]]. They recovered both [[flight recorder|black boxes]] on the 11th of March, with the first being found at 9:00AM and the second flight recorder found at 13:00PM respectively.{{efn|[[East Africa Time]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C9slH8UOO30|title=Chinese rescuers recover both flight recorders|date=2019-03-12|website=CCTV Plus/Youtube|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/o53yDveR5vA6UK7G1QXeCg|title=7 days since the crash-To the fallen|date=2019-03-18|website=WeChat Articles|language=Chinese|access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref> The black boxes were given to Ethiopian Airlines and were sent to [[Paris]] for inspection by the [[Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile|BEA]], the French aviation accident investigation agency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slate.com/technology/2019/03/ethiopian-airlines-737-max-black-box-sent-to-paris-why.html|title=Why Were Ethiopian Airlines’ Black Boxes Sent to Paris for Examination?|last=Evdokimova|first=Tamara|date=2019-03-15|website=Slate Magazine|language=en|access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref> == Aircraft == The aircraft was a [[Boeing 737 MAX]] 8, [[aircraft registration|registered]] ET-AVJ (construction number 62450, manufacturer's [[serial number]] 7243), powered by two [[CFM International LEAP]] engines.<ref name=ASN100319>{{cite web |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20190310-0 |title=ET-AVJ |website=Aviation Safety Network |access-date=10 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311060301/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20190310-0 |archive-date=11 March 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The aircraft was manufactured in October 2018 and delivered on 15 November 2018, making it around four months old at the time of the accident.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethiopian Airlines ET-AVJ (Boeing 737 Next Gen – MSN 62450) Airfleets aviation |url=https://www.airfleets.net/ficheapp/plane-b737ng-62450.htm |website=www.airfleets.net |access-date=10 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310085601/https://www.airfleets.net/ficheapp/plane-b737ng-62450.htm |archive-date=10 March 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ethiopian accident involves four-month old 737 Max |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/ethiopian-accident-involves-four-month-old-737-max-456486/ |work=[[FlightGlobal]] |access-date=10 March 2019 |date=10 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310085712/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/ethiopian-accident-involves-four-month-old-737-max-456486/ |archive-date=10 March 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> == Passengers and crew == The airline stated that the flight’s 149 passengers had 35 different nationalities.<ref name="EA20190312" /> Crash victim positive identification was announced on September 13, 2019. Nearly a hundred disaster victim identification (DVI) experts from 14 countries supported the Interpol Incident Response Team (IRT) mission.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenceweb.co.za/aerospace/civil-aviation/ethiopian-airlines-boeing-737-max-crash-victim-id-completed/|title=Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 737 MAX crash victim ID completed|date=2019-09-13|website=defenceWeb|language=en-ZA|access-date=2019-09-14}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="font-size:83%; margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em; width:20%" |+Passengers by nationality<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethiopianairlines.com/corporate/media/media-relations/press-release/detail/1080|title=Press Release Details - Ethiopian Airlines|website=www.ethiopianairlines.com|access-date=2019-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310180520/https://www.ethiopianairlines.com/corporate/media/media-relations/press-release/detail/1080|archive-date=10 March 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Nationality ! Deaths |- |Kenya | 32 |- |Canada | 18 |- |Ethiopia | 9<!--Passengers only --> |- |China | 8{{efn|Including: 1 [[Hong Kong]] [[Hong Kong residents|resident]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/03/10/africa/ethiopian-airlines-crash-victims/index.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 March 2019 |publisher=[[CNN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312043908/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/03/10/africa/ethiopian-airlines-crash-victims/index.html |archive-date=12 March 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>}} |- ||Italy | 8 |- |United States | 8 |- |France | 7 |- |United Kingdom | 7 |- |Egypt | 6 |- |Germany | 5 |- |India | 4 |- |Slovakia | 4 |- |Austria | 3 |- |Russia | 3 |- |Sweden | 3 |- |Israel | 2 |- |Morocco | 2 |- |Poland | 2 |- |Spain | 2 |- |Belgium | 1 |- |Djibouti | 1 |- |Indonesia | 1 |- |Ireland | 1 |- |Mozambique | 1 |- |Nepal | 1 |- |Nigeria | 1 |- |Norway | 1 |- |Rwanda | 1 |- |Saudi Arabia | 1 |- |Serbia | 1 |- |Somalia | 1 |- |Sudan | 1 |- |Togo | 1 |- |Uganda | 1 |- |Yemen | 1 |- class="sortbottom" |'''Total''' |'''149''' |} All passengers and crew on board, 157 in total, were killed in the accident.<ref name="BBC47513508" /> Many of the passengers were travelling to Nairobi to attend the fourth session of the [[United Nations Environment Programme#Environment Assembly|United Nations Environment Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/africa/crashed-ethiopian-plane-carried-at-least-19-un-officials-20190311-p5138o.html |title=Crashed Ethiopian plane carried at least 19 UN officials |date=11 March 2019 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref> A total of 22 people affiliated with the [[United Nations]] (UN) were killed, including seven [[World Food Programme]] staff, along with staff of the United Nations office in Nairobi, the [[International Telecommunications Union]], and the office of the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/5550977/ethiopian-airlines-crash-victims-united-nations/|title=Colleagues Remember the Humanitarians Killed in the Ethiopian Airlines Crash|website=Time|language=en|access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref><ref name="Telegraaf3269480">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraaf.nl/nieuws/3269480/12-vn-ers-onder-slachtoffers-crash-ethiopie|title=12 VN'ers onder slachtoffers crash Ethiopië|date=10 March 2019|work=[[De Telegraaf]]|language=nl|trans-title=12 United Nations among victims of crash in Ethiopia|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref> The Deputy Director of Communications for [[UNESCO]], a retired Nigerian diplomat and senior UN official who was working on behalf of [[United Nations Institute for Training and Research|UNITAR]], and a staff member of the Sudan office of the [[International Organization for Migration]] were also among the dead.<ref name="victimsbbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47522028|title=Ethiopian Airlines: Who were the victims?|date=2019-04-04|access-date=2019-08-20|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unitar.org/about/news-stories/news/we-express-our-sincere-condolences-families-and-friends-amb-bashua|title=We express our sincere condolences to the families and friends of Amb. Bashua {{!}} UNITAR|website=www.unitar.org|access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref> The airline stated that one passenger had a [[United Nations laissez-passer]].<ref name="EA20190312">{{cite web |title=Accident Bulletin no. 3 Issued on March 10, 2019 at 4:59 PM |url=https://www.ethiopianairlines.com/corporate/media/media-relations/press-release/detail/1080 |website=Ethiopian Airlines |accessdate=12 March 2019 |date=10 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310180520/https://www.ethiopianairlines.com/corporate/media/media-relations/press-release/detail/1080 |archive-date=10 March 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Both Addis Ababa and Nairobi have offices of UN agencies, and Addis Ababa has the head office of the [[African Union]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Schemm, Paul|author2=Kareem Fahim|author3=Rick Noack|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/aid-workers-particularly-hard-hit-in-ethiopian-crash/2019/03/11/680dbcf8-43e2-11e9-90f0-0ccfeec87a61_story.html?noredirect=on|title='In deep grief': Aid workers, U.N. staff, tourists among victims in Ethiopia plane crash|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409153944/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/aid-workers-particularly-hard-hit-in-ethiopian-crash/2019/03/11/680dbcf8-43e2-11e9-90f0-0ccfeec87a61_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.aba0a7e33982|archive-date=9 April 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Addis Ababa-Nairobi route is also popular with tourists and business people. An employee of the [[Norwegian Red Cross]], a British intern with the [[Norwegian Refugee Council]], an environmental agent for the [[Association of Arctic Expedition Cruise Operators]], four [[Catholic Relief Services]] staff, and a senior Ugandan police official on assignment with the [[African Union]] peacekeeping force in [[Somalia]] were also killed.<ref name=victimsguardian>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/10/seven-britons-were-on-ethiopian-airlines-plane-that-crashed | title=Who were the victims of the Ethiopian Airlines crash? | first1=Nadeem | last1=Badshah | first2=Kate | last2=Lyons | first3=Seth | last3=Jacobson | date=12 March 2019 | newspaper=The Guardian | accessdate=18 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/11/reuters-america-prize-winning-author-21-un-workers-among-dead-in-ethiopian-airlines-crash.html</ref> Notable victims on-board included the Italian archaeologist and Councillor for Cultural Heritage of Sicily, [[Sebastiano Tusa]], and Nigerian-Canadian academic [[Pius Adesanmi]].<ref name="newsau">{{cite web |title=Ethiopian Airlines plane crashes, no survivors, says airline boss |url=https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/incidents/ethiopian-airlines-plane-crashes-with-deaths-and-casualties-unconfirmed/news-story/bed7d1e1a89f6fc015fa795817b914d3 |website=news.com.au |access-date=10 March 2019 |date=10 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312082340/https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/incidents/ethiopian-airlines-plane-crashes-with-deaths-and-casualties-unconfirmed/news-story/bed7d1e1a89f6fc015fa795817b914d3 |archive-date=12 March 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://saharareporters.com/2019/03/10/breaking-nigeria%E2%80%99s-pius-adesanmi-killed-ethiopian-airlines-plane-crash|title=BREAKING: Nigeria's Pius Adesanmi Killed In Ethiopian Airlines Plane Crash|date=10 March 2019|website=Sahara Reporters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311090748/http://saharareporters.com/2019/03/10/breaking-nigeria%E2%80%99s-pius-adesanmi-killed-ethiopian-airlines-plane-crash|archive-date=11 March 2019|url-status=live|access-date=10 March 2019|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Slovak politician [[Anton Hrnko]] lost his wife and two children in the crash.<ref name="BBC47513508" /> Other notable victims included [[Christine Alalo]], a Ugandan police commissioner and peacekeeper serving with the [[African Union Mission in Somalia]];<ref>{{cite news |title=ETHIOPIAN: Police commissioner Alalo is dead |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/ethiopian-airlines-accident-police-commissioner-christine-alalo-confirmed-dead/ |accessdate=5 August 2019 |work=The Independent |date=11 March 2019 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> The [[Pilot in command|captain]] of the plane was Yared Getachew, 29, who had been flying with the airline for almost nine years<ref name="re20190310">{{cite web |last1=Bekele |first1=Kaleyesus |title=Crashed ET plane captain alerted ATC about technical problem |url=https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/article/crashed-et-plane-captain-alerted-atc-about-technical-problem |website=The Reporter Ethiopia |accessdate=12 March 2019 |date=10 March 2019}}</ref> and had logged a total of 8,122 flight hours, including 1,417 hours on the Boeing 737.{{efn|Yared<!--Ethiopians go by their first names--> had 1,417 hours on the Boeing 737 regardless of variant, however, he only had 103 hours on the Boeing 737 MAX.<ref name=et302prelimreport />|name=|group=}} He had been a Boeing 737-800 captain since November 2017, and Boeing 737 MAX since July 2018.<ref name=et302prelimreport /> At the time of the accident, he was the youngest captain at the airline.<ref name="nyt20190312">{{cite news |last1=Negroni |first1=Christine |title=Ethiopian Airlines, With a Tradition of Training Pilots, Wants to Become Africa's Leading Carrier |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/12/business/ethiopian-airline-crash-school.html |website=The New York Times |accessdate=12 March 2019 |date=12 March 2019}}</ref> The [[First officer (aeronautics)|first officer]], Ahmed Nur Mohammod Nur, 25, was a recent graduate from the airline's academy with 361 flight hours logged, including 207 hours on the Boeing 737.{{efn|Ahmed<!--Ethiopians go by their first names--> had 207 hours on the Boeing 737 regardless of variant, however, he only had 56 hours on the Boeing 737 MAX.<ref name=et302prelimreport />|name=|group=}}<ref name=et302prelimreport /><ref name="nyt20190312"/> == Responses == [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Ethiopian Prime Minister]] [[Abiy Ahmed]] offered his condolences to the families of the victims.<ref name=National /> Ethiopian Airlines CEO Tewolde Gebremariam visited the accident site, confirmed that there were no survivors and expressed sympathy and condolences.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/03/10/world/africa/ap-af-ethiopia-plane-crash-the-latest.html|title=The Latest: Norwegian Refugee Council Says 2 Missing|agency=[[Associated Press]]|first= |date=10 March 2019|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=10 March 2019|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> <!--The title of the NYT articles keeps updating.-->Boeing issued a statement of condolence.<ref name=Boeing130401>{{cite web |url=https://boeing.mediaroom.com/news-releases-statements?item=130401 |title=Boeing Statement on Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 |work=[[Boeing]] |access-date=10 March 2019 |date=10 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310121204/https://boeing.mediaroom.com/news-releases-statements?item=130401 |archive-date=10 March 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Ethiopian parliament declared 11 March as a day of national mourning.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethiopia declares Monday a day of national mourning |url= http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/ethiopia-declares-monday-a-day-of-national-mourning/|work = SABC News |access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref> During the opening of the fourth United Nations Environment Assembly in Nairobi, a minute of silence was observed in sympathy for the victims.<ref>{{cite web|title=WATCH: Minute of silence for Ethiopia crash at UN talks as search operation continues |url=https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/watch-minute-of-silence-for-ethiopia-crash-at-un-talks-as-search-operation-continues-20190311|work = News24|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref> [[President (government title)|President]] [[Muhammadu Buhari]] of Nigeria, in his condolence message on behalf of the government and the people of Nigeria, extended his sincere condolences to Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed of Ethiopia, the people of Ethiopia, Kenya, Canada, China and all other nations who lost citizens in the crash.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethiopian air crash: Loss of 157 lives shocking – Buhari |url=https://punchng.com/ethiopian-air-crash-loss-of-157-lives-shocking-buhari/ |website=punchng.com |access-date=12 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311090410/https://punchng.com/ethiopian-air-crash-loss-of-157-lives-shocking-buhari/ |archive-date=11 March 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> On 11 March, the FAA commented that the Boeing 737 Max 8 model was [[airworthy]]. However, due to concerns on the operation of the aircraft, the FAA ordered Boeing to implement design changes, effective by April.<ref name="auto1"/> It stated that Boeing "plans to update training requirements and flight crew manuals in response to the design change" to the aircraft's [[Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System]] (MCAS). The changes will also include enhancements to the activation of the MCAS and the [[angle of attack]] signal.<ref>{{cite web|title=US says Boeing 737 MAX safe to fly after Ethiopia crash|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/us-says-boeing-737-max-safe-to-fly-after-ethiopia-crash-11334256|work=[[Channel News Asia]]|accessdate=12 March 2019}}</ref> Boeing stated that the upgrade was developed in response to the Lion Air crash but did not link it to the Ethiopian Airlines crash.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Toh |first1=Mavis |title=Boeing to upgrade 737 Max flight control software |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/boeing-to-upgrade-737-max-flight-control-software-456540/ |work=FlightGlobal |date=12 March 2019}}</ref> On 19 March, the [[U.S. Secretary of Transportation]], [[Elaine L. Chao]], sent a memo to the U.S. Inspector General asking him to "proceed with an audit to compile an objective and detailed factual history of the activities that resulted in the certification of the Boeing 737-MAX 8 aircraft."<ref name="MS">{{cite web |title=Memorandum from the Secretary |url=https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/briefing-room/334391/memorandum-secretary-audit-certification-boeing-737-max8-2012-2017.pdf |publisher=US Department of Transportaion |accessdate=25 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320182645/https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/briefing-room/334391/memorandum-secretary-audit-certification-boeing-737-max8-2012-2017.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ''[[Flight International]]'' commented that the accident would likely increase unease about the Boeing 737 MAX felt in the aftermath of the [[Lion Air Flight 610]] accident in October 2018, which similarly occurred shortly after take-off and killed everyone aboard.<ref name=Flightglobal456488>{{cite news |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/ethiopian-crash-likely-to-aggravate-unease-over-737-456488/ |title=Ethiopian crash likely to aggravate unease over 737 Max |work=FlightGlobal |access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref> Boeing shares dropped 11% over the weekend,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-ca/money/topstories/boeing-has-lost-dollar266b-in-market-value-since-sundays-737-max-crash/ar-BBUJzpA?o|title=Boeing has lost $26.6B in market value since Sunday's 737 Max crash|website=www.msn.com|access-date=2019-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316142804/https://www.msn.com/en-ca/money/topstories/boeing-has-lost-dollar266b-in-market-value-since-sundays-737-max-crash/ar-BBUJzpA?ocid=spartanntp|archive-date=16 March 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and as of 23 March Boeing has lost more than $40 billion in market value since the crash, dropping some 14%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/23/investing/boeing-737-max-market-cap/index.html|title=Boeing has lost $40 billion-plus in market value since Ethiopia crash|last=Wattles|first=Jackie|website=CNN|publisher=CNN Business|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326180403/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/23/investing/boeing-737-max-market-cap/index.html|archive-date=26 March 2019|url-status=live|access-date=2019-03-23|df=dmy-all}}</ref> === Groundings === {{excessive citations|date=August 2019|section}} {{Main|Boeing 737 MAX groundings}} As a result of the accident and the [[Lion Air Flight 610]] crash, which occurred five months prior to the Ethiopian crash, most airlines and countries around the world began grounding the Boeing 737 MAX 8 (as well as the other MAX variants) due to safety concerns. [[Ethiopian Airlines]] grounded their aircraft after the crash, followed by other operators of the 737 MAX.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title=Boeing design changes on 737 Max 8 aircraft to be made mandatory after crashes|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/11/airlines-and-agencies-reassure-alarmed-passengers-about-boeing-737-max-8|work = [[The Guardian]]|accessdate=12 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312052309/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/11/airlines-and-agencies-reassure-alarmed-passengers-about-boeing-737-max-8|archive-date=12 March 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="GOL">{{cite news|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/aerolineas-aeromexico-and-gol-ground-737-max-fleets-456539/|title=Aerolineas, Aeromexico, and GOL ground their 737 MAX fleets|work=FlightGlobal|accessdate=11 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="Cayman2">{{cite web|url=https://www.caymanairways.com/CALsuspendsMax8Operations|title=CAL suspends Max 8 operations|website=www.caymanairways.com|access-date=11 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311170009/https://www.caymanairways.com/CALsuspendsMax8Operations|archive-date=11 March 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="ETground">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-airplane-grounding/ethiopian-airlines-grounds-its-boeing-737-max-8-fleet-idUSKBN1QS0D2|title=Ethiopian Airlines grounds its Boeing 737 MAX 8 fleet|work=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=11 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="LOT grounded">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/03/12/ethiopian-airlines-plane-crash-faa-joins-probe-over-boeing-737-max-8/3137819002|title=FAA: 'No basis' to order grounding of Boeing 737 MAX 8 despite calls worldwide|work=[[USA Today]]|date=12 March 2019|accessdate=12 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312164906/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/03/12/ethiopian-airlines-plane-crash-faa-joins-probe-over-boeing-737-max-8/3137819002/|archive-date=12 March 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="ASNgrounded2">{{cite web|url=https://news.aviation-safety.net/2019/03/11/boeing-737-max-grounded-in-several-countries-following-ethiopian-crash/|title=Boeing 737 MAX grounded in several countries following Ethiopian crash|website=Aviation Safety Network|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/air-canada-boeing-737-max-8-uk-airspace-halifax-london-1.5052946|title=Sunwing suspends Boeing 737 Max 8 flights for 'evolving commercial reasons'|access-date=13 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://news.trust.org//item/20190311160744-d9kaw/|title=S.Africa's Comair takes Boeing 737 MAX off schedules |work=Reuters|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref> Aviation authorities also started grounding all MAX aircraft under their jurisdiction, including transiting flights, initially by the [[Civil Aviation Administration of China]] on 11 March 2019.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/indonesia-follows-china-in-grounding-boeing-737-max-8-jets-after-fatal-crash-11552303187|title=Indonesia Follows China in Grounding Boeing 737 MAX 8 Jets After Fatal Crash|last1=Wenxin|first1=Fan|last2=Moss|first2=Trefor|website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311112143/https://www.wsj.com/articles/indonesia-follows-china-in-grounding-boeing-737-max-8-jets-after-fatal-crash-11552303187|archive-date=11 March 2019|url-status=live|access-date=11 March 2019|last3=Walland|first3=Robert|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Between 11 and 13 March the majority of aviation authorities around the world grounded the aircraft.<ref name="auto" /><ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47536502|title=Europe and India join Boeing aircraft ban after crash|date=12 March 2019|access-date=12 March 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="Indonesia grounds MAX 82">{{cite news|title=Indonesia to temporarily ground Boeing 737 MAX 8 jets for inspections |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/ethiopia-airplane-airlines-indonesia/indonesia-to-temporarily-ground-boeing-737-max-8-jets-for-inspections-idUSS9N1VR00W?feedType=RSS&feedName=companyNews&rpc=31|work=Reuters|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysia declares 'no-fly zone' for Boeing 737 MAX 8|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/03/468562/malaysia-declares-no-fly-zone-boeing-737-max-8|work=New Strait Times|accessdate=12 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312224855/https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/03/468562/malaysia-declares-no-fly-zone-boeing-737-max-8|archive-date=12 March 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mcaa.gov.mn/?p=5445|title=Civil Aviation Authority of Mongolia (MCAA)}}</ref><ref name="CNA">{{cite web|title=The nations, airlines grounding Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/nations-grounding-boeing-737-max-8-aircraft-ethiopian-airlines-11334780|work=[[Channel News Asia]]|accessdate=12 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="SingaporeCAAS">{{citenews|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/singapore-to-ground-all-boeing-737-max-8-planes-after-ethiopian-airlines-crash|title=Singapore suspends operations of all Boeing 737 Max 8 planes after Ethiopian Airlines crash|work=[[The Straits Times]]|first = Karamjit | last = Kaur |date=12 March 2019|accessdate=12 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.n-tv.de/wirtschaft/Scheuer-sperrt-deutschen-Luftraum-fuer-Boeing-737-Max-8-article20902500.html|title=Scheuer sperrt deutschen Luftraum für Boeing 737 Max 8|date=12 March 2019|access-date=12 March 2019|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UK joins Boeing 737 Max aircraft ban |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-47536502 |accessdate=12 March 2019 |work=BBC News |date=12 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="CASA">{{cite web|url=https://www.casa.gov.au/media-release/boeing-737-max-operations-temporarily-suspended|title=Boeing 737-MAX operations temporarily suspended |publisher=CASA|access-date=12 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hatch |first1=Patrick |title=Australia grounds Boeing's 737 MAX in wake of fatal crashes |url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/australia-grounds-boeing-s-737-max-in-wake-of-fatal-crashes-20190312-p513hi.html |accessdate=12 March 2019 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=12 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CAA suspends operations of Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft both in and out of NZ|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/384616/caa-suspends-operations-of-boeing-737-max-8-aircraft-both-in-and-out-of-nz |accessdate=13 March 2019 |work=RNZ New Zealand |date=13 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/garneau-boeing-ethiopia-crash-1.5054234 |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313161507/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/garneau-boeing-ethiopia-crash-1.5054234 |archive-date=13 March 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Initially the United States [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA) declined to ground 737 MAX aircraft under its jurisdiction,<ref name=":12">{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/11/africa/max-8-operations-roundup-intl/index.html|title=Which airlines are still flying Boeing 737 MAX 8s?|authors=Jack Guy and Emily Dixon|access-date=11 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311141802/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/11/africa/max-8-operations-roundup-intl/index.html|archive-date=11 March 2019|url-status=live|publisher=CNN|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/11/politics/faa-737-max-ethiopian-airlines-lion-air/index.html|title=FAA declines to ground Boeing 737 MAX 8, says unknown if two crashes are linked|access-date=11 March 2019|publisher=CNN}}</ref> but acted on 13 March to issue an emergency grounding order, citing new evidence from the crash investigations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/03/13/world/boeing-max-8-flights-suspended-intl/index.html|title=US orders immediate grounding of Boeing 737 Max 8 and 9 planes|date=14 March 2019|accessdate=14 March 2019|publisher=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313174405/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/03/13/world/boeing-max-8-flights-suspended-intl/index.html|archive-date=13 March 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Boeing 737 Max 8 planes grounded after Ethiopian crash |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/boeing-737-max-8-ethiopia-airlines-crash/h_90b712a98f5346d3ffddcbb61990aa40 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=13 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="2019-03-27-nyt">{{cite news |last1=Gelles |first1=David |title=As Boeing Confronted a Swelling Crisis, It Had Little to Say |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/27/business/boeing-crisis-response.html |accessdate=27 March 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327082350/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/27/business/boeing-crisis-response.html |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://www.faa.gov/news/updates/media/Emergency_Order.pdf|title=Emergency Order of Prohibition|publisher=[[Federal Aviation Administration]]|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref> == Investigation == The [[Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority]] (ECAA), the agency responsible for investigating civil aviation accidents in Ethiopia, has been investigating.<!--WP:BLUE applies--> The aircraft manufacturer, Boeing, stated that it is prepared to work with the United States [[National Transportation Safety Board]] and assist Ethiopian Airlines.<ref name=Boeing130401 /> The United States Federal Aviation Administration will also assist in the investigation.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/us-authorities-to-assist-in-investigation-of-ethiopian-airlines-crash-that-killed-157/2019/03/10/29b693ec-4349-11e9-8aab-95b8d80a1e4f_story.html |title=U. S. authorities to assist in investigation of Ethiopian Airlines crash that killed 157 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=10 March 2019 |date=10 March 2019 |first=Faiz |last=Siddiqui |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311012253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/us-authorities-to-assist-in-investigation-of-ethiopian-airlines-crash-that-killed-157/2019/03/10/29b693ec-4349-11e9-8aab-95b8d80a1e4f_story.html |archive-date=11 March 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Both the [[Flight recorder|cockpit voice recorder]] and the [[Flight recorder|flight data recorder]] were recovered from the crash site on 11 March.<ref>{{cite web|author1=McKirdy, Euan |author2=Berlinger, Joshua |author3=Levenson, Eric |title=Ethiopian Airlines plane crash|url=https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/ethiopian-airlines-plane-crash/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=11 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311025818/https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/ethiopian-airlines-plane-crash/index.html|archive-date=11 March 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The French aviation accident investigation agency [[Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile|BEA]] announced that it would analyze the flight recorders from the flight.<ref name="reutersBEA">{{cite news |last1=Hepher |first1=Tim |title=France to analyze Ethiopian Airlines flight recorders: spokesman |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-airplane-france-bea/france-to-analyze-ethiopian-airlines-flight-recorders-spokesman-idUSKCN1QU2T7 |work=Reuters |accessdate=14 March 2019 |date=13 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314010303/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-airplane-france-bea/france-to-analyze-ethiopian-airlines-flight-recorders-spokesman-idUSKCN1QU2T7 |archive-date=14 March 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> BEA received the flight recorders on 14 March.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kristykiernan/2019/03/15/the-black-boxes-from-ethiopian-flight-302-whats-on-them-and-what-investigators-will-look-for/|title=The Black Boxes From Ethiopian Flight 302: What's On Them And What Investigators Will Look For|last=Kiernan|first=Kristy|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2019-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315193026/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kristykiernan/2019/03/15/the-black-boxes-from-ethiopian-flight-302-whats-on-them-and-what-investigators-will-look-for/|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 17 March, the [[Ministry of Transport and Communications (Ethiopia)|Ethiopia’s transport minister]] Dagmawit Moges announced that "the black box has been found in a good condition that enabled us to extract almost all the data inside" and that the preliminary data retrieved from the flight data recorder show a clear similarity with those of Lion Air Flight 610 which crashed off Indonesia.<ref name="Politico">{{cite web |title=Data on Ethiopia crash: ‘Clear similarity’ to Indonesia crash |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/03/17/ethiopia-plane-crash-boeing-1224259 |publisher=Politico |accessdate=25 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327210152/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/03/17/ethiopia-plane-crash-boeing-1224259 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> On 13 March 2019, the FAA announced that new evidence found on the crash site and satellite data on Flight 302 suggested that the aircraft might have suffered from the same problem which the aircraft operating [[Lion Air Flight 610]] had suffered from. Investigators discovered the jackscrew that controlled the pitch angle of the horizontal stabilizer of Flight 302, was in the full "nose down" position. The finding suggested that, at the time of the crash, Flight 302 was configured to dive, similar to Lion Air Flight 610.<ref>{{cite news|author=Lazo, Luz; Schemm, Paul, Aratani, Lori|title=Investigators find 2nd piece of key evidence in crash of Boeing 737 Max 8 in Ethiopia|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/french-start-analysis-ethiopian-airlines-black-boxes-as-new-evidence-appears/2019/03/15/87770e8c-468f-11e9-94ab-d2dda3c0df52_story.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317203009/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/french-start-analysis-ethiopian-airlines-black-boxes-as-new-evidence-appears/2019/03/15/87770e8c-468f-11e9-94ab-d2dda3c0df52_story.html?utm_term=.5fa30c5362b7|archive-date=17 March 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Due to this finding, some experts in Indonesia suggested that the Indonesian [[National Transportation Safety Committee]] (NTSC) should cooperate with Flight 302's investigation team.<ref>{{citeweb|author=Mohammad Azka|title=Alasan KNKT Minta Dilibatkan Menginvestigasi Tragedi Ethiopian Airlines|url=https://ekonomi.bisnis.com/read/20190313/98/899028/alasan-knkt-minta-dilibatkan-menginvestigasi-tragedi-ethiopian-airlines|publisher=Bisnis|language=id|accessdate=14 March 2019|first=Rinaldi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315185120/https://ekonomi.bisnis.com/read/20190313/98/899028/alasan-knkt-minta-dilibatkan-menginvestigasi-tragedi-ethiopian-airlines|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live|trans-title=Reasons NTSC Asked To Be Involved In Investigating Ethiopian Airlines Tragedy|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Later on the evening, the NTSC offered assistance to Flight 302's investigation team, stating that the committee and the [[Ministry of Transportation (Indonesia)|Indonesian Transportation Ministry]] would send investigators and representatives from the government to assist with the investigation of the crash.<ref>{{citeweb|author=Christy Rosana|url=https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1185082/knkt-tawarkan-bantuan-investigasi-kecelakaan-ethiopian-airlines|publisher=Tempo|language=id|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315151459/https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1185082/knkt-tawarkan-bantuan-investigasi-kecelakaan-ethiopian-airlines|archivedate=15 March 2019|title=KNKT Tawarkan Bantuan Investigasi Kecelakaan Ethiopian Airlines|accessdate=14 March 2019|first=Fransisca|url-status=live|trans-title=NTSC Offers Ethiopian Airlines Accident Investigation Assistance|df=dmy-all}}</ref> === Preliminary report === On 4 April 2019 the ECAA released the preliminary report on the crash.<ref name="et302prelimreport">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecaa.gov.et/Home/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Preliminary-Report-B737-800MAX-ET-AVJ.pdf|title=Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau Preliminary Report|last=|first=|date=March 2019|website=|publisher=[[Ministry of Transport (Ethiopia)]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404163002/http://www.ecaa.gov.et/documents/20435/0/Preliminary+Report+B737-800MAX+%2C%28ET-AVJ%29.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2019|access-date=4 April 2019|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The preliminary report does not specifically mention [[MCAS (737)|MCAS]] but rather states "approximately five seconds after the end of the ANU (aircraft nose up) stabilizer motion, a third instance of AND (aircraft nose down) automatic trim command occurred without any corresponding motion of the stabilizer, which is consistent with the stabilizer trim cutout switches being in the ‘’cutout’’ position".<ref name="et302prelimreport" /> Approximately one minute into the flight, an airspeed of {{convert|238|kn|km/h}} was selected. About 12 seconds later the autopilot disengaged. The preliminary report asserts that the thrust remained at takeoff setting (94% N1) and the throttles did not move for the entire flight.<ref name=et302prelimreport /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-05/six-minutes-to-disaster-ethiopian-air-pilots-battled-boeing-max |title=Archived copy |access-date=10 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408233802/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-05/six-minutes-to-disaster-ethiopian-air-pilots-battled-boeing-max |archive-date=8 April 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In the next 30 seconds the stabilizer trim moved 4.2 degrees nose down, from 4.6 to 0.4 units.<ref name="bjorn-first-analysis">{{Cite web|url=https://leehamnews.com/2019/04/05/bjorns-corner-et302-crash-report-the-first-analysis/|title=Bjorn’s Corner: ET302 crash report, the first analysis|last=Fehrm|first=Bjorn|date=2019-04-05|website=Leeham News and Analysis|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413193109/https://leehamnews.com/2019/04/05/bjorns-corner-et302-crash-report-the-first-analysis/|archive-date=13 April 2019|url-status=live|access-date=2019-04-27|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In the next 10 seconds the trim moved back up to 2.3 units as a result of pilot input and the pilots agreed on and executed the stabilizer trim cut-out procedure, cutting power to the trim motor operated by [[Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System|MCAS]].<ref name=et302prelimreport /> ==Reactions to the investigation == ===Statements from parties=== Ethiopian Airlines said [[MCAS (737)|MCAS]] was "to the best of our knowledge" active when the aircraft crashed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2019/03/26/737_crash_update/|title=Ethiopian Airlines boss confirms suspect flight software was in use as Boeing 737 Max crashed|last=Thomson|first=Iain|website=www.theregister.co.uk|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2019/03/ethiopian-airlines-ceo-boeing-flight-system-may-have-triggered-crash/|title=Ethiopian Airlines flight’s stall-prevention software was active at crash, CEO says|last=Gallagher|first=Sean|date=2019-03-25|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref> According to Ethiopian transport minister Dagmawit Moges, the crew "performed all the procedures repeatedly provided by the manufacturer but was not able to control the aircraft".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/04/ethiopian-airlines-crash-pilots-followed-procedure-report-finds|title=Boeing report: pilots followed guidance but could not control Ethiopian plane|last=Transport correspondent Topham|first=Gwyn|date=2019-04-04|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-05-06|last2=Rushe|first2=Dominic|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ethiopian Airlines crew 'followed rules, unable to control jet'|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/ethiopian-airlines-crew-rules-unable-control-jet-190404085011792.html|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=4 April 2019|accessdate=5 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405003942/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/ethiopian-airlines-crew-rules-unable-control-jet-190404085011792.html|archive-date=5 April 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/04/reuters-america-update-3-ethiopia-urges-boeing-to-review-controls-backs-pilots.html|title=UPDATE 3-Ethiopia urges Boeing to review controls, backs pilots|date=2019-04-04|website=www.cnbc.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref> Bjorn Fehrm from Leeham News stated the preliminary report confirms "the Flight Crew followed the procedures prescribed by FAA and Boeing in [[Airworthiness Directive]] 2018-23-51",<ref name="bjorn-first-analysis" /> released shortly after the [[JT610|Lion Air crash]]. Boeing's CEO [[Dennis Muilenburg]] said on 29 April that if "you go through the checklist...it calls out actions that would be taken around power management and pitch management of the airplane. It also refers to the cutout switches, that after an activation that was not pilot-induced, that you would hit the cutout switches. And, in some cases, those procedures were not completely followed".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inc.com/peter-economy/boeing-ceo-puts-partial-blame-on-pilots-of-crashed-737-max-aircraft-for-not-completely-following-procedures.html|title=Boeing CEO Puts Partial Blame on Pilots of Crashed 737 MAX Aircraft for Not 'Completely' Following Procedures|last=Economy|first=Peter|date=2019-04-30|website=Inc.com|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/analysis-boeing-ceo-defends-mcas-and-addresses-pilo-457769/|title=ANALYSIS: Boeing CEO defends MCAS and addresses pilot procedures|last=Hemmerdinger|first=Jon|date=2019-04-29|website=Flightglobal.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Baker |first1=Sinéad |title=Boeing's CEO said pilots did not 'completely' follow emergency procedures during Ethiopian Airlines 737 Max disaster, contradicting investigators |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/boeing-737-max-properly-designed-pilots-did-not-completely-follow-procedure-different-investigators-2019-4 |website=Business Insider |accessdate=4 May 2019 |date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502195317/https://www.businessinsider.com/boeing-737-max-properly-designed-pilots-did-not-completely-follow-procedure-different-investigators-2019-4 |archive-date=2 May 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> A data spike in the flight data<ref name=et302prelimreport /> led to speculations about a bird or other debris hitting the plane as it was taking off, shearing away the airflow sensor.<ref name="reu20190404"/> These speculations were dismissed by Ethiopian Airlines, and Chief investigator Amdye Ayalew Fanta stated there was no indication of such damage.<ref name="reu20190404"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Levin |first1=Alan |last2=Johnsson |first2=Julie |last3=Schlangenstein |first3=Mary |title=Ethiopia Crash Mystery Deepens: Pilots Initiated Boeing Protocol |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-03/ethiopian-air-pilots-said-to-follow-protocol-on-737-max-flight |accessdate=10 April 2019 |publisher=Bloomberg |date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405105203/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-03/ethiopian-air-pilots-said-to-follow-protocol-on-737-max-flight |archive-date=5 April 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=British newspaper Mirror reports Ethiopian jet crash caused by bird-strike |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001319486/british-newspaper-reports-ethiopian-jet-crash-caused-by-bird-strike |accessdate=10 April 2019 |date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410170119/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001319486/british-newspaper-reports-ethiopian-jet-crash-caused-by-bird-strike |archive-date=10 April 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/21/boeing-shares-rise-after-report-that-a-bird-strike-may-have-caused-737-max-crash.html|title=US aviation officials think a bird strike was factor in 737 Max crash|last=Josephs|first=Leslie|date=2019-05-21|website=CNBC|language=en|access-date=2019-05-22}}</ref> On 25 April [[The Aviation Herald]] submitted 25 questions that has arisen in the aftermath of the accident to the [[FAA]]'s Flight Standardization Board (FSB) regarding their draft for certification of the Boeing 737 MAX aircraft.<ref name="avherald-et302">{{Cite web|url=http://avherald.com/h?article=4c534c4a/0052&opt=0|title=Crash: Ethiopian B38M near Bishoftu on Mar 10th 2019, impacted terrain after departure|website=avherald.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501153704/http://avherald.com/h?article=4c534c4a%2F0052&opt=0|archive-date=1 May 2019|url-status=live|access-date=2019-05-04|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Earlier it stated that a copy of the version of section 2.6 of the Flight Operations Manual, "Operational Irregularities", in use by Ethiopian Airlines at the time of the crash was dated 1 November 2017 and did not include material from the Operator's Bulletin issued by Boeing on 6 November 2018.<ref name="avherald-et302" /> === Expert analysis === Based on the preliminary report [[The Aviation Herald]] comes to the conclusion: "Neither of the three crews" (JT-43, [[JT-610]], ET-302) "would have been forced to react under time pressure in order to prevent a crash, [...] without the technical malfunctions [of the [[angle of attack]] sensors] and the nose down trim inputs."<ref name="avherald-et302" /> According to The Air Current aviation journal and The Seattle Times the preliminary report shows the pilots initially followed the procedure to disable runaway trim, but the recovery effort did not succeed.<ref name="theaircurrent-stabilizer-illustration">{{Cite web|url=https://theaircurrent.com/aviation-safety/vestigal-design-issue-clouds-737-max-crash-investigations/|title=Vestigial design issue clouds 737 Max crash investigations|date=2019-04-04|website=The Air Current|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427032412/https://theaircurrent.com/aviation-safety/vestigal-design-issue-clouds-737-max-crash-investigations/|archive-date=27 April 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/boeings-emergency-procedure-for-737-max-may-have-failed-on-ethiopian-flight/|title=Why Boeing’s emergency directions may have failed to save 737 MAX|date=2019-04-03|website=The Seattle Times|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-15}}</ref> Pilots have demonstrated in simulator that the trim wheels cannot be moved in severe mis-trim conditions combined with a high airspeed.<ref>{{Citation|last=Mentour Pilot|title=Boeing 737 Unable to Trim!! Cockpit video (Full flight sim)|date=2019-04-19|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aoNOVlxJmow&t=734|access-date=2019-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leehamnews.com/2019/04/03/et302-used-the-cut-out-switches-to-stop-mcas/|title=ET302 used the Cut-Out switches to stop MCAS|last=Bjorn|first=Fehrm|date=2019-04-03|website=Leeham News and Analysis|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-09}}</ref> As the pilots on Flight 302 pulled on the yoke to raise the nose, the aerodynamic forces on the tail’s elevator would create an opposing force on the stabilizer trim jackscrew that would prevent the pilots from moving the trim wheel by hand.<ref name="reu20190404">{{cite news |last1=Hepher |first1=Tim |last2=Johnson |first2=Eric |last3=Freed |first3=Jamie |title=How excess speed, hasty commands and flawed software doomed an Ethiopian Airlines 737 MAX |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-airplane-reconstruction-insi/how-excess-speed-hasty-commands-and-flawed-software-doomed-an-ethiopian-airlines-737-max-idUSKCN1RH0FJ |accessdate=6 April 2019 |work=Reuters |date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406041224/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-airplane-reconstruction-insi/how-excess-speed-hasty-commands-and-flawed-software-doomed-an-ethiopian-airlines-737-max-idUSKCN1RH0FJ |archive-date=6 April 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name="satcom-trim">{{Cite web|url=https://www.satcom.guru/2019/04/stabilizer-trim-loads-and-range.html|title=Trim Cutout with Severe Out-of-Trim Stabilizer can be difficult to recover|last=Lemme|first=Peter|date=2 April 2019|work=Satcom Guru|access-date=}}</ref> The resolution for this jammed trim issue is not part of Boeing's current 737 manual according to The Air Current.<ref name="theaircurrent-stabilizer-illustration" /> The Seattle Times reports pilots on the 737-200 were trained for this failure, but later models got so reliable, this procedure was no longer necessary.<ref name="theaircurrent-stabilizer-illustration" /><ref name=":2" /> Experts theorize that the difficulty to trim made it necessary for the flight crew to release the cutout, and try to use electronic trim in an effort to correct the out-of-trim configuration.<ref name="bjorn-first-analysis" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.satcom.guru/2019/04/what-happened-on-et302.html|title=What happened on ET302?|last=Lemme|first=Peter|date=|work=Satcom Guru|access-date=}}</ref> According to Bjorn Fehrm (Leeham News) and Peter Lemme at this time the airplane was flying "at 375kts and MCAS was never designed to trim at these Speed/Altitude combinations".<ref name="bjorn-first-analysis" /><ref name=":0" /> === Pilot analysis === John Cox, previously a 737 pilot and pilots' union safety representative, and [[Chesley Sullenberger]], who successfully ditched [[US Airways Flight 1549]] in the [[Hudson River]], both did [[Flight Simulator]] replications of Flight 302. Cox described the rapid onset of unforeseen events as a "...breeding ground for confusion and task saturation." Sullenberger commented that "Even knowing what was going to happen, I could see how crews would have run out of time and altitude before they could have solved the problems."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-20/fight-for-survival-on-doomed-jet-came-down-to-two-cockpit-wheels|title=Fight for Survival on Doomed Jet Came Down to Two Cockpit Wheels|date=2019-07-14|access-date=2019-07-15|language=en}}</ref> While defending the pilots' actions, Sullenberger was also highly critical of allowing someone with only 200 hours of flight experience to be first officer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/hero-pilot-who-landed-plane-in-hudson-river-blasts-pilot-training-in-wake-of-ethiopian-airlines-crash|title=Hero 'Miracle on the Hudson' pilot blasts 'absurd' lack of training in wake of fatal Ethiopian Airlines crash|last=Joyce|first=Kathleen|date=2019-03-15|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-15}}</ref> == See also == {{Portal|Aviation|Africa}} *[[Ethiopian Airlines accidents and incidents]] *[[Lion Air Flight 610]] *[[Boeing 737 MAX groundings]] == Notes == {{notelist}} == References == {{reflist}} == External links == * {{cite web |url= http://www.ecaa.gov.et/Home/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Preliminary-Report-B737-800MAX-ET-AVJ.pdf |title= Preliminary Report - Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau |date= 4 April 2019 |publisher= [[Ministry of Transport (Ethiopia)]] }} * {{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/extra/sd9LGK2S9m/battle_over_blame |title= Battle over blame - Ethiopian Airlines rejects accusations of pilot error |author= Theo Leggett and Simon Browning |work= BBC |date= 2019-06-16}} ''' Analysis of preliminary report: timeline and human factor ''' * {{cite news |url= http://visualapproach.io/et302-even-without-answers-the-data-tells-a-story/ |title= Ethiopian 302 – Even Without Answers, The Data Tells a Story |date= 5 April 2019 |website= Visual Approach (Courtney Miller) }} * {{cite news |url= https://leehamnews.com/2019/04/05/bjorns-corner-et302-crash-report-the-first-analysis/ |title= ET302 crash report, the first analysis |date= 5 April 2019 |publisher= Leeham News and Analysis (Bjorn Fehrm) }} ''' Difficulty to trim ''' * {{cite video |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aoNOVlxJmow&t=734 |title= Boeing 737 Unable to Trim Cockpit video (Full flight sim) |date= 19 April 2019 |via= YouTube }} — [[737NG]] simulator demonstration of the difficulty to trim in an out-of-trim situation similar to the accident. * {{cite news |url= https://theaircurrent.com/aviation-safety/vestigal-design-issue-clouds-737-max-crash-investigations/ |title= Vestigial design issue clouds 737 Max crash investigations |website= The Air Current (Jon Ostrower) |date= 4 April 2019}} — Graphical illustration of the trim issue. ''' Summary of the 737 Max crashes ''' * {{cite video |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2tuKiiznsY |title= The real reason Boeing's new plane crashed twice |publisher= [[Vox (website)#Video|Vox Videos]] |date= 15 April 2019 |via= YouTube }} * {{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/boeing_two_deadly_crashes |title= What went wrong inside Boeing's cockpit? |work= [[BBC News]] |date= 17 May 2019 }} {{Ethiopian Airlines}} {{Aviation accidents and incidents in Ethiopia}} {{Aviation accidents and incidents in 2019}} [[Category:2019 in Ethiopia]] [[Category:Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 737 MAX]] [[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 2019]] [[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Ethiopia]] [[Category:Ethiopian Airlines accidents and incidents]] [[Category:March 2019 events in Africa]] [[Category:Oromia Region]]'